Magnetic seed versus skin tattoo localization of non-palpable breast lesions: a single institution cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the accuracy and feasibility of magnetic seed compared to skin tattoo in preoperative localization of impalpable breast lesions in terms of accuracy of placement, re-excision and positive margins rates, and breast/surgical specimen volume ratio. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 77 patients who underwent breast conservative surgery in our center from November 2020 to November 2021, with previous localization with skin tattoo or magnetic seed. RESULTS: Thirty-seven magnetic seeds were placed in 36 patients (48.6%) and 40 skin tattoos were performed in the remaining cases (51.4%). The seeds were placed correctly at the two-view mammogram acquired after the insertion in 97.6% (36/37) of cases. With both methods, 100% of the index lesions were completely removed and found in the surgical specimen. The reported re-excision rate was 0% for both groups. A significant difference was observed in the volume of breast parenchyma removed between the two groups, inferior in the seed group (p = 0.046), especially in case of voluminous breasts (p = 0.003) and small lesions (dimension < 8 mm, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Magnetic seed is a non-radioactive localization technique, feasible to place, recommended in case of non-palpable breast lesions, saving the breast parenchyma removed compared with skin tattoo, without reducing the accuracy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Our findings contribute to the current evidence on preoperative localization techniques for non-palpable breast lesions, highlighting the efficacy of magnetic seed localization for deep and small lesions. KEY POINTS: • Magnetic seed is a non-radioactive technique for the preoperative localization of non-palpable breast lesions studied in comparison with skin tattoo. • Magnetic seed is feasible to place in terms of post-placement migration and distance from the target lesion. • Magnetic seed is recommended in case of non-palpable breast lesions, saving the breast parenchyma removed without reducing the accuracy.

The value of MRI in quantification of parametrial invasion and association with prognosis in locally advanced cervical cancer: the "PLACE" study.

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective observational study aims to evaluate the association between the extent of parametrial invasion (PMI) and disease-free survival (DFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included patients with LACC showing parametrial invasion at Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). They were treated with neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy (CT/RT) before undergoing radical hysterectomy. The staging MRIs were reviewed retrospectively. Measurements of maximum PMI (PMImax) and parametrial length were taken bilaterally. After that, PMIratio was calculated by dividing PMImax by parametrial length. Analysis was conducted on homogeneous subsets of patients, grouped based on their pathological lymph nodal evaluation (N- and N+). Correlations between PMImax and PMIratio with DFS and CSS were evaluated in both the N- and N+ groups, employing univariable Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Out of 221 patients, 126 (57%) had non-metastatic lymph nodes (N-), while 95 (43%) had metastatic lymph nodes (N+). The median observation period for all these patients was 73 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 66-77). The 5-year DFS and CSS probability rates were 75% and 85.7%, respectively, for the N- group and 54.3% and 73.6%, respectively, for the N+ group. A higher PMImax (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.09) and PMIratio (HR = 1.04) correlated with worse overall survival in patients in the N- group (p = 0.025 and p = 0.042). These parameters did not show a significant statistical association in the N+ group. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of PMI evaluated on MRI affects outcome in N- patients with LACC. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: The degree of MRI parametrial invasion affects disease-free survival and cancer-specific survival in patients with the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIB cervical cancer. This MRI finding can be easily incorporated into routine clinical practice. KEY POINTS: • Visual assessment of parametrial invasion on MRI was not significantly associated with prognosis in locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC). • A greater degree of parametrial invasion is associated with poorer disease-free survival and cancer-specific survival in patients with LACC without metastatic lymph node involvement. • The degree of parametrial invasion at MRI has no correlation with prognosis in LACC with metastatic lymph nodes.

How the Radiologist Must Reason for a Correct Diagnosis in Patients With Small Bowel Mural Thickening Studied by CT or MRI: A Pictorial Review.

Conditions that lead to small bowel mural thickening fall into a broad spectrum of diseases, including inflammatory, infectious, vascular or neoplastic. Computed tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), especially CT-enterography and MR-enterography, permit evaluation of both entire small bowel and extraluminal structures. In CT/MR-enterography, the main prerequisite for the correct evaluation of small bowel is to obtain optimal intestinal distension. In fact, most errors are related to poor intestinal distension of the bowel which can lead to interpret as pathological a small bowel segment that is not very distended (false positive), or not to recognize presence of pathology in a collapsed segment (false negative). Once the examination has been performed, the images are analyzed in order to identify the presence of small bowel pathology. Pathology of the small bowel can manifest as endoluminal alteration and/or intestinal wall thickening. Once bowel wall thickening has been identified, the radiologist's first objective is trying to define benign or malignant nature of the alteration, using also patient's history and clinical features. Once the suspicion of benign or malignant pathology has been raised, the radiologist must try to formulate a diagnosis of nature. In this pictorial review we describe how the radiologist must reason for a correct diagnosis by answering a pattern of sequential questions in a patient with suspected small bowel disease studied by CT or MRI.

Image-Guided Localization Techniques for Metastatic Axillary Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer; What Radiologists Should Know.

Targeted axillary dissection (TAD) is an axillary staging technique after NACT that involves the removal of biopsy-proven metastatic lymph nodes in addition to sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). This technique avoids the morbidity of traditional axillary lymph node dissection and has shown a lower false-negative rate than SLNB alone. Therefore, marking positive axillary lymph nodes before NACT is critical in order to locate and remove them in the subsequent surgery. Current localization methods include clip placement with intraoperative ultrasound, carbon-suspension liquids, localization wires, radioactive tracer-based localizers, magnetic seeds, radar reflectors, and radiofrequency identification devices. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the management of axillary lymph nodes based on current guidelines and explain the features of axillary lymph node markers, with relative advantages and disadvantages.

Value of transrectal color Doppler ultrasound of the common penile arteries in the diagnosis of arteriogenic erectile dysfunction: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Penile duplex Doppler ultrasound in combination with intra-cavernous injection of vasoactive agents (PDDU-ICI) is the most accepted tool for diagnosis of arteriogenic erectile dysfunction (AED), but is invasive, time consuming and at risk of side effects. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this pilot study is to evaluate the potential of transrectal color Doppler ultrasound (TR-CDU) of the common penile arteries as a non-invasive method for the diagnosis of AED. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of 61 men consulting for erectile dysfunction (ED) and 20 controls underwent TR-CDU examination, aged from 40 to 80 years. Sonographic parameters were correlated with the International Index of Erectile Function, short form (IIEF-5). Sensitivity and specificity were calculated and the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) were compared to evaluate the diagnostic performance. RESULTS: Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed no significant results for IIEF-5 score ⩾21 in relation to the Doppler parameters. However, we found a good diagnostic performance for patients with ED grading from moderate to severe at IIEF-5. In this cohort, we found that mean peak systolic velocity >15.8 cm/s predicted IIEF-5 ⩾17 (AUC = 0.73, p = 0.002) with 61.5% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity. Mean end diastolic velocity >1.46 cm/s predicted IIEF-5 ⩾17 (AUC = 0.68, p = 0.02) with 80.7% sensitivity and 52.4% specificity. Mean resistance index ⩽0.72 predicted IIEF-5 ⩾17 (AUC = 0.71, p = 0.004) with 46.2% sensitivity and 95.2% specificity. Mean pulsatility index ⩽1.41 predicted IIEF-5 ⩾17 (AUC = 0.75, p = 0.0005) with 48.5% sensitivity and 95.14% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: TR-CDU proved to be a feasible and non-invasive procedure, easily repeatable and not time consuming, overcoming the limits of PDDU-ICI. Diagnostic accuracy seems to be promising in discriminating patients with normal erectile function or mild dysfunction from those with moderate to severe ED. However, these findings need to be verified in future controlled randomized clinical trials.

Length of the healthy and pathological small intestine in patients with Crohn's disease: calculations using computed tomography and magnetic resonance enterography.

Many patients with Crohn's disease (CD) require surgical intervention during their lifetime. A correct preoperative assessment of the intestinal length is necessary to predict and quickly treat postoperative nutritional disorders. The aim of this paper is to explain the method used in our hospital to measure intestinal length in patients with CD and its usefulness for making the correct therapeutic decision. Vessel analysis software is used to measure small bowel length through computed tomography enterography (CTE) or magnetic resonance enterography (MRE). The method permits two-dimensional and three-dimensional curved multiplanar reconstructions and allows each loop to be stretched using a point-by-point identification of the intestinal lumen. Subsequently, the software allows the creation of a virtual image, on which the intestinal length is measured linearly. This methodology was tested on three patients; patients 1 and 3 were examined using CTE, and patient 2 was examined using MRE. The outcomes were discussed at a multidisciplinary team meeting (MDT). As a result, surgical ileocolic resection was recommended for patient 1 and medical therapy for patients 2 and 3. Intestinal length measurements have proved vital during MDTs for making appropriate therapeutic decisions.

Surgical Planning after Neoadjuvant Treatment in Breast Cancer: A Multimodality Imaging-Based Approach Focused on MRI.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) today represents a cornerstone in the treatment of locally advanced breast cancer and highly chemo-sensitive tumors at early stages, increasing the possibilities of performing more conservative treatments and improving long term outcomes. Imaging has a fundamental role in the staging and prediction of the response to NACT, thus aiding surgical planning and avoiding overtreatment. In this review, we first examine and compare the role of conventional and advanced imaging techniques in preoperative T Staging after NACT and in the evaluation of lymph node involvement. In the second part, we analyze the different surgical approaches, discussing the role of axillary surgery, as well as the possibility of non-operative management after-NACT, which has been the subject of recent trials. Finally, we focus on emerging techniques that will change the diagnostic assessment of breast cancer in the near future.

Long-Term Stability in Electronic Properties of Textile Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Integrated Applications.

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have demonstrated themselves to be an efficient interface between living environments and electronic devices in bioelectronic applications. The peculiar properties of conductive polymers allow new performances that overcome the limits of conventional inorganic biosensors, exploiting the high biocompatibility coupled to the ionic interaction. Moreover, the combination with biocompatible and flexible substrates, such as textile fibers, improves the interaction with living cells and allows specific new applications in the biological environment, including real-time analysis of plants' sap or human sweat monitoring. In these applications, a crucial issue is the lifetime of the sensor device. The durability, long-term stability, and sensitivity of OECTs were studied for two different textile functionalized fiber preparation processes: (i) adding ethylene glycol to the polymer solution, and (ii) using sulfuric acid as a post-treatment. Performance degradation was studied by analyzing the main electronic parameters of a significant number of sensors for a period of 30 days. RGB optical analysis were performed before and after the treatment of the devices. This study shows that device degradation occurs at voltages higher than 0.5 V. The sensors obtained with the sulfuric acid approach exhibit the most stable performances over time.

Emerging Indications for Interventional Oncology: Expert Discussion on New Locoregional Treatments.

Interventional oncology (IO) employs image-guided techniques to perform minimally invasive procedures, providing lower-risk alternatives to many traditional medical and surgical therapies for cancer patients. Since its advent, due to rapidly evolving research development, its role has expanded to encompass the diagnosis and treatment of diseases across multiple body systems. In detail, interventional oncology is expanding its role across a wide spectrum of disease sites, offering a potential cure, control, or palliative care for many types of cancer patients. Due to its widespread use, a comprehensive review of the new indications for locoregional procedures is mandatory. This article summarizes the expert discussion and report from the "MIOLive Meet SIO" (Society of Interventional Oncology) session during the last MIOLive 2022 (Mediterranean Interventional Oncology Live) congress held in Rome, Italy, integrating evidence-reported literature and experience-based perceptions. The aim of this paper is to provide an updated review of the new techniques and devices available for innovative indications not only to residents and fellows but also to colleagues approaching locoregional treatments.

Fetal MRI prior to intrauterine surgery of open neural tube defects: What does the radiologist need to know.

The management of myelomeningocele study trial showed significant prognostic improvement in fetal repair before 26 weeks of gestation. Hence, surgery in utero represents the best treatment option for open-neural tube defects (NTDs). Fetal surgery of open-NTDs has specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, which can be adequately studied with fetal MRI. The main concern: the spine (spinal defects other than Myelomeningocele and Myeloschisis, the level of the lesion higher than T1 or lower than S1 and the degree of kyphosis ≥ 30°), the skull/brain (no cerebellum herniation and Chiari II malformation and the presence of any intracranial abnormality unrelated to open NTDs), the uterus (cervix length less than 2 cm, multiple gestations and placental and uterine abnormalities) and any other fetal abnormality not attributed to spinal defect. In this review, we describe the fundamental role of fetal MRI in supporting therapeutic decisions in pre-surgery intrauterine planning through the accurate and comprehensive description of findings, providing a proposal of a structured report. In addition, we describe how post-surgical MRI is important in investigating the effectiveness of surgery and detecting repairing complications.

Staging Breast Cancer with MRI, the T. A Key Role in the Neoadjuvant Setting.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) indications have expanded from inoperable locally advanced to early-stage breast cancer. Achieving a pathological complete response (pCR) has been proven to be an excellent prognostic marker leading to better disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Although diagnostic accuracy of MRI has been shown repeatedly to be superior to conventional methods in assessing the extent of breast disease there are still controversies regarding the indication of MRI in this setting. We intended to review the complex literature concerning the tumor size in staging, response and surgical planning in patients with early breast cancer receiving NACT, in order to clarify the role of MRI. Morphological and functional MRI techniques are making headway in the assessment of the tumor size in the staging, residual tumor assessment and prediction of response. Radiomics and radiogenomics MRI applications in the setting of the prediction of response to NACT in breast cancer are continuously increasing. Tailored therapy strategies allow considerations of treatment de-escalation in excellent responders and avoiding or at least postponing breast surgery in selected patients.

Preoperative Tumor Texture Analysis on MRI for High-Risk Disease Prediction in Endometrial Cancer: A Hypothesis-Generating Study.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-based radiomics models for high-risk endometrial cancer (EC) prediction preoperatively, to be able to estimate deep myometrial invasion (DMI) and lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI), and to discriminate between low-risk and other categories of risk as proposed by ESGO/ESTRO/ESP (European Society of Gynaecological Oncology-European Society for Radiotherapy & Oncology and European Society of Pathology) guidelines. METHODS: This retrospective study included 96 women with EC who underwent 1.5-T MR imaging before surgical staging between April 2009 and May 2019 in two referral centers divided into training (T = 73) and validation cohorts (V = 23). Radiomics features were extracted using the MODDICOM library with manual delineation of whole-tumor volume on MR images (axial T2-weighted). Diagnostic performances of radiomic models were evaluated by area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve in training (AUCT) and validation (AUCV) cohorts by using a subset of the most relevant texture features tested individually in univariate analysis using Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney. RESULTS: A total of 228 radiomics features were extracted and ultimately limited to 38 for DMI, 29 for LVSI, and 15 for risk-classes prediction for logistic radiomic modeling. Whole-tumor radiomic models yielded an AUCT/AUCV of 0.85/0.68 in DMI estimation, 0.92/0.81 in LVSI prediction, and 0.84/0.76 for differentiating low-risk vs other risk classes (intermediate/high-intermediate/high). CONCLUSION: MRI-based radiomics has great potential in developing advanced prognostication in EC.

Efficacy and Accuracy of Using Magnetic Seed for Preoperative Non-Palpable Breast Lesions Localization: Our Experience with Magseed.

In this retrospective study we share our single-center experience using a magnetic seed for the preoperative localization of non-palpable breast lesions. Patients who underwent a preoperative localization with Magseed® (Endomagnetics, Cambridge, UK) placement between 2020 and 2022 were enrolled. Indications to Magseed placement have been established during multidisciplinary meetings prior to surgery and all patients underwent breast-conserving surgery (BCS). 45 patients were included. Magnetic seeds have been introduced under ultrasound guidance in 40 patients (88.9%) and under stereotactic guidance in 5 patients (11.1%). We registered a highly successful placement rate (97.8%), with only one case of migration (2.2%). After BCS, all the magnetic seeds were recovered (100% retrieval rate). The re-excision rate for positive margins was 0%. Our experience, with a highly successful placement and retrieval rate and a re-excision rate equal to 0%, is consistent with the encouraging literature published on Magseed so far, suggesting this technique to be extremely effective. Moreover, our single case of seed migration supports the existing data stating that Magseed migration is rare. In conclusion, despite acknowledging Magseed limitations, we highly value the advantages linked to this technique, and we, therefore, uphold its use.

Multimodal locoregional procedures for cancer pain management: a literature review.

Pain is the most common and fearsome symptom in cancer patients, particularly in the advanced stage of disease. In cancer pain management, the first option is represented by analgesic drugs, whereas surgery is rarely used. Prior to considering surgical intervention, less invasive locoregional procedures are available from the wide pain management arsenal. In this review article, comprehensive information about the most commonly used locoregional options available for treating cancer pain focusing on interventional radiology (neurolysis, augmentation techniques, and embolization) and interventional radiotherapy were provided, also highlighting the potential ways to increase the effectiveness of treatments.

Magnetic resonance imaging in cervical cancer interventional radiotherapy (brachytherapy): a pictorial essay focused on radiologist management.

The standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) is platinum-based chemotherapy in association with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and brachytherapy (BT), often also called 'interventional radiotherapy' (IRT). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most accurate imaging modality for both staging and response evaluation; therefore MRI-guided IRT has become the method of choice for planning a radiation boost after EBRT. The aim of this paper was to describe the MRI radiological workflow currently ongoing at our Institution. In addition, we provided a detailed pictorial essay of our experience, especially for radiologists, to implement MRI-based IRT spread in clinical practice.

Progress in interventional radiology treatment of pulmonary embolism: A brief review.

Pulmonary embolism represents a common life-threatening condition. Prompt identification and treatment of this pathological condition are mandatory. In cases of massive pulmonary embolism and hemodynamic instability or right heart failure, interventional radiology treatment for pulmonary embolism is emerging as an alternative to medical treatment (systemic thrombolysis) and surgical treatment. Interventional radiology techniques include percutaneous endovascular catheter directed therapies as selective thrombolysis and thrombus aspiration, which can prove useful in cases of failure or infeasibility of medical and surgical approaches.

Beyond N Staging in Breast Cancer: Importance of MRI and Ultrasound-based Imaging.

The correct N-staging in breast cancer is crucial to tailor treatment and stratify the prognosis. N-staging is based on the number and the localization of suspicious regional nodes on physical examination and/or imaging. Since clinical examination of the axillary cavity is associated with a high false negative rate, imaging modalities play a central role. In the presence of a T1 or T2 tumor and 0-2 suspicious nodes, on imaging at the axillary level I or II, a patient should undergo sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), whereas in the presence of three or more suspicious nodes at the axillary level I or II confirmed by biopsy, they should undergo axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) or neoadjuvant chemotherapy according to a multidisciplinary approach, as well as in the case of internal mammary, supraclavicular, or level III axillary involved lymph nodes. In this scenario, radiological assessment of lymph nodes at the time of diagnosis must be accurate. False positives may preclude a sentinel lymph node in an otherwise eligible woman; in contrast, false negatives may lead to an unnecessary SLNB and the need for a second surgical procedure. In this review, we aim to describe the anatomy of the axilla and breast regional lymph node, and their diagnostic features to discriminate between normal and pathological nodes at Ultrasound (US) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Moreover, the technical aspects, the advantage and limitations of MRI versus US, and the possible future perspectives are also analyzed, through the analysis of the recent literature.

The role of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the evaluation of lymph node status in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer: our experience and a review.

Purpose: To evaluate the role of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value measurement in the diagnosis of meta-static lymph nodes (LNs) in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) and to present a systematic review of the literature. Material and methods: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams of patients with LACC were retrospectively eva-luated. Mean ADC, relative ADC (rADC), and correct ADC (cADC) values of enlarged LNs were measured and compared between positron emission tomography (PET)-positive and PET-negative LNs. Comparisons were made using the Mann-Whitney U-test and Student's t-test. ROC curves were generated for each parameter to identify the optimal cut-off value for differentiation of the LNs. A systematic search in the literature was performed, exploring several databases, including PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane library, and Embase. Results: A total of 105 LNs in 34 patients were analysed. The median ADC value of PET-positive LNs (0.907 × 10-3 mm2/s [0.780-1.080]) was lower than that in PET-negative LNs (1.275 × 10-3 mm2/s [1.063-1.525]) (p < 0.05). rADC and cADC values were lower in PET-positive LNs (rADC: 0.120 × 10-3 mm2/s [-0.060-0.270]; cADC: 1.130 [0.980-1.420]) than in PET-negative LNs (rADC: 0.435 × 10-3 mm2/s [0.225-0.673]; cADC: 1.615 [1.210-1.993]) LNs (p < 0.05). ADC showed the highest area under the curve (AUC 0.808). Conclusions: Mean ADC, rADC, and cADC were significantly lower in the PET-positive group than in the PET-negative group. The ADC cut-off value of 1.149 × 10-3 mm2/s showed the highest sensitivity. These results confirm the usefulness of ADC in differentiating metastatic from non-metastatic LNs in LACC.

Supine versus Prone 3D Abus Accuracy in Breast Tumor Size Evaluation.

Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) with negative resection margins decreases the locoregional recurrence rate. Breast cancer size is one of the main determinants of Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) staging. Our study aimed to investigate the accuracy of supine 3D automated breast ultrasound (3D ABUS) compared to prone 3D ABUS in the evaluation of tumor size in breast cancer patient candidates for BCS. In this prospective two-center study (Groups 1 and 2), we enrolled patients with percutaneous biopsy-proven early-stage breast cancer, in the period between June 2019 and May 2020. Patients underwent hand-held ultrasound (HHUS), contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) and 3D ABUS-supine 3D ABUS in Group 1 and prone 3D ABUS in Group 2. Histopathological examination (HE) was considered the reference standard. Bland-Altman analysis and plots were used. Eighty-eight patients were enrolled. Compared to prone, supine 3D ABUS showed better agreement with HE, with a slight tendency toward underestimation (mean difference of -2 mm). Supine 3D ABUS appears to be a useful tool and more accurate than HHUS in the staging of breast cancer.

MRI in the Evaluation of Locally Advanced Vulvar Cancer Treated with Chemoradiotherapy and Vulvar Cancer Recurrence: The 2021 Revision of FIGO Classification and the Need for Multidisciplinary Management.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an essential role in the management of patients with locally advanced vulvar cancer (LAVC), who frequently benefit from a multidisciplinary approach. Accordingly, chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with radical or neoadjuvant intent seems to provide a better quality of life and less morbidity than extensive surgery alone. In this overview, we discuss the role of MRI in the post-CRT assessment of LAVC, emphasizing the evaluation of primary tumor response. In order to assess treatment response and select candidates for post-CRT local excision, the MRI findings are described according to signal intensity, restricted diffusion, enhancement, and invasion of adjacent organs. We also focus on the role of MRI in detecting vulvar cancer recurrence. It occurs in 30-50% of patients within two years after initial treatment, the majority appearing near the original resection margins or in ipsilateral inguinal or pelvic lymph nodes. Finally, we describe early and delayed complications of CRT, such as cellulitis, urethritis, vulvar edema, bone changes, myositis, and fistulization. By describing the role of MRI in assessing LAVC response to CRT and detecting recurrence, we hope to provide suitable indications for a personalized approach.