FaRCg1: a quantitative trait locus conferring resistance to Colletotrichum crown rot caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in octoploid strawberry.

Colletotrichum crown rot (CCR) is an important disease of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) throughout the Southeastern US and in subtropical climates around the world, where hot and humid conditions facilitate rapid disease development. Yet no resistance loci have been described to date, as genetic studies have been historically difficult in allo-octoploid (2n = 8x = 56) strawberry. In the present study, we investigate the genetic architecture of resistance to CCR. Four population sets from the University of Florida were inoculated in four different seasons from 2013-2014 to 2016-2017. Two large, multiparental discovery population sets were used for QTL discovery, and two validation sets of cultivars and advanced selections representing the parent pool of the breeding program were also assessed. Subgenome-specific single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were mapped, and FlexQTL™ software was utilized to perform a Bayesian, pedigree-based QTL analysis. A quantitative trait locus on linkage group 6B, which we name FaRCg1, accounts for most of the genetic variation for resistance in the discovery sets (26.8-29.8% in 2013-2014 and 17% in 2015-2016). High-throughput marker assays were developed for the most significant SNPs which correlated with the mode of the QTL region. The discovery and characterization of the FaRCg1 locus and the molecular tools developed from it will be utilized to achieve increased genetic gains for resistance.

Pedigree-Based Analysis in a Multiparental Population of Octoploid Strawberry Reveals QTL Alleles Conferring Resistance to Phytophthora cactorum.

Understanding the genetic architecture of traits in breeding programs can be critical for making genetic progress. Important factors include the number of loci controlling a trait, allele frequencies at those loci, and allele effects in breeding germplasm. To this end, multiparental populations offer many advantages for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses compared to biparental populations. These include increased power for QTL detection, the ability to sample a larger number of segregating loci and alleles, and estimation of allele effects across diverse genetic backgrounds. Here, we investigate the genetic architecture of resistance to crown rot disease caused by Phytophthora cactorum in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), using connected full-sib families from a breeding population. Clonal replicates of > 1100 seedlings from 139 full-sib families arising from 61 parents were control-inoculated during two consecutive seasons. Subgenome-specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were mapped in allo-octoploid strawberry (2n = 8 × = 56), and FlexQTL software was utilized to perform a Bayesian, pedigree-based QTL analysis. A major locus on linkage group (LG) 7D, which we name FaRPc2, accounts for most of the genetic variation for resistance. Four predominant SNP haplotypes were detected in the FaRPc2 region, two of which are strongly associated with two different levels of resistance, suggesting the presence of multiple resistance alleles. The phenotypic effects of FaRPc2 alleles across trials and across numerous genetic backgrounds make this locus a highly desirable target for genetic improvement of resistance in cultivated strawberry.

Effectiveness of Cyantraniliprole for Managing Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Interfering with Transmission of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus on Tomato.

Cyantraniliprole is the second xylem-systemic active ingredient in the new anthranilic diamide class. Greenhouse (2006), growth chamber (2007), and field studies (2009-2010) were conducted to determine the efficacy of cyantraniliprole for managing Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B and in interfering with transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) by this whitefly. Cyantraniliprole applied as soil treatments (200 SC) or foliar sprays (100 OD) provided excellent adult whitefly control, TYLCV suppression, and reduced oviposition and nymph survival, comparable to current standards. The positive results observed in these greenhouse experiments with a high level of insect pressure (10× the field threshold of one adult per plant) and disease pressure (five adults per plant, with a high level of confidence that TYLCV virulent adults were used), indicate a great potential for cyantraniliprole to be used in a whitefly management program. Field evaluations of soil drench treatments confirmed the suppression of TYLCV transmission demonstrated in the greenhouse studies. Field studies in 2009 and 2010 showed that cyantraniliprole (200 SC) provided TYLCV suppression for 2 wk after a drench application, when using a susceptible (2009) or imidacloprid-tolerant (2010) whitefly population. Cyantraniliprole was demonstrated to be a promising tool for management of TYLCV in tomato production, which is very difficult and expensive, and which has limited options. The integration of cyantraniliprole into a resistance management program will help to ensure the continued sustainability of this and current insecticides used for the management of insect vectors, including whiteflies and the TYLCV they spreads.

Identifying Resistance to Crown Rot Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Strawberry.

Resistance to Colletotrichum crown rot (CCR, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) among commercial strawberry cultivars is variable, and increasing host resistance is a goal of the strawberry breeding program at the University of Florida. Twenty-eight accessions of Fragaria virginiana and F. chiloensis, the progenitor species of the cultivated strawberry (F. × ananassa), were evaluated for CCR resistance on artificially inoculated plants in a field trial, along with cultivars and breeding selections. Accessions PI 612320, PI 612323, and PI 551736 and selections FL 10-128 and FL 10-129 had no mortality in either of two seasons. The most susceptible genotypes had mortality between 75 and 100%. In a separate growth-chamber evaluation, seven genotypes were inoculated by spraying a spore suspension onto the crown or by injecting the suspension directly into the crown tissues. Mortality was higher using the injection method but the ranking of the genotypes was similar for both methods, indicating that resistance is expressed within crown tissues. Among the seven genotypes, selections FL 10-128 and FL 10-129 had the lowest mortality regardless of inoculation method, illustrating that a high level of resistance can be found within the cultivated germplasm.