RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BD) and substance use disorders share common symptoms, such as behavioral sensitization. Amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization can serve as an animal model of BD. Neurotrophic factors have an important role in BD pathophysiology. This study evaluated the effects of amphetamine sensitization on behavior and neurotrophic factor levels in the brains of rats. METHODS: Wistar rats received daily intraperitoneal (i.p) injections of dextroamphetamine (d-AMPH) 2â¯mg/kg or saline for 14 days. After seven days of withdrawal, the animals were challenged with d-AMPH (0.5â¯mg/kg, i.p) and locomotor behavior was assessed. In a second protocol, rats were similarly treated with d-AMPH (2â¯mg/kg, i.p) for 14 days. After withdrawal, without d-AMPH challenge, depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated through forced swimming test and elevated plus maze. Levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), neurotrophin 4/5 (NT-4/5) and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were evaluated in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. RESULTS: D-AMPH for 14 days augmented locomotor sensitization to a lower dose of d-AMPH (0.5â¯mg/kg) after the withdrawal. d-AMPH withdrawal induced depressive- and anxious-like behaviors. BDNF, NGF, and GDNF levels were decreased, while NT-3 and NT-4 levels were increased in brains after d-AMPH sensitization. LIMITATIONS: Although d-AMPH induces manic-like behavior, the mechanisms underlying these effects can also be related to phenotypes of drug abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Together, vulnerability to mania-like behavior following d-AMPH challenge and extensive neurotrophic alterations, suggest amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization is a good model of BD pathophysiology.
Asunto(s)
Ansiedad/metabolismo , Trastorno Bipolar/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Depresión/metabolismo , Dextroanfetamina/farmacología , Factores de Crecimiento Nervioso/metabolismo , Animales , Ansiedad/inducido químicamente , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Trastorno Bipolar/inducido químicamente , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/metabolismo , Cuerpo Estriado/efectos de los fármacos , Cuerpo Estriado/metabolismo , Depresión/inducido químicamente , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Lóbulo Frontal/efectos de los fármacos , Lóbulo Frontal/metabolismo , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado de la Línea Celular Glial/efectos de los fármacos , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado de la Línea Celular Glial/metabolismo , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Locomoción/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Factor de Crecimiento Nervioso/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Crecimiento Nervioso/metabolismo , Factores de Crecimiento Nervioso/efectos de los fármacos , Neurotrofina 3/efectos de los fármacos , Neurotrofina 3/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Lithium (Li) is a mood-stabilizing drug used in the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD). Recently, preclinical studies have demonstrated the potential of tamoxifen (TMX) in the treatment of acute episodes of BD. However, the prolonged use of TMX for mood disorders treatment is controversial. In this study, we evaluated the effects of TMX or Li on cognitive behavior, as well as the levels of neurotrophic factors in the brain of male and female rats. Male and female Wistar rats received administrations of water (control group), TMX or Li via gavage for a period of 28days; the rats were then subjected to the open-field test (to evaluate spontaneous locomotion), and the novel object recognition and step-down inhibitory avoidance tests (to evaluate cognition). The levels of NGF, BDNF and GDNF were evaluated in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of the subject rats. No significant differences were observed in the open-field and inhibitory avoidance tests after drug administration in either the male or female rats. The administration of TMX, but not Li, decreased the recognition index of both the male and female rats in the object recognition test. The chronic administration of TMX decreased, whereas Li increased the levels of BDNF in the hippocampus of both the male and female rats. Tamoxifen decreased the levels of NGF in the hippocampus of female rats. In conclusion, it can be suggested that long-term treatments with TMX can lead to significant cognitive impairments by reducing the levels of neurotrophic factors in the brain of rats.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Carbonato de Litio/efectos adversos , Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Psicotrópicos/efectos adversos , Tamoxifeno/efectos adversos , Animales , Reacción de Prevención/efectos de los fármacos , Reacción de Prevención/fisiología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/metabolismo , Cognición/efectos de los fármacos , Cognición/fisiología , Conducta Exploratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Exploratoria/fisiología , Femenino , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado de la Línea Celular Glial/metabolismo , Masculino , Memoria/fisiología , Trastornos de la Memoria/inducido químicamente , Trastornos de la Memoria/metabolismo , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Actividad Motora/fisiología , Factor de Crecimiento Nervioso/metabolismo , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Studies have shown that changes in energy metabolism are involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). It was suggested that omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids have beneficial properties in the central nervous system and that this fatty acid plays an important role in energy metabolism. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of ω3 fatty acids alone and in combination with lithium (Li) or valproate (VPA) on behaviour and parameters of energy metabolism in an animal model of mania induced by fenproporex. Our results showed that co-administration of ω3 fatty acids and Li was able to prevent and reverse the increase in locomotor and exploratory activity induced by fenproporex. The combination of ω3 fatty acids with VPA was only able to prevent the fenproporex-induced hyperactivity. For the energy metabolism parameters, our results showed that the administration of Fen for the reversal or prevention protocol inhibited the activities of succinate dehydrogenase, complex II and complex IV in the hippocampus. However, hippocampal creatine kinase (CK) activity was decreased only for the reversal protocol. The ω3 fatty acids, alone and in combination with VPA or Li, prevented and reversed the decrease in complex II, IV and succinate dehydrogenase activity, whereas the decrease in CK activity was only reversed after the co-administration of ω3 fatty acids and VPA. In conclusion, our results showed that the ω3 fatty acids combined with VPA or Li were able to prevent and reverse manic-like hyperactivity and the inhibition of energy metabolism in the hippocampus, suggesting that ω3 fatty acids may play an important role in the modulation of behavioural parameters and energy metabolism.
Asunto(s)
Antimaníacos/uso terapéutico , Conducta Animal , Trastorno Bipolar/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastorno Bipolar/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/uso terapéutico , Anfetaminas , Animales , Antimaníacos/farmacología , Trastorno Bipolar/inducido químicamente , Trastorno Bipolar/genética , Citrato (si)-Sintasa/metabolismo , Creatina Quinasa/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Litio/administración & dosificación , Litio/farmacología , Litio/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Ratas Wistar , Succinato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Ácido Valproico/administración & dosificación , Ácido Valproico/farmacología , Ácido Valproico/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Studies have shown that oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). It is suggested that omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids are fundamental to maintaining the functional integrity of the central nervous system. The animal model used in this study displayed fenproporex-induced hyperactivity, a symptom similar to manic BD. Our results showed that the administration of fenproporex, in the prevent treatment protocol, increased lipid peroxidation in the prefrontal cortex (143%), hippocampus (58%) and striatum (181%), and ω3 fatty acids alone prevented this change in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, whereas the co-administration of ω3 fatty acids with VPA prevented the lipoperoxidation in all analyzed brain areas, and the co-administration of ω3 fatty acids with Li prevented this increase only in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Moreover, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was decreased in the striatum (54%) in the prevention treatment, and the administration of ω3 fatty acids alone or in combination with Li and VPA partially prevented this inhibition. On the other hand, in the reversal treatment protocol, the administration of fenproporex increased carbonyl content in the prefrontal cortex (25%), hippocampus (114%) and striatum (91%), and in prefrontal coxter the administration of ω3 fatty acids alone or in combination with Li and VPA reversed this change, whereas in the hippocampus and striatum only ω3 fatty acids alone or in combination with VPA reversed this effect. Additionally, the administration of fenproporex resulted in a marked increase of TBARS in the hippocampus and striatum, and ω3 fatty acids alone or in combination with Li and VPA reversed this change. Finally, fenproporex administration decreased SOD activity in the prefrontal cortex (85%), hippocampus (52%) and striatum (76%), and the ω3 fatty acids in combination with VPA reversed this change in the prefrontal cortex and striatum, while the co-administration of ω3 fatty acids with Li reversed this inhibition in the hippocampus and striatum. In conclusion, our results support other studies showing the importance of ω3 fatty acids in the brain and the potential for these fatty acids to aid in the treatment of BD.
Asunto(s)
Anfetaminas/toxicidad , Antimaníacos/uso terapéutico , Depresores del Apetito/toxicidad , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/uso terapéutico , Hipercinesia/psicología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Química Encefálica/efectos de los fármacos , Hipercinesia/inducido químicamente , Hipercinesia/metabolismo , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Carbonato de Litio/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Carbonilación Proteica/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Ácido Valproico/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Studies have consistently reported the participation of oxidative stress in bipolar disorder (BD). Evidence indicates that epigenetic regulations have been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Considering these evidences, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of sodium butyrate (SB), a histone deacetylase (HDAC)inhibitor, on manic-like behavior and oxidative stress parameters (TBARS and protein carbonyl content and SOD and CAT activities) in frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats subjected to the animal model of mania induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) ouabain administration.The results showed that SB reversed ouabain-induced hyperactivity, which represents a manic-like behavior in rats. In addition, the ouabain ICV administration induced oxidative damage to lipid and protein and alters antioxidant enzymes activity in all brain structures analyzed. The treatment with SB was able to reversesboth behavioral and oxidative stress parameters alteration induced by ouabain.In conclusion, we suggest that SB can be considered a potential new mood stabilizer by acts on manic-like behavior and regulatesthe antioxidant enzyme activities, protecting the brain against oxidative damage.
Asunto(s)
Antimaníacos/farmacología , Trastorno Bipolar/tratamiento farmacológico , Ácido Butírico/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Trastorno Bipolar/inducido químicamente , Trastorno Bipolar/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Catalasa/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipercinesia/inducido químicamente , Hipercinesia/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Ouabaína , Carbonilación Proteica/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismoRESUMEN
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of mood stabilizers, specifically lithium (Li) and valproate (VPA), on mitochondrial superoxide, lipid peroxidation, and proteins involved in cell death signaling pathways in the brains of rats subjected to the ouabain-induced animal model of mania. Wistar rats received Li, VPA, or saline twice a day for 13 days. On the 7th day of treatment, the animals received a single intracerebroventricular injection of ouabain or aCSF. After the ICV injection, the treatment with mood stabilizers continued for 6 additional days. The locomotor activity of rats was measured using the open-field test. In addition, we analyzed oxidative stress parameters, specifically levels of phosphorylated p53 (pp53), BAX and Bcl-2 in the brain of rats by immunoblot. Li and VPA reversed ouabain-related hyperactivity. Ouabain decreased Bcl-2 levels and increased the oxidative stress parameters BAX and pp53 in the brains of rats. Li and VPA improved these ouabain-induced cellular dysfunctions; however, the effects of the mood stabilizers were dependent on the protein and brain region analyzed. These findings suggest that the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase can be an important link between oxidative damage and the consequent reduction of neuronal and glial density, which are both observed in BD, and that Li and VPA exert protective effects against ouabain-induced activation of the apoptosis pathway.
Asunto(s)
Antimaníacos/uso terapéutico , Trastorno Bipolar/inducido químicamente , Trastorno Bipolar/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/toxicidad , Ouabaína/toxicidad , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Trastorno Bipolar/patología , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/patología , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Inyecciones Intraventriculares , Masculino , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Mitocondrias/patología , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Superóxidos/metabolismo , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Several recent studies have suggested that the physiopathology of bipolar disorder (BD) is related to immune system alterations and inflammation. Lithium (Li) is a mood stabilizer that is considered the first-line treatment for this mood disorder. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of Li administration on behavior and cytokine levels [interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)] in the periphery and brains of rats subjected to an animal model of mania induced by amphetamine (d-AMPH). METHODS: Male Wistar rats were treated with d-AMPH or saline (Sal) for 14 days; on Day 8 of treatment, the rats were administered Li or Sal for the final seven days. Cytokine (IL-1ß, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α) levels were evaluated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum, frontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. RESULTS: The present study showed that d-AMPH induced hyperactivity in rats (p < 0.001), and Li treatment reversed this behavioral alteration (p < 0.001). In addition, d-AMPH increased the levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in the frontal cortex (p < 0.001), striatum (p < 0.001), and serum (p < 0.001), and treatment with Li reversed these cytokine alterations (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Li modulates peripheral and cerebral cytokine production in an animal model of mania induced by d-AMPH, suggesting that its action on the inflammatory system may contribute to its therapeutic efficacy.
Asunto(s)
Antimaníacos/farmacología , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Trastorno Bipolar/inmunología , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Citocinas/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos de Litio/farmacología , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antimaníacos/uso terapéutico , Trastorno Bipolar/inducido químicamente , Trastorno Bipolar/tratamiento farmacológico , Encéfalo/inmunología , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/toxicidad , Citocinas/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Citocinas/inmunología , Dextroanfetamina/toxicidad , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Lóbulo Frontal/efectos de los fármacos , Lóbulo Frontal/inmunología , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/inmunología , Hipercinesia/inducido químicamente , Hipercinesia/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipercinesia/inmunología , Interleucina-10/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Interleucina-10/inmunología , Interleucina-1beta/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Interleucina-1beta/efectos de los fármacos , Interleucina-1beta/inmunología , Interleucina-4/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Interleucina-4/inmunología , Interleucina-6/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Interleucina-6/inmunología , Compuestos de Litio/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Actividad Motora/inmunología , Neostriado/efectos de los fármacos , Neostriado/inmunología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Bipolar Disorder (BD) is one of the most severe psychiatric disorders. Despite adequate treatment, patients continue to have recurrent mood episodes, residual symptoms, and functional impairment. Some preclinical studies have shown that histone deacetylase inhibitors may act on manic-like behaviors. Neurotrophins have been considered important mediators in the pathophysiology of BD. The present study aims to investigate the effects of lithium (Li), valproate (VPA), and sodium butyrate (SB), an HDAC inhibitor, on BDNF, NGF and GDNF in the brain of rats subjected to an animal model of mania induced by ouabain. Wistar rats received a single ICV injection of ouabain or artificial cerebrospinal fluid. From the day following ICV injection, the rats were treated for 6 days with intraperitoneal injections of saline, Li, VPA or SB twice a day. In the 7th day after ouabain injection, locomotor activity was measured using the open-field test. The BDNF, NGF and GDNF levels were measured in the hippocampus and frontal cortex by sandwich-ELISA. Li, VPA or SB treatments reversed ouabain-related manic-like behavior. Ouabain decreased BDNF, NGF and GDNF levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex of rats. The treatment with Li, VPA or SB reversed these impairment induced by ouabain. In addition, Li, VPA and SB per se increased NGF and GDNF levels in hippocampus of rats. Our data support the notion that neurotrophic factors play a role in BD and in the mechanisms of the action of Li, VPA and SB.
Asunto(s)
Antimaníacos/farmacología , Trastorno Bipolar/tratamiento farmacológico , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/metabolismo , Ácido Butírico/farmacología , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado de la Línea Celular Glial/metabolismo , Locomoción/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Crecimiento Nervioso/metabolismo , Afecto/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Trastorno Bipolar/inducido químicamente , Trastorno Bipolar/metabolismo , Trastorno Bipolar/psicología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos/farmacología , Compuestos de Litio/farmacología , Masculino , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Ouabaína/toxicidad , Corteza Prefrontal/efectos de los fármacos , Corteza Prefrontal/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Resultado del Tratamiento , Ácido Valproico/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Several studies have suggested that alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and increased oxidative stress have a central role in bipolar disorder (BD). Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ouabain (OUA) in rats alters oxidative stress parameters and decreases BDNF levels in the brain. In this context, the present study aims to investigate the effects of BDNF ICV administration on BDNF levels and oxidative stress parameters in brains of rats submitted to animal model of mania induced by OUA. Wistar rats received an ICV injection of OUA, artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF), OUA plus BDNF, or ACSF plus BDNF. Locomotor activity and risk-taking behavior in the rats were measured using the open-field test. In addition, we analyzed the BDNF levels and oxidative stress parameters (TBARS, Carbonyl, CAT, SOD, GR, and GPx) in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats. The BDNF was unable to reverse the ouabain-induced hyperactivity and risk-taking behavior. Nevertheless, BDNF treatment increased BDNF levels, modulated the antioxidant enzymes, and protected the OUA-induced oxidative damage in the brain of rats. These results suggest that BDNF alteration observed in BD patients may be associated with oxidative damage, both seen in this disorder.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Bipolar/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastorno Bipolar/patología , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/administración & dosificación , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/uso terapéutico , Encéfalo/patología , Estrés Oxidativo , Animales , Trastorno Bipolar/fisiopatología , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Hipocampo/enzimología , Hipocampo/patología , Humanos , Inyecciones Intraventriculares , Masculino , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Neuroprotección , Ouabaína , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas Wistar , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismoRESUMEN
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic and severe psychiatric disorder and despite its importance, little is known about the precise pathophysiology of this disorder. Several studies have reported that inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of BD and that cytokines are altered in these patients. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ouabain (a potent Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibitor) in rats resulted in manic-like effects and it has been widely used as an animal model of bipolar mania. In this study, we assessed the cytokine levels (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, CINC-1) in the brain structures (hippocampus, striatum, frontal cortex, amygdala), serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rats submitted to an animal model of mania induced by ouabain. Our findings demonstrated that ouabain induced hyperlocomotion in rats. However, the only cytokine that showed alteration was IL-6, which was decreased in the striatum after ouabain administration. In conclusion, despite the ouabain administration in rats be a valid model to study the physiopathology of bipolar mania, it seems that this model was not able to mimic the changes in cytokines observed in bipolar patients.
Asunto(s)
Antidepresivos/uso terapéutico , Trastorno Bipolar/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastorno Bipolar/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Ouabaína/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antidepresivos/farmacología , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Conducta Exploratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Inyecciones Intraventriculares , Masculino , Ouabaína/farmacología , RatasRESUMEN
In this study methamphetamine (m-AMPH) and dextroamphetamine (d-AMPH) were compared to determine the potency of the two drugs on behavior and oxidative damage in brain of rats. Male adult Wistar rats were given single (acute administration) or repeated (chronic administration, 14 days) intraperitoneal injections of saline (0.9% NaCl), d-AMPH (2 mg/kg) or m-AMPH (0.25, 0.5, 1 or 2 mg/kg). Locomotor activity was evaluated in open-field apparatus 2 h after the last drug injection. Additionally, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyl formation were measured in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and striatum. In both experiments, d-AMPH and m-AMPH (all doses administered) increased the locomotor activity of animals, meantime, no significant difference between d-AMPH and m-AMPH was observed. d-AMPH and m-AMPH increased lipid and protein damage, but m-AMPH was more potent than d-AMPH, however, this effect varies depending on the brain region and the experimental protocol. The results of this study show that d-AMPH and m-AMPH have similar behavioral effects, which previous studies had already reported. On the other hand, this study demonstrated that the m-AMPH induces oxidative damage greater than d-AMPH, showing neurochemical differences previously unknown.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/toxicidad , Dextroanfetamina/toxicidad , Conducta Exploratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Metanfetamina/toxicidad , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Masculino , Carbonilación Proteica , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Sustancias Reactivas al Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
An increasing number of studies have evaluated the potential therapeutic relevance of histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors in mood disorder including bipolar disorder (BD). It has been suggested that the anterior limbic, which controls impulsivity and psychosis, is dysfunctional in BD. The present studies aims to evaluate the effects of microinjection of HDAC inhibitors in the ventricle, amygdala, striatum, prefrontal, and hippocampus on m-amphetamine-induced manic-like behavior in rats. Rats were given a single intracerebral (in the ventricle, amygdala, striatum, prefrontal, or hippocampus) injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid, sodium butyrate (SB), or valproate (VPA) followed by an intraperitoneal injection of saline or m-AMPH 2 h before the open-field task. The activity of HDAC was evaluated in amygdala, striatum, prefrontal, and hippocampus of animals. The microinjection of SB and VPA in the ventricle, amygdala, striatum, and prefrontal, but not in hippocampus blocked the hyperactivity induced by m-AMPH. In addition, SB and VPA inhibited the HDAC activity; however, this effect varied depending on the experimental procedure and the brain structure evaluated. Our results suggest that the antimanic effects of SB and VPA, HDAC inhibitors, are related to the amygdala, striatum, and prefrontal, but not the hippocampus. More studies are needed to clarify the therapeutic effects of the HDAC inhibitor in BD and thereby develop new drugs.