Cofactor mimicry represents an attractive strategy for the development of enzyme inhibitors but can lead to off-target effects due to the evolutionary conservation of binding sites across the proteome. Here, we uncover the ADP-ribose (ADPr) hydrolase NUDT5 as an unexpected, noncovalent, off-target of clinical BTK inhibitors. Using a combination of biochemical, biophysical, and intact cell NanoBRET assays as well as X-ray crystallography, we confirm catalytic inhibition and cellular target engagement of NUDT5 and reveal an unusual binding mode that is independent of the reactive acrylamide warhead. Further investigation of the prototypical BTK inhibitor ibrutinib also revealed potent inhibition of the largely unstudied NUDIX hydrolase family member NUDT14. By exploring structure-activity relationships (SARs) around the core scaffold, we identify a potent, noncovalent, and cell-active dual NUDT5/14 inhibitor. Cocrystallization experiments yielded new insights into the NUDT14 hydrolase active site architecture and inhibitor binding, thus providing a basis for future chemical probe design.
Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase , Pyrophosphatases , Humans , Pyrophosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyrophosphatases/metabolism , Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors , Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Crystallography, X-Ray , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/metabolism , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/metabolism , Piperidines/pharmacology , Piperidines/chemistry , Piperidines/metabolism , Piperidines/chemical synthesis , Drug Discovery , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidines/metabolism , Adenine/analogs & derivatives , Adenine/chemistry , Adenine/pharmacology , Adenine/metabolism , Models, Molecular , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis
INTRODUCTION: The rational development of new therapeutics requires a thorough understanding of how aberrant signalling affects cellular homeostasis and causes human disease. Chemical probes are tool compounds with well-defined mechanism-of-action enabling modulation of, for example, domain-specific protein properties in a temporal manner, thereby complementing other target validation methods such as genetic gain- and loss-of-function approaches. AREAS COVERED: In this review, the authors summarize recent advances in chemical probe development for emerging target classes such as solute carriers and ubiquitin-related targets and highlight open resources to inform and facilitate chemical probe discovery as well as tool compound selection for target validation and phenotypic screening. EXPERT OPINION: Chemical probes are powerful tools for drug discovery that have led to fundamental insights into biological processes and have paved the way for the development of first-in-class drugs. Open resources can inform on various aspects of chemical probe development and provide access to data and recommendations on use of chemical probes to catalyse collaborative science and help accelerate drug target identification and validation.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Drug Discovery
