[Fluid and electrolyte disorders following surgery for brain tumors]. / Trastornos hidroelectrolíticos en postoperados de tumores cerebrales.

INTRODUCTION: Fluid and electrolyte disorders such as diabetes insipidus, salt wasting syndrome (SWS) and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) can appear in the immediate postoperative period after surgery for brain tumors. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent the potential adverse effects of these disorders on the central nervous system (CNS). OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence and characteristics of fluid and electrolyte disorders in the immediate postoperative period after surgery for CNS tumors in children treated in our hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed clinical and laboratory data in all infants and children who underwent surgery for CNS tumors in our hospital from January 1998 to June 2005 and who met the laboratory criteria for diabetes insipidus, SWS or SIADH. RESULTS: Twenty-three electrolyte disorders were identified in 149 surgical patients (an incidence of 15.4%). The median age was 5 years and 3 months (from 6 months to 17 years) and 48.7% of the patients were male. The most frequent electrolyte disturbance was diabetes insipidus (65.2% of all electrolyte disorders). On average, onset of diabetes insipidus occurred 19 hours after surgery. Treatment with desmopressin was administrated in all patients. On average, diabetes insipidus was resolved 73 hours after diagnosis, except in one patient with permanent diabetes insipidus due to a surgical lesion of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The second most frequent electrolyte disturbance was SWS (26.1%) with a mean time of onset of 50.4 hours after surgery. On average, SWS was resolved 57.6 hours after administration of saline solutions. Only two patients developed SIADH, which was treated with water restriction and adequate sodium supply. Both cases of SIADH resolved spontaneously in the first 36 hours after diagnosis. At discharge, none of the patients showed neurological disturbances due to an electrolytic disorder. CONCLUSIONS: In our series, the most frequent electrolyte disorder after surgery for CNS tumors was diabetes insipidus. Early treatment with desmopressin almost always prevents hypernatremia. Unless there is a surgical lesion of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, spontaneous resolution will take place in 3 days on average. The management of SWS and SIADH requires close monitoring of plasma sodium due to the risk of hyponatremia.

Trastornos hidroelectrolíticos en postoperados de tumores cerebrales / Fluid and electrolyte disorders following surgery for brain tumors

Introducción Entre las complicaciones que pueden aparecer en el postoperatorio inmediato de los tumores cerebrales destacan los trastornos hidroelectrolíticos (diabetes insípida, síndrome pierde sal y síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética [SIADH]). Es importante su diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz de cara a prevenir los posibles efectos negativos que pueden tener sobre el propio sistema nervioso central (SNC). Objetivos Valorar la incidencia y características de los trastornos electrolíticos aparecidos en el postoperatorio inmediato de los niños intervenidos de tumores del SNC en nuestro centro. Material y métodos Análisis retrospectivo de las historias clínicas de niños intervenidos de tumores del SNC en nuestro centro entre enero de 1998 y junio de 2005, que en el postoperatorio cumplieron criterios analíticos de diabetes insípida, síndrome pierde sal o SIADH. Resultados Se detectaron 23 trastornos hidroelectrolíticos en 149 intervenciones (15,4 %). El 47,8 % fueron varones. La mediana de edad fue de 5 años y 3 meses (rango de 6 meses a 17 años). La alteración electrolítica más frecuente fue diabetes insípida (65,2 %). El trastorno apareció en una media de 19 h tras la cirugía. Se administró desmopresina en todos los casos, con resolución del cuadro en una media de 73 h tras el diagnóstico, excepto un caso de diabetes insípida permanente por lesión quirúrgica del eje hipotálamo- hipofisario. El síndrome pierde sal, con un 26,1 % de los casos, fue el segundo trastorno hidroelectrolítico en frecuencia. El tiempo medio de aparición tras la cirugía fue de 50,4 h. Se adecuó el aporte hidrosalino en todos los casos. El trastorno se resolvió en una media de 57,6 h tras su aparición. Sólo se detectaron 2 casos de SIADH que se trataron con restricción hídrica y adecuación de aportes de sodio. Ambos casos se resolvieron espontáneamente en las primeras 36 h tras el diagnóstico. Al alta ningún paciente presentaba alteraciones neurológicas secundarias al trastorno hidroelectrolítico. Conclusiones El trastorno hidroelectrolítico más frecuente en postoperados de tumores cerebrales en nuestra serie ha sido la diabetes insípida. El tratamiento precoz con desmopresina evita en la mayor parte de los casos la aparición de hipernatremia. Si no existe lesión quirúrgica del eje hipotálamo- hipofisario la resolución espontánea se produce en una media de 3 días. El manejo del síndrome pierde sal y el SIADH requiere una estrecha monitorización del sodio plasmático por la gran tendencia a la hiponatremia

Introduction Fluid and electrolyte disorders such as diabetes insipidus, salt wasting syndrome (SWS) and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) can appear in the immediate postoperative period after surgery for brain tumors. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent the potential adverse effects of these disorders on the central nervous system (CNS). Objectives To determine the incidence and characteristics of fluid and electrolyte disorders in the immediate postoperative period after surgery for CNS tumors in children treated in our hospital. Material and methods We retrospectively analyzed clinical and laboratory data in all infants and children who underwent surgery for CNS tumors in our hospital from January 1998 to June 2005 and who met the laboratory criteria for diabetes insipidus, SWS or SIADH. Results Twenty-three electrolyte disorders were identified in 149 surgical patients (an incidence of 15.4 %). The median age was 5 years and 3 months (from 6 months to 17 years) and 48.7 % of the patients were male. The most frequent electrolyte disturbance was diabetes insipidus (65.2 % of all electrolyte disorders). On average, onset of diabetes insipidus occurred 19 hours after surgery. Treatment with desmopressin was administrated in all patients. On average, diabetes insipidus was resolved 73 hours after diagnosis, except in one patient with permanent diabetes insipidus due to a surgical lesion of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The second most frequent electrolyte disturbance was SWS (26.1 %) with a mean time of onset of 50.4 hours after surgery. On average, SWS was resolved 57.6 hours after administration of saline solutions. Only two patients developed SIADH, which was treated with water restriction and adequate sodium supply. Both cases of SIADH resolved spontaneously in the first 36 hours after diagnosis. At discharge, none of the patients showed neurological disturbances due to an electrolytic disorder. Conclusions In our series, the most frequent electrolyte disorder after surgery for CNS tumors was diabetes insipidus. Early treatment with desmopressin almost always prevents hypernatremia. Unless there is a surgical lesion of the hypothalamic- pituitary axis, spontaneous resolution will take place in 3 days on average. The management of SWS and SIADH requires close monitoring of plasma sodium due to the risk of hyponatremia

Traumatismo craneoencefálico grave en el paciente pediátrico. Evaluación de la neuroimagen y monitorización de la presión intracraneal como factores pronóstico / Severe head injury among children: omputerised tomography evaluation and intracranial pressure monitoring as prognostic factors

Objetivo. Evaluación de la neuroimagen (mediante la escala del Traumatic Coma Data Bank) y de la presión intracraneal como factores pronóstico en pacientes pediátricos con traumatismo craneoencefálico grave. Material y método. Revisión de los pacientes ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos con traumatismo craneoencefálico grave y monitorización de la presión intracraneal entre enero de 1995 y junio de 1998. Resultados. De los 242 pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico ingresados en nuestra unidad, 64 precisaron monitorización de la presión intracraneal. La edad osciló entre 3 y 18 años. El patrón de neuroimagen más frecuente en la primera tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) es la lesión encefálica difusa (LED) II (43,8 por ciento) seguida de LED III (29,7 por ciento), VI (12,5 por ciento) y I (9,4 por ciento). Se ha encontrado la existencia de una asociación lineal entre los patrones de neuroimagen y los valores de presión intracraneal máxima y presión de perfusión cerebral mínima en las primeras 2 horas de monitorización. Estos parámetros se correlacionan con el pronóstico y se demuestra una relación directa entre la primera TAC y la evolución (p < 0,001). La mayoría de los pacientes (73,5 por ciento) tuvo una evolución favorable, sin secuelas (18,8 por ciento) o con trastornos psicológicos o motores menores. La mortalidad fue del 10,9 por ciento y el porcentaje de secuelas incapacitantes, del 15,6 por ciento. Conclusiones. La neuroimagen y monitorización de la presión intracraneal son fuertes predictores pronóstico del traumatismo craneoencefálico grave en el paciente pediátrico. El Traumatic Coma Data Bank permite una precoz identificación de los pacientes con riesgo elevado de hipertensión intracraneal también en edad pediátrica. La ausencia de enfermedad visible en la primera TAC no descarta la aparición de hipertensión endocraneal y está indicado monitorizar la presión intracraneal si la puntuación de Glasgow ha sido inferior o igual a ocho, incluso con una primera TAC normal (AU)

[Moyamoya disease. A cause of vascular occlusion in childhood]. / Enfermedad de Moya-Moya. Una causa de oclusión vascular en la infancia.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to review the cases of Moya-Moya diagnosed in our center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the Moya-Moya cases diagnosed from 1979 to 1997. We evaluated the following elements: age of clinical onset, sex, clinical features, complementary examinations, neuroimage, treatment and follow-up. RESULTS: Six patients were diagnosed. The first case appeared in 1979 and the last in 1997. These included four boys and 2 girls, with ages between 5 months and 14 years. The initial clinical feature in all six cases was acute hemiparesis, noting that in one case this was preceded by homolateral seizures. Neuroimaging revealed ischaemic infarction areas in brain CT or MNR. The diagnosis was based on angiography, where in four cases there appeared bilateral occlusion of the internal carotid, or of the anterior or middle cerebral arteries and in the other two there was a unilateral occlusion of the interior carotid and middle cerebral arteries. Regarding etiology, in four patients the dysfunction was due to either fibromuscular dysplasia of the carotid, neurofibromatosis, cranial trauma or to Down's syndrome. In the other two cases no other primary cause was found. CONCLUSIONS: Acute stroke is an infrequent disease of pediatric age patients, however it is necessary to do a thorough angiography study to rule out the Moya-Moya like vascular anomalies.

[Complications of cerebrospinal fluid shunt]. / Complicaciones de las válvulas de derivación de líquido cefalorraquídeo.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to know the incidence, mode of presentation, clinical and microbiological aspects, as well as the management of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt malfunction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out where thirty-seven children with malfunctioning shunts were studied. The mechanical causes of shunt malfunction included disconnection, fracture and obstruction, while infection was considered as either a clinical or analytical change (blood and/or CSF). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 5.5 years. The most common indication for the insertion of the ventriculoperitoneal shunt was congenital hydrocephalus. The average stay in the ICU was 8.2 days. Mechanical dysfunction was detected in 25 patients (68%) and infectious etiology in 12. The most common clinical manifestations were vomiting, fever and headache. CSF biochemical alteration was found in 8 of the infected group. Staphylococcus was isolated in six of the 8 cases. The ventriculoperitoneal shunt was changed during the first 24 hours in 17 of 25 patients (68%) with mechanical malfunction, while 11 cases with an infective cause (92%) were managed with an external shunt. The interval between the insertion of the ventriculoperitoneal shunt and the malfunction was over 6 months in 20 cases (54%). CONCLUSIONS: Ventriculoperitoneal shunts are the main method for treating hydrocephaly, although they are not without complications which may require surgical procedures. Appropriate surgical technique, asepsis, as well as prophylactic antibiotics are essential to decrease the incidence of complications.

[Epidural hematoma in children. Prognostic factors. Analysis of 70 cases]. / Hematoma epidural en niños. Factores pronósticos. Análisis de setenta casos.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the causes of epidural hematoma in order to know its incidence in craneoencephalic trauma and establish prognostic criteria. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 70 children with the diagnosis of epidural hematoma between 1990 and 1995 were studied. Clinical, radiological, chronologic variables and evolution were analyzed. RESULTS: The diagnosis was made during the first 4 years in 63% of the cases. Neurologic impairment was present at admission in only 33% of the patients. Ages ranged between 7 days and 17 years (mean age: 8 years). Of these patients, 82% were admitted to the PICU, 53% were ventilated and 19% needed ICP monitorization. Radiological findings on the first CT were skull fracture (68%) and temporoparietal epidural hematoma (66%), right-sided (63%). Other kinds of lesions were also recorded in the first and subsequent CTs. Three patients died, 63% recovered fully, 10% had serious sequelae and 23% had some degree of neurodisability. CONCLUSIONS: The following data correlated with death or neurological impairment: Multiple cerebral contusion (p = 0.002), brain edema (p = 0.05), GCS less than 8 on admission (p = 0.002), and shock (p = 0.003). On the other hand, neither surgical drainage volume, age, location of the hematoma, nor ICP values correlated with a poor prognosis.

[Herpetic encephalitis in children. Study of 9 cases]. / Encefalitis herpética en el niño. Estudio de nueve casos.

Here we review nine cases of children with herpetic encephalitis (EH) admitted to the "San Juan de Dios" Hospital in Barcelona from 1976 to 1983. Of particular significance is the average age of 3,2 years, initial respiratory symptoms, fever and seizures in the majority of the cases. The EEG showed in every case short focal periodic activity from the 3rd to the 8th day of the illness, with normal CT-scan in 5 patients from the 5th to the 9th day. All the patients showed deterioration in the course of the illness, with serious sequels or death. We support an early herpetic encephalitis diagnosis and its treatment (ARA-A or Acyclovir) based on the clinical symptoms, the characteristic EEG, and a normal initial CT-scan. Antibodies levels and evolution will confirm or deny the diagnosis, without the need for a cerebral biopsy.

[Intoxication by diphenoxylate (author's transl)]. / Intoxicación por difenoxilato

Two cases of intoxication by diphenoxylate, inespecific antidiarrheal, depressor of the intestinal motility, are presented. Diphenoxylate is chemically related with meperidine. One case was caused by hipersensitivity and the other one by overdose. Both had a favourable outcome. Existent bibliography was reviewed and clinical signs of this intoxication pointed-out. It is suggested that diphenoxylate should not be prescribed to children under thirty months.