Development of a population pharmacokinetic model for the novel long-acting injectable antipsychotic risperidone ISM®.

AIMS: The aims of this study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for risperidone ISM® and to investigate the relationships between active moiety exposure, as described by apparent clearance (CL40), and several covariates using all data from five clinical studies. METHODS: A population PK model was developed using active moiety concentrations from a study in healthy volunteers and two studies in patients with schizophrenia. Data from a comparative bioavailability study in medically stable patients and a Phase III study in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia were then incorporated, using empirical Bayesian feedback and model refinement in NONMEM. Finally, covariate analysis was performed on CL40. RESULTS: The final model adequately described the pharmacokinetics of 6288 active moiety concentrations in 17 healthy volunteers and 430 patients with schizophrenia. This one-compartment disposition model had a complex absorption process, combining a small amount immediately entering the central active moiety compartment, two first-order absorption processes and a combined zero-order and first order process, with first-order elimination from the central compartment. Significant covariates on CL40 were BMI and sex. Goodness-of-fit (GOF) plots and visual predictive checks (VPC) confirmed acceptable description of the data. CONCLUSIONS: The population PK model adequately described active moiety concentrations from five clinical studies after risperidone ISM® administration. Relationships between active moiety exposure and covariates were defined in order to facilitate simulations for future studies. The model showed that risperidone ISM® rapidly achieves therapeutic plasma levels within the first hours after the first injection that are maintained sustainedly throughout the whole dosing interval following once-monthly gluteal injections of 100 mg and 75 mg.

Clinical, experimental and pathophysiological effects of Yaq-001: a non-absorbable, gut-restricted adsorbent in models and patients with cirrhosis.

OBJECTIVE: Targeting bacterial translocation in cirrhosis is limited to antibiotics with risk of antimicrobial resistance. This study explored the therapeutic potential of a non-absorbable, gut-restricted, engineered carbon bead adsorbent, Yaq-001 in models of cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and, its safety and tolerability in a clinical trial in cirrhosis. DESIGN: Performance of Yaq-001 was evaluated in vitro. Two-rat models of cirrhosis and ACLF, (4 weeks, bile duct ligation with or without lipopolysaccharide), receiving Yaq-001 for 2 weeks; and two-mouse models of cirrhosis (6-week and 12-week carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)) receiving Yaq-001 for 6 weeks were studied. Organ and immune function, gut permeability, transcriptomics, microbiome composition and metabolomics were analysed. The effect of faecal water on gut permeability from animal models was evaluated on intestinal organoids. A multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial in 28 patients with cirrhosis, administered 4 gr/day Yaq-001 for 3 months was performed. RESULTS: Yaq-001 exhibited rapid adsorption kinetics for endotoxin. In vivo, Yaq-001 reduced liver injury, progression of fibrosis, portal hypertension, renal dysfunction and mortality of ACLF animals significantly. Significant impact on severity of endotoxaemia, hyperammonaemia, liver cell death, systemic inflammation and organ transcriptomics with variable modulation of inflammation, cell death and senescence in the liver, kidneys, brain and colon was observed. Yaq-001 reduced gut permeability in the organoids and impacted positively on the microbiome composition and metabolism. Yaq-001 regulated as a device met its primary endpoint of safety and tolerability in the clinical trial. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides strong preclinical rationale and safety in patients with cirrhosis to allow clinical translation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03202498.

Survey on the Situation of Medical Departments in the Pharmaceutical Industry in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: Medical departments have evolved from a position of support to one of strategic leadership. The number of tasks and the complexity of interactions in which they are involved is increasing. However, the spectrum of their activity in the sector differs significantly from one company to another. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe their situation within the pharmaceutical industry, analyzing the positions, functions, and profiles of their professionals. METHODS: This study consisted of an online survey containing 25 questions grouped into four blocks (structure, medical direction, training, and activities and responsibilities). Medical departments in the Spanish pharmaceutical industry of different sizes and scope were invited to participate. The survey took place in 2021, with a designated response period of three months. It is important to note that all responses collected during this time were treated as anonymous. RESULTS: Thirty companies participated. A total of 93.3% of respondents worked for an international laboratory, with a size of 0-5 or 11-20 people (20.7%). For 27.6% of the companies, the number of medical advisors per medical department was 1 or 4, with varying numbers of medical scientific liaisons (1, 6-10, and > 20). A total of 56.7%, 33.3%, and 6.7% indicated that the country manager, head of regional medical affairs, and head of global medical affairs, respectively, had a solid-line reporting relationship with the medical directorate. Medical directors were mostly graduates in medicine (86.2%) with a doctorate (34.5%), and medical managers were mainly graduates in medicine (77.8%) and pharmacy (66.7%). CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that respondents predominantly work in internationally focused laboratories, with professionals ranging from experienced medical directors to managers with 6-20 years of experience, each with distinct roles.

Sequences of Alterations in Inflammation and Autophagy Processes in Rd1 Mice.

(1) Background: the aim of this work was to study microglia and autophagy alterations in a one retinitis pigmentosa (RP) model at different stages of the disease (when rods are dying and later, when there are almost no rods, and cones are the cells that die. (2) Methods: rd1 mice were used and retinas obtained at postnatal days (PN) 11, 17, 28, 35, and 42. Iba1 (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1) was the protein selected to study microglial changes. The macroautophagy markers Beclin-1, Atg5, Atg7, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2) (involved in chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA)) were determined. (3) Results: the expression of Iba1 was increased in rd1 retinas compared to the control group at PN17 (after the period of maximum rod death), PN28 (at the beginning of the period of cone death), and PN42. The number of activated (ameboid) microglial cells increased in the early ages of the retinal degeneration and the deactivated forms (branched cells) in more advanced ages. The macroautophagy markers Atg5 at PN11, Atg7 and LC3II at PN17, and Atg7 again at PN28 were decreased in rd1 retinas. At PN35 and PN42, the results reveal alterations in LAMP2A, a marker of CMA in the retina of rd1 mice. (4) Conclusions: we can conclude that during the early phases of retinal degeneration in the rd1 mouse, there is an alteration in microglia and a decrease in the macroautophagy cycle. Subsequently, the CMA is decreased and later on appears activated as a compensatory mechanism.

Non-invasive candidate protein signature predicts hepatic venous pressure gradient reduction in cirrhotic patients after sustained virologic response.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A reduction in hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) is the most accurate marker for assessing the severity of portal hypertension and the effectiveness of intervention treatments. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic potential of blood-based proteomic biomarkers in predicting HVPG response amongst cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension due to Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and had achieved sustained virologic response (SVR). METHODS: The study comprised 59 patients from two cohorts. Patients underwent paired HVPG (pretreatment and after SVR), liver stiffness (LSM), and enhanced liver fibrosis scores (ELF) measurements, as well as proteomics-based profiling on serum samples using SomaScan® at baseline (BL) and after SVR (EOS). Machine learning with feature selection (Caret, Random Forest and RPART) methods were performed to determine the proteins capable of classifying HVPG responders. Model performance was evaluated using AUROC (pROC R package). RESULTS: Patients were stratified by a change in HVPG (EOS vs. BL) into responders (greater than 20% decline in HVPG from BL, or <10 mmHg at EOS with >10 mmHg at BL) and non-responders. LSM and ELF decreased markedly after SVR but did not correlate with HVPG response. SomaScan (SomaLogic, Inc., Boulder, CO) analysis revealed a substantial shift in the peripheral proteome composition, reflected by 82 significantly differentially abundant proteins. Twelve proteins accurately distinguished responders from non-responders, with an AUROC of .86, sensitivity of 83%, specificity of 83%, accuracy of 83%, PPV of 83%, and NPV of 83%. CONCLUSIONS: A combined non-invasive soluble protein signature was identified, capable of accurately predicting HVPG response in HCV liver cirrhosis patients after achieving SVR.

Hepatic encephalopathy is not a contraindication to pre-emptive TIPS in high-risk patients with cirrhosis with variceal bleeding.

BACKGROUND: A pre-emptive transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (pTIPS) reduces mortality in high-risk patients with cirrhosis (Child-Pugh C/B+active bleeding) with acute variceal bleeding (AVB). Real-life studies point out that <15% of patients eligible for pTIPS ultimately undergo transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) due to concerns about hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The outcome of patients undergoing pTIPS with HE is unknown. We aimed to (1) assess the prevalence of HE in patients with AVB; (2) evaluate the outcome of patients presenting HE at admission after pTIPS; and (3) determine if HE at admission is a risk factor for death and post-TIPS HE. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is an observational study including 2138 patients from 34 centres between October 2011 and May 2015. Placement of pTIPS was based on individual centre policy. Patients were followed up to 1 year, death or liver transplantation. RESULTS: 671 of 2138 patients were considered at high risk, 66 received pTIPS and 605 endoscopic+drug treatment. At admission, HE was significantly more frequent in high-risk than in low-risk patients (39.2% vs 10.6%, p<0.001). In high-risk patients with HE at admission, pTIPS was associated with a lower 1-year mortality than endoscopic+drug (HR 0.374, 95% CI 0.166 to 0.845, p=0.0181). The incidence of HE was not different between patients treated with pTIPS and endoscopic+drug (38.2% vs 38.7%, p=0.9721), even in patients with HE at admission (56.4% vs 58.7%, p=0.4594). Age >56, shock, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score >15, endoscopic+drug treatment and HE at admission were independent factors of death in high-risk patients. CONCLUSION: pTIPS is associated with better survival than endoscopic treatment in high-risk patients with cirrhosis with variceal bleeding displaying HE at admission.

Time-Course Changes in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Retinas of rds Mice: A Retinitis Pigmentosa Model.

(1) Background: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is characterized by progressive photoreceptor death. A Prph2Rd2 or an rds mouse is an RP model that closely reflects human RP. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of rod and cone death with oxidative stress and inflammation in rds mice. (2) Methods: The retinas of control and rds mice on postnatal days (PN) 11, 17, 21, 28, 35, and 42 were used. Oxidative damage to macromolecules, glutathione (GSH and GSSG), GSH synthesis enzymes, glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), and cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) was studied. (3) Results: The time sequence of oxidative stress and inflammation changes in rds mice occurs as follows: (i) At PN11, there is a small increase in photoreceptor death and in the microglial cells; (ii) at PN17, damage to the macromolecules is observed; (iii) at PN21, the maximum photoreceptor death rate is detected and there is an increase in GSH-GSSG and GFAP; (iv) at PN21, the microglial cells are activated; and(v) at PN28, there is a decrease in GSH synthesis enzymes. (4) Conclusions: These findings contribute to the understanding of RP physiopathology and help us to understand whether oxidative stress and inflammation are therapeutic targets. These findings contribute to our understanding that, in RP, oxidative stress and inflammation evolution and their relationship are time-dependent. In this sense, it is important to highlight that both processes are potential therapeutic targets in this disease.

Sulforaphane Modulates the Inflammation and Delays Neurodegeneration on a Retinitis Pigmentosa Mice Model.

The term retinitis pigmentosa (RP) describes a large group of hereditary retinopathies. From a cellular view, retinal degeneration is prompted by an initial death of rods, followed later by cone degeneration. This cellular progressive degeneration is translated clinically in tunnel vision, which evolves to complete blindness. The mechanism underlying the photoreceptor degeneration is unknown, but several mechanisms have been pointed out as main co-stars, inflammation being one of the most relevant. Retinal inflammation is characterized by proliferation, migration, and morphological changes in glial cells, in both microglia and Müller cells, as well as the increase in the expression of inflammatory mediators. Retinal inflammation has been reported in several animal models and clinical cases of RP, but the specific role that inflammation plays in the pathology evolution remains uncertain. Sulforaphane (SFN) is an antioxidant natural compound that has shown anti-inflammatory properties, including the modulation of glial cells activation. The present work explores the effects of SFN on retinal degeneration and inflammation, analyzing the modulation of glial cells in the RP rd10 mice model. A daily dose of 20 mg/kg of sulforaphane was administered intraperitoneally to control (C57BL/6J wild type) and rd10 (Pde6brd10) mice, from postnatal day 14 to day 20. On postnatal day 21, euthanasia was performed. Histological retina samples were used to assess cellular degeneration, Müller cells, and microglia activation. SFN administration delayed the loss of photoreceptors. It also ameliorated the characteristic reactive gliosis, assessed by retinal GFAP expression. Moreover, sulforaphane treatment regulated the microglia activation state, inducing changes in the microglia morphology, migration, and expression through the retina. In addition, SFN modulated the expression of the interleukins 1ß, 4, Ym1, and arginase inflammatory mediators. Surprisingly, M2 polarization marker expression was increased at P21 and was reduced by SFN treatment. To summarize, SFN administration reduced retinal neurodegeneration and modified the inflammatory profile of RP, which may contribute to the SFN neuroprotective effect.

A simple nomogram identifies patients with refractory ascites with worse outcome after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.

OBJECTIVES: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is increasingly used in the management of refractory ascites. Controversy exists regarding the predictive factors of unfavorable outcomes, useful for patient selection. The primary aim was to identify predictive factors of 1-year survival or recurrent severe hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis undergoing covered TIPS for refractory ascites. The secondary aim was overall survival. METHODS: Observational, retrospective, multicentric study, that included all cirrhotic patients treated with covered-TIPS for refractory ascites since 2001. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and hemodynamic data were collected at baseline and consecutively until dead, liver transplant or end of follow-up. The Cox model was used to identify predictive factors of overall survival. A Fine-Gray competing risk regression model was used to identify predictive factors of 1-year mortality or recurrent hepatic encephalopathy. A predictive nomogram was created based on those factors. RESULTS: In total 159 patients were included. Predictive factors of survival or recurrent severe encephalopathy were renal dysfunction [hazard ratio, 2.12 (95% CI, 1.11-4.04); P = 0.022], albumin [hazard ratio, 0.58 (95% CI, 0.34-0.97); P = 0.036], serum sodium [hazard ratio, 0.94 (95% CI, 0.89-0.98); P = 0.008] and international normalized ratio [hazard ratio 4.27 (95% CI, 1.41-12.88); P = 0.010]. In the competing risk analysis, predictive factors of 1-year mortality/recurrent severe encephalopathy in multivariate analysis were age [sub-distribution hazard ratio (sHR) 1.05 (95% CI, 1.02-1.09); P = 0.001], creatinine [sHR 1.55 (95% CI, 1.23-1.96); P = 0.001] and serum sodium [sHR 0.94 (95% CI, 0.90-0.99); P = 0.011] at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Age, creatinine and sodium baseline levels strongly influence 1-year survival/recurrent severe hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis undergoing covered TIPS for refractory ascites. A simple nomogram accurately and easily identifies those patients with worse prognosis.

Hemorragia digestiva tras una colecistoduodenostomía guiada por ecoendoscopia / Gastrointestinal bleeding following transduodenal endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage

No disponible

Intestinal malrotation: A rare cause of chronic recurrent abdominal pain / Malrotación intestinal: una causa infrecuente de dolor abdominal crónico recurrente

No disponible

Hemorragia digestiva grave de origen oscuro resuelta con idarucizumab / Severe obscure gastrointestinal bleeding successfully treated with idarucizumab

No disponible

Bioequivalence of a biosimilar enoxaparin sodium to Clexane® after single 100 mg subcutaneous dose: results of a randomized, double-blind, crossover study in healthy volunteers.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) equivalence of a biosimilar enoxaparin to the reference drug, and to assess its safety and tolerability in healthy volunteers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, crossover, 2-sequence, single-dose study was conducted in healthy volunteers of both sexes. Participants were sequentially and randomly administered single subcutaneous injections of enoxaparin 100 mg manufactured by Rovi (test; Madrid, Spain) and Clexane® (enoxaparin 100 mg manufactured by Sanofi, reference) separated by a 1-week washout period. The primary PK/PD variables were maximum activity (Amax) and area under the effect curve from time 0 to the last measured activity (T) (AUEC0-T) and AUEC from time 0 to infinity (AUEC0-inf) of anti-FXa activity, and Amax and AUEC0-T of anti-FIIa activity. Secondary variables were Amax and AUEC0-T, AUEC0-inf of tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and the ratio of AUEC0-T anti-FXa to anti-FIIa activity. Biosimilarity would be shown when the 95% CI of the ratio of geometric least squares means (95% CI RGLSMs) of primary PK/PD parameters fell within the standard range of bioequivalence, ie, 80%-125%. RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 46 volunteers (33 males) aged 18-44 years and with body mass index ranging from 19.0 to 31.1 kg/m2. Three subjects did not complete the study. The curves of anti-FXa, anti-FIIa and tissue factor pathway inhibitor activities corresponding to administration of the test and reference products were comparable. The 95% CI RGLSMs of Amax, AUEC0-T and AUEC0-inf for anti-FXa activity were 94.6%-105.9%, 99.8%-108.0% and 100.0%-108.6% respectively; Amax and AUEC0-T for anti-FIIa activity were 94.7%-112.6% and 90.9%-117.9% respectively. In addition, the 95% CI RGLSMs of all secondary variables fell within the range 80%-125%. The incidence and types of adverse events after administration of the test and reference drugs were similar. CONCLUSION: The results conclusively showed that the enoxaparin manufactured by Rovi is equivalent to the reference enoxaparin in all primary and secondary PK/PD parameters, as required by the European Medicines Agency to grant marketing authorization to a biosimilar low molecular-weight heparin.

Severe obscure gastrointestinal bleeding successfully treated with idarucizumab.

Idarucizumab is a monoclonal antibody that rapidly reverses the anticoagulant effect of dabigatran. The experience with this drug in the setting of gastrointestinal bleeding is scarce. We present the case of an 84-year-old male with known history of non-valvular atrial fibrillation anticoagulated with dabigatran who presented to the emergency room with melena. During his stay in the emergency department he suddenly worsened with hemodynamic derangement and massive melena so idarucizumab was administered. Gastroscopy and colonoscopy were performed without identifying a bleeding source. After the administration of idarucizumab, the patient did not presented signs of ongoing bleeding. Anticoagulation was resumed on the sixth day and no rebleeding or thromboembolic events have been recorded after six months of follow-up. This case and the limited information available in the literature suggest that idarucizumab can be useful and safe in cases of severe gastrointestinal bleeding with recent intake of dabigatran.

Comparison of Once-Daily Bemiparin with Twice-Daily Enoxaparin for Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Multicenter, Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) have an increased risk of pulmonary embolism (PE), death, and long-term thrombotic complications. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of bemiparin once daily versus enoxaparin twice daily in the treatment of acute DVT, and to establish therapeutic non-inferiority of bemiparin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This multicenter, randomized, open-label, active-controlled phase III clinical trial enrolled patients with acute proximal DVT confirmed by complete compression ultrasound (CCUS). Patients received bemiparin once daily or enoxaparin twice daily subcutaneously for 7 days, in combination with warfarin 5 mg/day. Assessment of thrombotic burden was blinded and used CCUS recordings. The primary efficacy endpoint was the percentage of patients with an improvement in thrombotic burden at day 83 (end of follow-up); the secondary efficacy endpoint was the incidence of symptomatic recurrent DVT and PE. Safety endpoints included treatment-emergent adverse events. RESULTS: Three-hundred and twelve patients were enrolled (~ 62% male; mean age 55.2 years). At least one DVT risk factor was present in 26.1% and 28.7% of the bemiparin and enoxaparin groups, respectively. The proportion of patients who had an improvement in thrombotic burden was similar for bemiparin (78.2%) and enoxaparin [80.8%; difference - 2.66 (97.5% CI - 12.39; ∞)], as was mean change in thrombus score (- 8.8 and - 8.6, respectively). There were no cases of recurrent DVT, and one case of non-fatal symptomatic PE in each treatment group. No major bleeding was reported, and there was no difference in the incidence of non-major bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of bemiparin administered once daily is non-inferior to that of enoxaparin administered twice daily with a similar safety profile. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT01880216.

Organellar Genomes from a ∼5,000-Year-Old Archaeological Maize Sample Are Closely Related to NB Genotype.

The story of how preColumbian civilizations developed goes hand-in-hand with the process of plant domestication by Mesoamerican inhabitants. Here, we present the almost complete sequence of a mitochondrial genome and a partial chloroplast genome from an archaeological maize sample collected at the Valley of Tehuacán, México. Accelerator mass spectrometry dated the maize sample to be 5,040-5,300 years before present (95% probability). Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome shows that the archaeological sample branches basal to the other Zea mays genomes, as expected. However, this analysis also indicates that fertile genotype NB is closely related to the archaeological maize sample and evolved before cytoplasmic male sterility genotypes (CMS-S, CMS-T, and CMS-C), thus contradicting previous phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial genomes from maize. We show that maximum-likelihood infers a tree where CMS genotypes branch at the base of the tree when including sites that have a relative fast rate of evolution thus suggesting long-branch attraction. We also show that Bayesian analysis infer a topology where NB and the archaeological maize sample are at the base of the tree even when including faster sites. We therefore suggest that previous trees suffered from long-branch attraction. We also show that the phylogenetic analysis of the ancient chloroplast is congruent with genotype NB to be more closely related to the archaeological maize sample. As shown here, the inclusion of ancient genomes on phylogenetic trees greatly improves our understanding of the domestication process of maize, one of the most important crops worldwide.

The earliest maize from San Marcos Tehuacán is a partial domesticate with genomic evidence of inbreeding.

Pioneering archaeological expeditions lead by Richard MacNeish in the 1960s identified the valley of Tehuacán as an important center of early Mesoamerican agriculture, providing by far the widest collection of ancient crop remains, including maize. In 2012, a new exploration of San Marcos cave (Tehuacán, Mexico) yielded nonmanipulated maize specimens dating at a similar age of 5,300-4,970 calibrated y B.P. On the basis of shotgun sequencing and genomic comparisons to Balsas teosinte and modern maize, we show herein that the earliest maize from San Marcos cave was a partial domesticate diverging from the landraces and containing ancestral allelic variants that are absent from extant maize populations. Whereas some domestication loci, such as teosinte branched1 (tb1) and brittle endosperm2 (bt2), had already lost most of the nucleotide variability present in Balsas teosinte, others, such as teosinte glume architecture1 (tga1) and sugary1 (su1), conserved partial levels of nucleotide variability that are absent from extant maize. Genetic comparisons among three temporally convergent samples revealed that they were homozygous and identical by descent across their genome. Our results indicate that the earliest maize from San Marcos was already inbred, opening the possibility for Tehuacán maize cultivation evolving from reduced founder populations of isolated and perhaps self-pollinated individuals.

Isquemia hepática aguda tras hemorragia digestiva alta por varices esofagogástricas / Acute liver ischaemia after gastro-oesophageal variceal bleeding

INTRODUCCIÓN: La hemorragia digestiva alta por varices esofagogástricas (HDA por VEG) puede desencadenar una isquemia hepática aguda (IHA). El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la incidencia de IHA tras una HDA por VEG, los factores de riesgo y su mortalidad. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo sobre pacientes cirróticos con HDA por VEG. Se clasificaron en 2 grupos, determinados por el desarrollo o no de una IHA. Definimos IHA como AST y ALT por encima de 10 veces el valor basal, descartando otras causas de hepatitis aguda. El tratamiento inicial estándar fue soporte hemodinámico, endoscopia urgente con ligadura con bandas y/o escleroterapia, somatostatina y antibióticos. En caso de fracaso de estas medidas, se recurrió a la implantación de una derivación portosistémcica percutánea intrahepática (DPPI). Ambos grupos (IHA y no-IHA) fueron comparados. RESULTADOS: Durante un periodo de 5 años, se recogieron 68 pacientes con HDA por VEG. La incidencia de IHA fue del 16,2%. Tras el análisis univariante, los factores asociados con IHA fueron la diabetes mellitus (OR: 7,5; IC: 1,9-29), shock (OR: 8,5; IC: 2,06-34) y la persistencia de la hemorragia (OR: 9, IC: 1,6-49, p = 0,03). En el análisis multivariante solo mostraron significación estadística la diabetes mellitus (OR: 8,61; IC: 1,4-52,5) y el shock (OR: 7,58; IC: 1,26-45,51). La mortalidad del grupo de IHA fue mayor (45%) que en el grupo no-IHA (10,5%) (p = 0,012). CONCLUSIONES: La IHA tras una hemorragia digestiva por VEG en el paciente cirrótico ocurrió en el 16,2%, asociándose con un peor pronóstico y una mortalidad del 45%. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la diabetes mellitus y el shock hipovolémico son factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de IHA. La detección precoz de estos pacientes en riesgo podría por tanto ayudar a prevenir la IHA

INTRODUCTION: Variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) can trigger acute hypoxic hepatitis (AHH). The aim of this study was to analyse the incidence, associated risk factors and mortality of AHH after variceal UGIB. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of cirrhotic patients with variceal UGIB, classified into 2 groups according to the development of AHH. AHH was diagnosed when AST and ALT reached levels 10 times above the upper limit of normal, after ruling out other causes of hepatitis. The standard initial treatment consisted of haemodynamic support, emergency endoscopy with rubber band ligation, somatostatin and antibiotics. In the case of failure of primary haemostasis, a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was implanted. Both groups (AHH and non-AHH) were compared. RESULTS: Sixty-eight cirrhotic patients with variceal UGIB admitted to the gastroenterology department of Hospital Ramón y Cajal between January 2007 and March 2012 were analysed. Eleven of these patients (16.2%) developed AHH. Univariate analysis showed the following items as risk factors: diabetes (OR: 7.5; CI: 1.9-29), shock (OR: 8.5; CI: 2.06-34) and persistent bleeding (OR: 9.0, CI: 1.6-49, P = .03). However, multivariate analysis confirmed only diabetes (OR: 8.61; CI: 1.4-52.5) and shock (OR: 7.58; CI: 1.26-45.51) as risk factors. Mortality rate in the AHH group was 45%, compared to 10.5% in the non-HAA group (P = .012). CONCLUSIONS: AHH after variceal UGIB occurred in 16.2% of cirrhotic patients and was associated with a poorer prognosis, with a mortality rate of 45%. Our findings suggest that diabetes and shock are risk factors for the development of AHH. Early identification of at-risk patients could therefore help prevent AHH