Volatile chemical composition of Octoblepharum albidum Hedw. (Bryophyta) from the Brazilian Amazon.

Bryophytes have a variety of bioactive compounds that can be used in biotechnological processes. The objective of this study was to know the volatile chemical composition of Octoblepharum albidum Hedw. from the Amazon and investigate its association with possible bioactive effects on insects. The volatile concentrate of O. albidum was obtained by micro-scale simultaneous distillation-extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and the identification of the compounds was based on system libraries and specialized literature. Twelve organic compounds (92.44% of the total) were identified. Hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, E-isoeugenol, 1-octen-3-ol, and stearic acid were the major compounds. Most of the compounds have already been reported from bryophytes, while others have an unprecedented occurrence in the group. All identified compounds have biological activities reported in the literature and may participate in plant defense mechanisms against insects, causing mortality or developmental inhibition. In this study, we describe for the first time the volatile chemical composition of O. albidum from Brazil and provide evidence that this species is a source of bioactive compounds. The identified compounds have been reported in the literature to cause mortality or affect the biological parameters of insects, what suggests the possibility of their usage in the formulation of bioinsecticides.

Factors associated with women's satisfaction with prenatal care in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. / Fatores associados à satisfação das mulheres com a atenção pré-natal em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

This article aims to identify factors associated with full satisfaction with prenatal care in health services in Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study with 287 women that attended prenatal care in the state capital. Women were randomly selected at two large maternity hospitals (public and private) and interviewed at their homes around 30 days after delivery, from January to August 2016. Satisfaction was measured by a Likert scale (very satisfied to very unsatisfied). Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated by Poisson regression with robust variance, using a hierarchical model. Factors associated with greater satisfaction were higher education (PR=1.49; 95% CI: 1.08-2.06); multiprofessional care (PR=1.29; 95% CI: 1.00-1.66); receiving information about breastfeeding (PR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.05-1.68) and place of delivery (PR=1.56; 95% CI: 1.12-2.17); and women feeling comfortable asking questions and participating in decisions (PR=5.17; 95% CI: 1.79-14.96). The findings suggest that prenatal care services that offer multiprofessional care, provide guidance, and make pregnant women feel comfortable asking and deciding about their care may generate greater satisfaction.

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar fatores associados à plena satisfação com a atenção pré-natal em serviços de saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Estudo transversal, com 287 mulheres que realizaram pré-natal na capital gaúcha. As mulheres foram selecionadas aleatoriamente em duas maternidades de grande porte (pública e privada) e entrevistadas nos seus domicílios, cerca de 30 dias após o parto, entre janeiro e agosto de 2016. A satisfação foi aferida por meio de escala Likert (muito satisfeita a muito insatisfeita). Foram estimadas razões de prevalência (RP) por regressão de Poisson com estimação robusta da variância, utilizando modelo hierarquizado. Os fatores associados à plena satisfação foram: ingresso no ensino superior (RP=1,49; IC95%:1,08-2,06); atendimento multiprofissional (RP=1,29; IC95%:1,00-1,66); recebimento de orientações sobre amamentação (RP=1,33; IC95%:1,05-1,68) e sobre local do parto (RP=1,56; IC95%:1,12-2,17); e sentimento da mulher de estar à vontade para fazer perguntas e participar das decisões (RP=5,17; IC95%:1,79-14,96). Os achados sugerem que serviços de pré-natal que oferecem cuidado multiprofissional, que dão orientações, e que oportunizam às gestantes o sentimento de estar à vontade para questionar e decidir sobre seu cuidado, proporcionam maior satisfação.

Fatores associados à satisfação das mulheres com a atenção pré-natal em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Factors associated with women's satisfaction with prenatal care in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é identificar fatores associados à plena satisfação com a atenção pré-natal em serviços de saúde de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Estudo transversal, com 287 mulheres que realizaram pré-natal na capital gaúcha. As mulheres foram selecionadas aleatoriamente em duas maternidades de grande porte (pública e privada) e entrevistadas nos seus domicílios, cerca de 30 dias após o parto, entre janeiro e agosto de 2016. A satisfação foi aferida por meio de escala Likert (muito satisfeita a muito insatisfeita). Foram estimadas razões de prevalência (RP) por regressão de Poisson com estimação robusta da variância, utilizando modelo hierarquizado. Os fatores associados à plena satisfação foram: ingresso no ensino superior (RP=1,49; IC95%:1,08-2,06); atendimento multiprofissional (RP=1,29; IC95%:1,00-1,66); recebimento de orientações sobre amamentação (RP=1,33; IC95%:1,05-1,68) e sobre local do parto (RP=1,56; IC95%:1,12-2,17); e sentimento da mulher de estar à vontade para fazer perguntas e participar das decisões (RP=5,17; IC95%:1,79-14,96). Os achados sugerem que serviços de pré-natal que oferecem cuidado multiprofissional, que dão orientações, e que oportunizam às gestantes o sentimento de estar à vontade para questionar e decidir sobre seu cuidado, proporcionam maior satisfação.

Abstract This article aims to identify factors associated with full satisfaction with prenatal care in health services in Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study with 287 women that attended prenatal care in the state capital. Women were randomly selected at two large maternity hospitals (public and private) and interviewed at their homes around 30 days after delivery, from January to August 2016. Satisfaction was measured by a Likert scale (very satisfied to very unsatisfied). Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated by Poisson regression with robust variance, using a hierarchical model. Factors associated with greater satisfaction were higher education (PR=1.49; 95% CI: 1.08-2.06); multiprofessional care (PR=1.29; 95% CI: 1.00-1.66); receiving information about breastfeeding (PR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.05-1.68) and place of delivery (PR=1.56; 95% CI: 1.12-2.17); and women feeling comfortable asking questions and participating in decisions (PR=5.17; 95% CI: 1.79-14.96). The findings suggest that prenatal care services that offer multiprofessional care, provide guidance, and make pregnant women feel comfortable asking and deciding about their care may generate greater satisfaction.

Composition and structure of the bryophyte community of Park Savanna in Marajó Island, Pará, Brazil.

Aiming to enrich the knowledge about the flora of savannas, this paper studied the composition and structure of the bryophyte community of Park Savanna areas in Marajó Island - PA. Biological material was collected within 60 100-m2 plots equally distributed in the dry season of 2016 and the rainy season of 2017 in five Park Savanna areas (SP-I to SP-V). The composition, density, richness and diversity of species and presence of indicator species were compared between the sampled areas and seasons. The species were classified according to the substrates colonized and ecological groups of light tolerance. Significant differences in SP-V indicated that the area was the main factor influencing the composition of bryophytes (p: 0.0001), with five indicator species. There were also significant differences in density (p = 0.0001168) and richness (p = 0.0001317) of bryophytes between seasons (p-value = 0.3393; p-value = 0.04065; p: 0.1081). There was a predominance of generalist (25 spp.) and corticolous (728 individuals) species, which were widely distributed in the sampled areas. Therefore, the structure of the bryophyte communities was not influenced by seasonality, and this indicates that these plants are adapted to the environmental conditions.

Volatile concentrate from the neotropical moss Neckeropsis undulata (Hedw.) Reichardt, existing in the brazilian Amazon.

BACKGROUND: Many natural compounds have been identified and synthesized by the advancement of bryophytes phytochemistry studies. This work aimed to report the composition of Neckeropsis undulata (Hedw.) Reichardt moss volatiles, sampled in the Combú Island, Belém city, Pará state, Brazil. The volatile concentrate of N. undulata was obtained by a simultaneous distillation-extraction micro-system, analyzed by GC and GC-MS, and reported for the first time. RESULTS: Ten compounds were identified in the volatile concentrate, corresponding to 91.6% of the total, being 1-octen-3-ol (35.7%), α-muurolol (21.4%), naphthalene (11.3%), and n-hexanal (10.0 %) the main constituents. Most of the constituents of the N. undulata volatile concentrate have been previously identified in other mosses, and liverworts spread wide in the world. CONCLUSIONS: 1-Octen-3-ol, n-hexanal, 2-ethylhexanol, isoamyl propionate, and octan-3-one are already known metabolic products obtained from enzymatic oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, belonging to the large family of minor oxygenated compounds known as oxylipins. The knowledge of the composition of volatiles from moss N. undulata could contribute to the Neckeraceae species' chemotaxonomy.

Factors associated with a positive childbirth experience in Brazilian women: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Having a positive childbirth experience is an increasingly valued outcome. Few studies evaluated the women's satisfaction with childbirth through face-to-face interviews out of the health service environment. The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with a higher level of satisfaction with the childbirth experience among Brazilian women. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 287 women giving birth in two hospitals in southern Brazil. Women who gave birth to healthy newborns at term were randomly selected. Face-to-face interviews were conducted 31-37 days after delivery, at the mothers' homes, using a structured questionnaire. Satisfaction with the childbirth experience was measured using a Likert-type scale ranging from very satisfied to very dissatisfied. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: Following hierarchical multivariate analysis, the following factors remained associated with a higher level of satisfaction with the childbirth experience: being satisfied with antenatal care (PR=1.30; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]=1.06-1.59), understanding the information provided by health professionals during labor and delivery (PR=1.40; 95%CI=1.01-1.95), not having reported disrespect and abuse (PR=1.53; 95%CI=1.01-2.31), and having had the baby put to the breast within the first hour of life (PR=1.63; 95%CI=1.26-2.11). No association was observed with type of delivery or hospital status (public or private). CONCLUSIONS: A higher level of satisfaction with the childbirth experience is related to satisfactory antenatal care, a non-abusive, respectful, and informative environment during childbirth, and to the opportunity to breastfeed the baby within the first hour of life. In clinical practice, greater attention to these basic principles of care during pregnancy and delivery could provide more positive experiences during birth.

Association between maternal satisfaction with breastfeeding and postpartum depression symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Due to the multiple health benefits of breastfeeding, it is essential to identify factors that may negatively interfere with this healthy practice. Among such factors are postpartum depression (PPD) and maternal satisfaction with breastfeeding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between maternal satisfaction with breastfeeding and symptoms of PPD in the first month after childbirth. METHODS: This cross-sectional study nested in a cohort study was conducted in Porto Alegre, Brazil, with 287 puerperal women selected at two maternity hospitals, one public and one private. Women were interviewed at their homes the week after the infant completed 30 days of life. A structured questionnaire was applied, as well as instruments to evaluate maternal satisfaction with breastfeeding (Maternal Breastfeeding Evaluation Scale) and to screen for PPD (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale). The association between higher satisfaction with breastfeeding (outcome) and negative PPD screening test was assessed using Poisson regression with robust variance, adjusting for specific covariables. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. RESULTS: The prevalence of increased satisfaction with breastfeeding (defined as women with scores above the median) was 47% higher among women who screened negative for PPD when compared to those with a positive result (aPR 1.47; 95%CI 1.01-2.16). This result was adjusted for maternal age and skin color, cohabitation with the infant's father, planned pregnancy, type of delivery, exclusive breastfeeding, and occurrence of breastfeeding problems. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study showed an association between higher maternal satisfaction with breastfeeding and absence of PPD symptoms, reinforcing the importance of caring for the mental health of pregnant and puerperal women and paying attention to their satisfaction with breastfeeding.

Maternal satisfaction with breastfeeding in the first month postpartum and associated factors.

BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding success has been measured based on its duration, disregarding satisfaction with the maternal experience. Studies to investigate maternal satisfaction with breastfeeding are rare, especially in Brazil, and little is known about their determinants. The aim of this study was to measure the level of satisfaction with breastfeeding in a group of women in the first month of their child's life, and to identify factors associated with higher maternal satisfaction. METHODS: A cross-sectional study nested within a cohort was conducted with 287 women recruited at two (one public, one private) maternity services in the city of Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, from January to July 2016. Women residing in the municipality who had given birth to a healthy singleton born at term, were rooming in, and had initiated breastfeeding were randomly included. During the week after the child was 30 days old, women were interviewed at their homes to measure the level of maternal satisfaction with breastfeeding, using the Maternal Breastfeeding Evaluation Scale (MBFES), validated for use in the Brazilian population. Associations between maternal satisfaction and explanatory variables were estimated using multivariate Poisson regression with robust variance in a four-level hierarchical approach. Satisfaction level was categorized using as cutoff point the median score obtained with the MBFES. Women with scores equal to or above the median were considered to have higher levels of satisfaction, whereas those scoring below the median were considered to be less satisfied. RESULTS: Maternal satisfaction with breastfeeding in the first month postpartum was high, with a median score of 124 on MBFES, close to the maximum score (145 points). The prevalence of more elevated levels of satisfaction with breastfeeding was higher among women with brown (pardo) and black skin color (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.33, 95%CI 1.05;1.69), those who lived with the partner (PR 1.75, 95%CI 1.05;2.94), who planned to breastfeed for 12 months or more (PR 1.48, 95%CI 1.02;2.17), and who did not report low milk supply (PR 1.47, 95%CI 1.03;2.10) or cracked nipples (PR 1.29, 95%CI 1.01;1.65). CONCLUSIONS: The factors associated with maternal satisfaction with breastfeeding in the first month postpartum include individual factors and maternal expectations, family constitution, as well as breastfeeding-related problems.

Bryophyte communities across the ecological succession process in the Caxiuanã National Forest, Pará, Brazil.

Bryophytes play an important role in the process of ecological succession: conditioning the environment favourably for the emergence of subsequent groups. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution of bryophyte communities in a cronossequence in the Caxiuanã National Forest, Pará, Brazil. To this end, biological material was collected in forest remnants with different successional stages based on regeneration age: Stage I (0 - 10 years), Stage II (10 - 25), Stage III (> 25) and Stage IV (primary forests). Density, richness and composition of species were compared between successional stages and the occurrence of possible indicator-species was investigated. The identified taxa were also classified by guilds of tolerance to solar radiation and colonized substrate. Composition of species was the variable that most contributed to understanding the distribution of bryophyte communities throughout successional stages, with eight species identified as potential indicators of some successional stages. Generalist species predominated in all stages. The richness of sun tolerants, in turn, decreased with the progress of succession, while shade tolerants increased. The land use history and land cover can influence the availability and quality of substrates and consequently their colonization by bryophytes in the different stages.

Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants used in communities of the Soure Marine Extractive Reserve, Pará State, Brazil / Etnobotánica y etnofarmacología de plantas medicinales utilizadas en las comunidades de la Reserva Extractiva Marina de Soure-Pará, Brasil

The study of the relationship between man and nature can reveal the potential of plant resources. In the present study we used non-probabilistic sampling and snowball technique in communities of the Soure Marine Extractive Reserve-Pará, namely, Caju-Úna Community, Céu Settlement, and Pesqueiro Village, in order to analyze the medicinal plants used by these peoples, focusing on the diversity, consensual use and cultural importance of species, and providing ethnopharmacological information available in the scientific literature. To this end, participant observation, semi-structured interviews and free lists were used, as well as ethnobotanical indices and scientific studies retrieved from databases. We identified 90 species, among which Ruta graveolens, Maytenus obtusifolia and Libidibia ferrea stood out. The species were distributed in 50 families, mainly Lamiaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae. The most frequent diseases treated with these plants, mainly with preparations in the form of teas, were flu, inflammations and stomach problems. The Caju-Úna Community had the highest indices of total species diversity and evenness. Nine species stood out in the consensus factor and importance value and pharmacological studies corroborated 35% of the popular indications.

El estudio de la relación entre el hombre y la naturaleza puede revelar el potencial de los recursos vegetales. En el presente estudio utilizamos técnicas de muestreo no probabilístico y de bola de nieve en las comunidades de la Reserva Extractiva Marina de SourePará, que incluyeron a la Comunidad Caju-Úna, el Establecimiento de Céu y el Pueblo de Pesqueiro, ello con el propósito de analizar las plantas medicinales utilizadas por estos pueblos. El estudio se centró en la diversidad, el uso consensual y la importancia cultural de las especies, sobre la base de información etnofarmacológica disponible en la literatura científica. Con este fin, se utilizaron observaciones de los participantes, entrevistas semiestructuradas y información de acceso libre, así como índices etnobotánicos y estudios científicos obtenidos de bases de datos. Se identificaron 90 especies, entre las que destacan Ruta graveolens, Maytenus obtusifolia y Libidibia ferrea. Las especies se distribuyeron en 50 familias, principalmente Lamiaceae, Asteraceae y Fabaceae. Las enfermedades más frecuentes tratadas con estas plantas, principalmente mediante infusiones fueron gripe, inflamaciones y problemas estomacales. La comunidad de Caju-Úna tuvo los índices más altos de diversidad y uniformidad total de especies. Se destacaron 9 en el factor consenso y valor de importancia, y los estudios farmacológicos corroboraron el 35% de las indicaciones populares.

Percepção dos alunos a respeito do uso de plantas medicinais em escolas públicas de Salvaterra / Perception of students regarding the use of medicinal plants in public schools in Salvaterra

O conhecimento tradicional sobre as plantas medicinais foi repassado de geração a geração e estabeleceu a base da ciência terapêutica tradicional. O presente trabalho objetivou analisar a percepção sobre o uso de plantas medicinais entre os alunos do 1º ano do ensino médio em duas escolas públicas do município de Salvaterra, Pará. Realizou-se uma pesquisa ativa, a qual foram aplicados 191 questionários aos alunos. Os resultados indicam que 85,86% dos entrevistados conhecem os benefícios da fitoterapia. Contudo, ficou evidente que a sabedoria da medicina popular está se perdendo entre os estudantes que residem no espaço urbano, visto que 60% dos jovens relatam que priorizam o uso de medicamentos industrializados ao invés de fitoterápicos caseiros. No espaço rural, observou-se que 86,29% dos educandos apresentam conhecimento mais abrangente sobre a medicina natural, revelando que os saberes se mantêm através da oralidade e da prática. Portanto, notou-se que a fitoterapia está presente no cotidiano da maioria dos alunos em suas comunidades, cuja população ainda usufrui dos recursos naturais para fins terapêuticos.

[Femicides in the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil]. / Femicídios na cidade de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil.

Femicide is the intentional killing of a woman or girl on account of her gender. The term allows differentiating crimes of gender violence from murders of women in other circumstances. The aim of this study is to characterize femicides, sometimes called feminicides, that occurred in 2015 in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil. The information was obtained from death certificates of city residents whose underlying cause of death had been classified as external cause. Semi-structured interviews were held by applying the verbal autopsy method, and femicides were classified as: intimate partner, non-intimate partner, and by connection. In the year 2015 there were 582 deaths from external causes, 185 of which were homicides, and 26 (14.1%) of the latter were females. Of these, 19 were classified as femicides. Victims' mean age was 31.5 years (standard deviation 7.18). The majority of the women were white (47.4%), had complete primary schooling (52.6%), single (63.2%), and with children (84.2%). The deaths generally occurred by highly violent mechanisms in the form of physical and sexual aggression. The murders were perpetrated in the victim's domicile with cold steel weapons or firearms, with extreme violence, motivated mainly by the victim's desire for separation, jealousy, and misunderstanding with the aggressor. The mortality coefficient for femicide was 3.2 per 100,000 women in 2015, corresponding to one death for every 31,250 women that year. The study's results show that femicide in Campinas is the main category of murders of women. The consequences of this type of violence are enormous in terms of human rights violations.

O femicídio é a morte intencional de uma mulher pelo fato de ser mulher. O termo permite diferenciar os crimes por violência de gênero dos homicídios de mulheres em outras circunstâncias. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar os femicídios, também chamados feminicídios, que ocorreram em 2015 em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram tomadas como fonte de informação as declarações de óbitos de residentes da cidade cuja causa básica do óbito foi classificada como causa externa. Entrevistas semiestruturadas foram realizadas aplicando-se o método de autópsia verbal, e, classificados os casos de femicídio como: íntimo, não íntimo e por conexão. No ano de 2015, foram recebidas 582 declarações de óbitos por causas externas, 185 corresponderam a homicídios, sendo 26 (14,1%) femininos. Dentre esses, 19 foram classificados como femicídio. A média de idade das vítimas foi de 31,5 anos (desvio padrão 7,18 anos). A maioria correspondeu a mulheres brancas (47,4%), com Ensino Fundamental (52,6%), solteiras (63,2%), com filhos (84,2%). As mortes, em geral, ocorreram por mecanismos altamente violentos, na forma de agressão física e sexual. Os assassinatos foram perpetrados no domicílio da vítima, com arma branca ou de fogo, com expressiva violência, motivados, principalmente, pelo desejo de separação da vítima, ciúmes e desentendimento com o agressor. Em Campinas, o coeficiente de mortalidade por femicídio foi de 3,2 por 100 mil mulheres em 2015, o que correspondeu à morte de uma em cada 31.250 mulheres no ano. Os resultados da pesquisa permitem ver que o femicídio na cidade é a principal categoria entre os homicídios femininos. As consequências desse tipo de violência são consideráveis em termos de violação de direitos humanos. Este estudo auxilia a compreensão das motivações e consequências da violência contra a mulher e contribui para uma melhor visibilidade sobre o tema.

El feminicidio es la muerte intencional de una mujer por el hecho de ser mujer. El término permite diferenciar los crímenes por violencia de género de los homicidios de mujeres en otras circunstancias. El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar los feminicidios que se produjeron en 2015 en Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Se tomó como fuente de información las declaraciones de óbitos de residentes de la ciudad, cuya causa básica del fallecimiento fue clasificada como causa externa. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas aplicando el método de autopsia verbal y clasificando los casos de feminicidio como: íntimo, no íntimo y por conexión. Durante el año 2015 se recibieron 582 declaraciones de óbito por causas externas, 185 correspondieron a homicidios, siendo 26 (14,1%) femeninos. Entre ellos, 19 se clasificaron como feminicidio. La media de edad de las víctimas fue 31,5 años (desviación estándar 7,18 años). La mayoría correspondió a mujeres blancas (47,4%), con enseñanza fundamental (52,6%), solteras (63,2%), con hijos (84,2%). Las muertes, en general, se produjeron por mecanismos altamente violentos, en forma de agresión física y sexual. Los asesinatos los perpetraron en el domicilio de la víctima con arma blanca o de fuego, con manifiesta violencia, motivados principalmente por el deseo de separación de la víctima, celos o disputas con el agresor. En Campinas, el coeficiente de mortalidad por feminicidio fue de 3,2 por cada 100.000 mujeres en 2015, lo que correspondió a la muerte de una de cada 31.250 mujeres al año. Los resultados de la investigación permiten observar que el feminicidio en la ciudad es la principal categoría entre los homicidios femeninos. Las consecuencias de este tipo de violencia son considerables en términos de violación de derechos humanos.

Combined pro-breastfeeding practices are advantageous in facilities providing maternity and newborn services.

This study aimed to evaluate the association between a set of pro-breastfeeding practices in facilities providing maternity and newborn services and the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days postpartum, considering the contribution of each practice. A cross-sectional study nested within a cohort study was conducted with 287 women who delivered healthy term infants in two hospitals in southern Brazil. They were interviewed at home at 30 days postpartum. The following practices were evaluated: skin-to-skin contact soon after birth, breastfeeding in the first hour, uninterrupted rooming-in, professional support with breastfeeding, breastfeeding guidance, encouragement to breastfeed on demand, no supplementation with infant formula, and no pacifier use. A score of pro-breastfeeding practices was calculated using a logistic model, which allowed each practice to have its discriminatory capacity and difficulty estimated individually. Poisson regression was used to estimate the association between exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days and the pro-breastfeeding practice score. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days was 61.7%. The practices with greatest discriminatory capacity, that is, those that contributed most to the score estimates, were professional support with breastfeeding, breastfeeding guidance, and encouragement to breastfeed on demand. The most difficult ones were breastfeeding in the first hour, encouragement to breastfeed on demand, and non-utilization of infant formula. For each unit (standard deviation) of increase in the score, there was an increase of 20% in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days. We conclude that the set of pro-breastfeeding practices assessed here increased the effect of these practices on exclusive breastfeeding rates at 30 days.

Femicídios na cidade de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil / Femicides in the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil / Feminicidios en la ciudad de Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brasil

O femicídio é a morte intencional de uma mulher pelo fato de ser mulher. O termo permite diferenciar os crimes por violência de gênero dos homicídios de mulheres em outras circunstâncias. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar os femicídios, também chamados feminicídios, que ocorreram em 2015 em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram tomadas como fonte de informação as declarações de óbitos de residentes da cidade cuja causa básica do óbito foi classificada como causa externa. Entrevistas semiestruturadas foram realizadas aplicando-se o método de autópsia verbal, e, classificados os casos de femicídio como: íntimo, não íntimo e por conexão. No ano de 2015, foram recebidas 582 declarações de óbitos por causas externas, 185 corresponderam a homicídios, sendo 26 (14,1%) femininos. Dentre esses, 19 foram classificados como femicídio. A média de idade das vítimas foi de 31,5 anos (desvio padrão 7,18 anos). A maioria correspondeu a mulheres brancas (47,4%), com Ensino Fundamental (52,6%), solteiras (63,2%), com filhos (84,2%). As mortes, em geral, ocorreram por mecanismos altamente violentos, na forma de agressão física e sexual. Os assassinatos foram perpetrados no domicílio da vítima, com arma branca ou de fogo, com expressiva violência, motivados, principalmente, pelo desejo de separação da vítima, ciúmes e desentendimento com o agressor. Em Campinas, o coeficiente de mortalidade por femicídio foi de 3,2 por 100 mil mulheres em 2015, o que correspondeu à morte de uma em cada 31.250 mulheres no ano. Os resultados da pesquisa permitem ver que o femicídio na cidade é a principal categoria entre os homicídios femininos. As consequências desse tipo de violência são consideráveis em termos de violação de direitos humanos. Este estudo auxilia a compreensão das motivações e consequências da violência contra a mulher e contribui para uma melhor visibilidade sobre o tema.

Femicide is the intentional killing of a woman or girl on account of her gender. The term allows differentiating crimes of gender violence from murders of women in other circumstances. The aim of this study is to characterize femicides, sometimes called feminicides, that occurred in 2015 in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil. The information was obtained from death certificates of city residents whose underlying cause of death had been classified as external cause. Semi-structured interviews were held by applying the verbal autopsy method, and femicides were classified as: intimate partner, non-intimate partner, and by connection. In the year 2015 there were 582 deaths from external causes, 185 of which were homicides, and 26 (14.1%) of the latter were females. Of these, 19 were classified as femicides. Victims' mean age was 31.5 years (standard deviation 7.18). The majority of the women were white (47.4%), had complete primary schooling (52.6%), single (63.2%), and with children (84.2%). The deaths generally occurred by highly violent mechanisms in the form of physical and sexual aggression. The murders were perpetrated in the victim's domicile with cold steel weapons or firearms, with extreme violence, motivated mainly by the victim's desire for separation, jealousy, and misunderstanding with the aggressor. The mortality coefficient for femicide was 3.2 per 100,000 women in 2015, corresponding to one death for every 31,250 women that year. The study's results show that femicide in Campinas is the main category of murders of women. The consequences of this type of violence are enormous in terms of human rights violations.

El feminicidio es la muerte intencional de una mujer por el hecho de ser mujer. El término permite diferenciar los crímenes por violencia de género de los homicidios de mujeres en otras circunstancias. El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar los feminicidios que se produjeron en 2015 en Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Se tomó como fuente de información las declaraciones de óbitos de residentes de la ciudad, cuya causa básica del fallecimiento fue clasificada como causa externa. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas aplicando el método de autopsia verbal y clasificando los casos de feminicidio como: íntimo, no íntimo y por conexión. Durante el año 2015 se recibieron 582 declaraciones de óbito por causas externas, 185 correspondieron a homicidios, siendo 26 (14,1%) femeninos. Entre ellos, 19 se clasificaron como feminicidio. La media de edad de las víctimas fue 31,5 años (desviación estándar 7,18 años). La mayoría correspondió a mujeres blancas (47,4%), con enseñanza fundamental (52,6%), solteras (63,2%), con hijos (84,2%). Las muertes, en general, se produjeron por mecanismos altamente violentos, en forma de agresión física y sexual. Los asesinatos los perpetraron en el domicilio de la víctima con arma blanca o de fuego, con manifiesta violencia, motivados principalmente por el deseo de separación de la víctima, celos o disputas con el agresor. En Campinas, el coeficiente de mortalidad por feminicidio fue de 3,2 por cada 100.000 mujeres en 2015, lo que correspondió a la muerte de una de cada 31.250 mujeres al año. Los resultados de la investigación permiten observar que el feminicidio en la ciudad es la principal categoría entre los homicidios femeninos. Las consecuencias de este tipo de violencia son considerables en términos de violación de derechos humanos.

Epidemiological profile of maternal mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To know the epidemiological profile of maternal mortality in Juiz de Fora, a city in the state of Minas Gerais. Data collection was carried out from April to December 2016. METHOD: Summary of a confidential investigation of maternal mortality on deaths occurred from January 1st, 2005 to December 31, 2015. RESULTS: Eighty-five deaths of women residing in Juiz de Fora were identified and analyzed. The age group was between 20 and 36 years. The women carried out prenatal care (74.1%) with less than six visits (34.0%). Cesarean section was conducted in 38.8% of the childbirths and the obstetric treatment was considered appropriate (32.9%). The first cause of maternal death was hypovolemic shock 12 (14.10%), followed by uterine hypotony 6 (7.0%). CONCLUSION: Cesarean section rates are high and prenatal adherence is lower than that expected, which could justify the number of deaths in the period studied.

Etnobotánica de plantas medicinales en la comunidad de Caruarú, Isla del Mosqueiro, Belém-PA, Brasil / Ethnobotany of medicinal plants in the community of Caruaru, Mosqueiro Island, Belém-PA, Brazil

La investigación tuvo como objetivo estudiar etno-botánicamente las plantas medicinales de la comunidad de Caruarú, Isla de Mosqueiro-PA, y buscar sus aplicaciones fitoquímicas y farmacológicas. Fueron usadas entrevistas del tipo semi-estructurada, índices de diversidad Shannon-Wiener y Equidad; y técnicas de Valor de Consenso de Uso, Importancia Relativa y Factor de Consenso del Informante. Fabaceae fue la familia más representativa. La Diversidad y Equidad fueron de 1.61 y 0.95, respectivamente. El mayor consenso de uso fue para Anacardium occidentale, Cinnamomum verum, Eleutherine bulbousa y Caamembeca spectabilis. Recibieron mayor importancia relativa A. occidentale L. y C. spectabilis. El mayor factor de consenso del informante fue para el sistema genitourinario. La hoja y el té fueron los más usados. Los preparados de las plantas y sus aplicaciones configuran importantes datos para análisis futuras.

The research aimed to study the ethnobotanical evaluation of some medicinal plants of the community of Caruarú, Isla de Mosqueiro-PA, and to search their phytochemical and pharmacological applications. Semi-structured interviews, Shannon-Wiener diversity indices and equity, consensus value techniques, relative Importance, and informant consensus factor were evaluated. Fabaceae was the most representative family. Diversity and equity were 1.61 and 0.95, respectively. Anacardium occidentale, Cinnamomum verum, Eleutherine bulbousa, and Caamembeca spectabilis received the greatest consensus use. The greatest relative importance was for A. occidentale L. and C. spectabilis. The greatest informant consensus factor was for the genitourinary system. The leaf and the tea were the most used. The preparations of the plants and their applications configure essential data for future analysis.

Epidemiological profile of maternal mortality / Perfil epidemiológico de mortalidad materna / Perfil epidemiológico de mortalidade materna

ABSTRACT Objective: To know the epidemiological profile of maternal mortality in Juiz de Fora, a city in the state of Minas Gerais. Data collection was carried out from April to December 2016. Method: Summary of a confidential investigation of maternal mortality on deaths occurred from January 1st, 2005 to December 31, 2015. Results: Eighty-five deaths of women residing in Juiz de Fora were identified and analyzed. The age group was between 20 and 36 years. The women carried out prenatal care (74.1%) with less than six visits (34.0%). Cesarean section was conducted in 38.8% of the childbirths and the obstetric treatment was considered appropriate (32.9%). The first cause of maternal death was hypovolemic shock 12 (14.10%), followed by uterine hypotony 6 (7.0%). Conclusion: Cesarean section rates are high and prenatal adherence is lower than that expected, which could justify the number of deaths in the period studied.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer el perfil epidemiológico de la mortalidad materna en Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. Datos recolectados de abril a diciembre de 2016. Método: Resumen de la investigación confidencia de muerte materna, de óbitos ocurridos entre el 1 de enero de 2005 y el 31 de diciembre de 2015. Resultados: Fueron identificadas y analizadas las 85 muertes de mujeres residentes en Juiz de Fora. Su faja etaria correspondía al segmento de 20 a 36 años. Las mujeres hicieron consultas prenatales (74,1%) de menos de seis visitas (34,0%). Se realizó cesárea en 38,8% de los partos, y el tratamiento obstétrico fue considerado correcto (32,9%). La primera causa de muerte materna fue el shock hipovolémico, 12 (14,10%), seguido de hipotonía uterina, 6 (7,0%). Conclusión: La tasa de cesáreas es alta, y la adherencia prenatal es menor a la esperada, lo cual podría justificar el número de óbitos en el período estudiado.

RESUMO Objetivo: Conhecer o perfil epidemiológico da mortalidade materna em Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. A coleta de dados foi realizada de abril a dezembro de 2016. Método: Resumo da investigação confidencial de morte materna, de óbitos ocorridos entre 1º de janeiro de 2005 e 31 de dezembro de 2015. Resultados: Foram identificadas e analisadas as 85 mortes de mulheres residentes em Juiz de Fora. A faixa etária foi compreendida entre 20 e 36 anos. As mulheres tiveram pré-natal (74,1%), com menos de seis visitas (34,0%). A cesariana foi realizada em 38,8% dos partos, e o tratamento obstétrico foi considerado correto (32,9%). A primeira causa de morte materna foi o choque hipovolêmico 12 (14,10%), seguido de hipotonia uterina 6 (7,0%). Conclusão: A taxa de cesariana é alta e a aderência pré-natal é menor do que a esperada, o que poderia justificar o número de óbitos no período estudado.

Urban violence is the biggest cause of fatal work-related accidents in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the occurrence of deaths directly associated with urban violence among fatal work-related accidents. METHODS: Verbal autopsies were performed with the relatives and coworkers of residents of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil, who died from external causes in 2015. We have also analyzed police reports and reports of the Legal Medical Institute related to these deaths. RESULTS: We have identified 82 fatal work-related accidents in Campinas in 2015, of which 25 were murders, 35 were traffic accidents not directly related to work activities, and three were suicides at work. The proportional mortality rate for homicides, traffic accidents, and suicides among fatal work-related accidents was estimated at 30.5%, 42.7%, and 3.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Urban violence accounted for three-fourths of the fatal work-related accidents recorded in the period studied.

Traditional populations in environmentally protected areas: an ethnobotanical study in the Soure Marine Extractive Reserve of Brazil / Poblaciones tradicionales en unidades de conservación: etnobotánica en la Reserva Extractiva Marinha de Soure-Pará

In the Amazon, there are significant numbers of indigenous and non-indigenous populations who depend on natural resources for their subsistence. The objective of this study was to conduct an ethnobotanical inventory in three communities (Comunidade do Caju-Úna; Povoado do Céu; and Vila do Pesqueiro) within the Soure Marine Extractive Reserve, located in the Archipelago of Marajó, in the state of Pará, Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and participant observation. We performed the sampling using non- probabilistic methods and feature selection. In a quantitative analysis, we evaluated the following indices: total species diversity; informant diversity of a species; use value of a species; consensus use value of a species; and use equitability value of a species. Of the 215 ethnobotanical species listed for the Soure Marine Extractive Reserve, 79 were cited as useful by respondents. We identified nine use categories, of which medicinal use was the most often cited. The indices calculated showed that the level of species diversity is high in the Soure Marine Extractive Reserve. Many of the species in the area are of great utility and cultural value to the local population.

La Amazonía alberga un diverso conjunto de grupos étnicos y culturales de pueblos indígenas y no indígenas, que dependen de los recursos naturales para su subsistencia. El objetivo de este estudio fue inventariar el conocimiento etnobotánico de tres comunidades en la Reserva Extractiva Marinha de Soure, situada en el archipiélago de Marajó-Pará. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y observación participativa en las comunidades de Caju-Una, Poblado de Céu y Villa do Pesqueiro. El muestreo fue no probabilístico por selección racional. En el análisis cuantitativo se utilizaron los índices de diversidad total de especies (SDtot) y el del informante (IDs), el valor de diversidad de uso (UDs) y el de consenso de uso (UCs). Se listaron 215 etnoespecies, de las cuales 79 fueron citadas por los entrevistados de las tres comunidades. Se registraron nueve categorías, siendo la medicinal la más citada. Los valores encontrados para los índices calculados mostraron la diversidad de especies encontradas en la RESEX, además del gran valor utilitario y cultural de las mismas para la población local.

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in urban home gardens in the city of Abaetetuba, Pará state, Brazil / Estudio etnobotánico de las plantas medicinales en los jardines de patios urbanos de Abaetetuba, Pará, Brasil

This was an ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants occurring in home gardens in the northern Brazilian Pará state. We conducted semi-structured interviews with the owners of 233 home gardens selected by probability sampling. We analyzed the data qualitatively, complemented by indices Total Species Diversity and Total Species Equitability (SDtot and SEtot, respectively); Use Value (UVs); Importance Value (IVs); and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF). We identified 124 species within 107 genera and 55 families. Of the medicinal species identified, 17.6% were considered effective in the treatment of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases. The home gardens evaluated harbored a great diversity of medicinal species (SDtot-47.43), although knowledge of the plants was not distributed evenly (SEtot-0.383). Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. showed the highest UVs (0.462) and Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britton & P.Wilson showed the highest IVs (0.104). The highest ICF value (0.94) was for the treatment of Behavioural Disorders.

La investigación tuvo como objetivo hacer un estudio etnobotánico de las plantas medicinales en los jardines de patios urbanos de Abaetetuba, Pará, Brasil. Fueron realizadas entrevistas semiestructuradas aplicando 233 formularios a los propietarios de los jardines, seleccionados por muestreo probabilístico. Los datos fueron analizados en un enfoque cualitativo, complementado por los índices Diversidad Total (SDtot) y la Equidad Total de especies (SEtot), el Valor de Uso (UVS), Valor de Importancia (IVS) y el Factor de Consenso del Informante (ICF). Se identificaron 124 especies en 107 géneros y 55 familias. Las indicaciones más frecuentes fueron por enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias (17,6%). Los jardines de los patios son el hogar de una gran diversidad de especies medicinales (SDtot ­ 47,43), sin embargo, se observó que el conocimiento acerca de las plantas no se distribuye de manera uniforme (SEtot ­ 0,383). Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. mostró mayor UVS (0.462) y Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britton & P.Wilson mayor IVS (0,104). El ICF mostró mayor acuerdo para el uso de las plantas en los trastornos de comportamiento (0,94).