Erratum: Black Holes in an Effective Field Theory Extension of General Relativity [Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 251105 (2018)].

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.251105.

Detecting Massive Scalar Fields with Extreme Mass-Ratio Inspirals.

We study the imprint of light scalar fields on gravitational waves from extreme mass-ratio inspirals-binary systems with a very large mass asymmetry. We first show that, to leading order in the mass ratio, any effects of the scalar on the waveform are captured fully by two parameters: the mass of the scalar and the scalar charge of the secondary compact object. We then use this theory-agnostic framework to show that the future observations by LISA will be able to simultaneously measure both of these parameters with enough accuracy to detect ultralight scalars.

Gravitational Waves from Extreme-Mass-Ratio Systems in Astrophysical Environments.

We establish a generic, fully relativistic formalism to study gravitational-wave emission by extreme-mass-ratio systems in spherically symmetric, nonvacuum black hole spacetimes. The potential applications to astrophysical setups range from black holes accreting baryonic matter to those within axionic clouds and dark matter environments, allowing one to assess the impact of the galactic potential, of accretion, gravitational drag, and halo feedback on the generation and propagation of gravitational waves. We apply our methods to a black hole within a halo of matter. We find fluid modes imparted to the gravitational-wave signal (a clear evidence of the black hole fundamental mode instability) and the tantalizing possibility to infer galactic properties from gravitational-wave measurements by sensitive, low-frequency detectors.

Detecting Subsolar-Mass Primordial Black Holes in Extreme Mass-Ratio Inspirals with LISA and Einstein Telescope.

Primordial black holes possibly formed in the early Universe could provide a significant fraction of the dark matter and would be unique probes of inflation. A smoking gun for their discovery would be the detection of a subsolar mass compact object. We argue that extreme mass-ratio inspirals will be ideal to search for subsolar-mass black holes not only with LISA but also with third-generation ground-based detectors such as Cosmic Explorer and the Einstein Telescope. These sources can provide unparalleled measurements of the mass of the secondary object at a subpercent level for primordial black holes as light as O(0.01) M_{⊙} up to luminosity distances around hundred megaparsec and few gigaparsec for LISA and Einstein Telescope, respectively, in a complementary frequency range. This would allow claiming, with very high statistical confidence, the detection of a subsolar-mass black hole, which would also provide a novel (and currently undetectable) family of sources for third-generation detectors.

Ranking Love Numbers for the Neutron Star Equation of State: The Need for Third-Generation Detectors.

Gravitational-wave measurements of the tidal deformability in neutron-star binary coalescences can be used to infer the still unknown equation of state (EOS) of dense matter above the nuclear saturation density. By employing a Bayesian-ranking test, we quantify the ability of current and future gravitational-wave observations to discriminate among families of nuclear-physics based EOS which differ in particle content and ab initio microscopic calculations. While the constraining power of GW170817 is limited, we show that even twenty coalescences detected by LIGO-Virgo at design sensitivity are not enough to discriminate between EOS with similar softness but distinct microphysics. However, just a single detection with a third-generation detector such as the Einstein Telescope or Cosmic Explorer will rule out several families of EOS with very strong statistical significance and can discriminate among models which feature similar softness, hence, constraining the properties of nuclear matter to unprecedented levels.

Effect of fluoride, chlorhexidine or Nd:YAG on the progression of root dentin demineralization after removal of the demineralized organic matrix.

OBJECTIVES: Quantification of collagen degradation is an important parameter to evaluate dentin caries for preventive aid.. Evaluate preventive methods against root collagen degradation by the hydroxyproline assay (HYP) and microradiography technique (MRT). METHODOLOGY: Five bovine root dentin blocks were obtained and subjected to an artificial demineralization process by acetate buffer (pH 5) to induce carious lesion formation. Samples were subjected to the following therapeutic treatments: 1) 0.12% chlorhexidine for 1 min, 2) 2% fluoride for 1 min, 3) Nd:YAG Laser (400 µm diameter optical fiber, 10 Hz frequency, 60 mJ/pulse energy, 48 J/cm2 energy density, in noncontact mode for 10 s), 4) deionized water (control) for 1 min, 5) MRT control group (without treatment and removal of collagen). Samples were exposed to degradation by a collagenase enzyme for five days. The enzyme solution was collected, by colorimetry in a spectrophotometer, from the collagen matrix for the hydroxyproline release analysis. The same samples were subjected to an additional two days of demineralization to induce the progression of mineral loss. Samples were analyzed by MRT for the visualization of their degraded areas (estimation of lesion depth and mineral loss). ANOVA was applied to compare hydroxyproline release rates. MRT data were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn's test. Comparisons between the initial five-day and the subsequent two-day demineralization processes were performed by repeated t-test or Wilcoxon (p<0.05) measurements. RESULTS: The amount of HYP released from the dentin samples failed to show significant differences among the groups (p=0.09). Fluoride and chlorhexidine were able to interact with the samples, reducing the progression of dentin caries after removal of the demineralized organic matrix. CHX was the only treatment able to show significant lower lesion depth than the negative control. CONCLUSION: Chlorhexidine and fluoride were effective in reducing root caries progression.

The effect of mission duration on LISA science objectives.

The science objectives of the LISA mission have been defined under the implicit assumption of a 4-years continuous data stream. Based on the performance of LISA Pathfinder, it is now expected that LISA will have a duty cycle of ≈ 0.75 , which would reduce the effective span of usable data to 3 years. This paper reports the results of a study by the LISA Science Group, which was charged with assessing the additional science return of increasing the mission lifetime. We explore various observational scenarios to assess the impact of mission duration on the main science objectives of the mission. We find that the science investigations most affected by mission duration concern the search for seed black holes at cosmic dawn, as well as the study of stellar-origin black holes and of their formation channels via multi-band and multi-messenger observations. We conclude that an extension to 6 years of mission operations is recommended.

Effect of fluoride, chlorhexidine or Nd:YAG on the progression of root dentin demineralization after removal of the demineralized organic matrix

Abstract Quantification of collagen degradation is an important parameter to evaluate dentin caries for preventive aid. Objectives: Evaluate preventive methods against root collagen degradation by the hydroxyproline assay (HYP) and microradiography technique (MRT). Methodology: Five bovine root dentin blocks were obtained and subjected to an artificial demineralization process by acetate buffer (pH 5) to induce carious lesion formation. Samples were subjected to the following therapeutic treatments: 1) 0.12% chlorhexidine for 1 min, 2) 2% fluoride for 1 min, 3) Nd:YAG Laser (400 μm diameter optical fiber, 10 Hz frequency, 60 mJ/pulse energy, 48 J/cm2 energy density, in noncontact mode for 10 s), 4) deionized water (control) for 1 min, 5) MRT control group (without treatment and removal of collagen). Samples were exposed to degradation by a collagenase enzyme for five days. The enzyme solution was collected, by colorimetry in a spectrophotometer, from the collagen matrix for the hydroxyproline release analysis. The same samples were subjected to an additional two days of demineralization to induce the progression of mineral loss. Samples were analyzed by MRT for the visualization of their degraded areas (estimation of lesion depth and mineral loss). ANOVA was applied to compare hydroxyproline release rates. MRT data were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dunn's test. Comparisons between the initial five-day and the subsequent two-day demineralization processes were performed by repeated t-test or Wilcoxon (p<0.05) measurements. Results: The amount of HYP released from the dentin samples failed to show significant differences among the groups (p=0.09). Fluoride and chlorhexidine were able to interact with the samples, reducing the progression of dentin caries after removal of the demineralized organic matrix. CHX was the only treatment able to show significant lower lesion depth than the negative control. Conclusion: Chlorhexidine and fluoride were effective in reducing root caries progression.

A eficácia do exame de termografia no diagnóstico das disfunções temporomandibular em comparação à avaliação clínica: uma revisão sistemática / How effective is the thermographic examination in diagnosing TMD compared to clinical evaluation: A Systematic review

A Disfunção Temporomandibular (DTM) é um grupo de desordens músculoesqueléticas que pode afetar os músculos da mastigação e as articulações temporomandibulares. Alguns critérios de diagnóstico vêm sendo propostos como o questionário Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD), avaliação clínica cuidadosa, que em algumas situações deve ser complementada com exames de imagem, incluindo radiografias convencionais, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética. Alternativamente, a termografia tem sido utilizada como um exame de imagem auxiliar no diagnóstico da DTM. Uma revisão sistemática das evidências existentes, em relação à eficácia do exame de termografia no diagnóstico das DTMs, foi feita para esclarecer a seguinte pergunta clínica "Qual a eficácia do exame termográfico no diagnóstico das DTMs em comparação à avaliação clínica?". A pesquisa foi realizada no Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia (ICT) da Unesp, Brasil. Para isso foi traçada uma estratégia de busca nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, Scopus, HTA DATABASE, Cochrane Library, Biblioteca Brasileira em Odontologia (BBO) e Web of Science. A busca foi registrada no PROSPERO - International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. Os títulos e resumos foram lidos e 86 artigos foram selecionados. Os textos completos foram lidos e a extração de dados foi realizada. A busca nas bases de dados resultou em 427 artigos, removidas as duplicatas restaram 234 artigos, e pela seleção de títulos e resumos 86 artigos foram selecionados para acesso ao texto completo. Os textos foram lidos e os dados relevantesforam extraídos. A avaliação da qualidade dos estudos incluídos foi realizada através da ferramenta QUADAS (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) e os dados foram sintetizados de forma qualitativa, resultando em 11 artigos para extração de dados e avaliação de risco de viés. O exame de termografia pode ser considerado um exame auxiliar no diagnóstico das DTMs, porém mais estudos devem ser conduzidos.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a group of painful musculoskeletal conditions that affect the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joints (TMJs), and/or other anatomic structures of the stomatognathic system. Standardized criteria for TMD diagnosis have been proposed (Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders [DC/TMD]), and rely on careful clinical examination that is aided, in some situations, by imaging studies, including conventional radiography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Alternatively, thermography has been presented as an auxiliary diagnostic test for assessing internal derangements of the TMJs because it is useful for TMD evaluation as a clinical screening method that improves diagnostic accuracy. A Systematic review of diagnostic accuracy studies and a critical synthesis of available evidence of thermography value in the diagnosis of TMD, was done in order to answer the question: "How effective is the thermographic examination in diagnosing TMD compared to clinical evaluation?" The research was hold in the Science and Technology Institute (ICT) Unesp, Brazil. A search strategy was drawn up in the following electronic databases: PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, Scopus, HTA DATABASE, Cochrane Library, Brazilian Dentistry Library and Web of Science. The search was registered in the PROSPERO - International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. The titles and abstracts were read and 86 papers were selected. After full text analysis, the data extraction was performed. The online search identified a total of 427 papers, duplicate references were removed and 234 papers remained, and by selecting titles and abstracts 86 papers were selected for full text access. The QUADAS (Quality Assessment of DiagnosticAccuracy Studies) tool was used to assess the risk of bias, and the data were synthesized in a qualitative way. Resulting in 11 studies to extraction data and risk bias analysis. Although, the thermography can be considered an auxiliary diagnostic test, more studies must be conducted.

Detecting Scalar Fields with Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals.

We study extreme mass ratio inspirals (EMRIs), during which a small body spirals into a supermassive black hole, in gravity theories with additional scalar fields. We first argue that no-hair theorems and the properties of known theories that manage to circumvent them introduce a drastic simplification to the problem: the effects of the scalar on supermassive black holes, if any, are mostly negligible for EMRIs in vast classes of theories. We then exploit this simplification to model the inspiral perturbatively and we demonstrate that the scalar charge of the small body leaves a significant imprint on gravitational wave emission. Although much higher precision is needed for waveform modeling, our results strongly suggest that this imprint is observable with Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, rendering EMRIs promising probes of scalar fields.

Constraining the Neutron Star Equation of State Using Multiband Independent Measurements of Radii and Tidal Deformabilities.

Using a Bayesian approach, we combine measurements of neutron star macroscopic observables obtained by astrophysical and gravitational observations to derive joint constraints on the equation of state (EOS) of matter at supranuclear density. In our analysis, we use two sets of data: (i) the masses and tidal deformabilities measured in the binary neutron star event GW170817, detected by LIGO and Virgo, and (ii) the masses and stellar radii measured from observations of nuclear bursts in accreting low-mass x-ray binaries. Using a phenomenological parametrization of the equation of state, we compute the posterior probability distributions of the EOS parameters, using which we infer the posterior distribution for the radius and the mass of the two neutron stars of GW170817. The constraints we set on the radii are tighter than previous bounds.

Probing Planckian Corrections at the Horizon Scale with LISA Binaries.

Several quantum-gravity models of compact objects predict microscopic or even Planckian corrections at the horizon scale. We explore the possibility of measuring two model-independent, smoking-gun effects of these corrections in the gravitational waveform of a compact binary, namely, the absence of tidal heating and the presence of tidal deformability. For events detectable by the future space-based interferometer LISA, we show that the effect of tidal heating dominates and allows one to constrain putative corrections down to the Planck scale. The measurement of the tidal Love numbers with LISA is more challenging but, in optimistic scenarios, it allows us to constrain the compactness of a supermassive exotic compact object down to the Planck scale. Our analysis suggests that highly spinning, supermassive binaries at 1-20 Gpc provide unparalleled tests of quantum-gravity effects at the horizon scale.

Black Holes in an Effective Field Theory Extension of General Relativity.

Effective field theory methods suggest that some rather general extensions of general relativity include, or are mimicked by, certain higher-order curvature corrections, with coupling constants expected to be small but otherwise arbitrary. Thus, the tantalizing prospect to test the fundamental nature of gravity with gravitational-wave observations, in a systematic way, emerges naturally. Here, we build black hole solutions in such a framework and study their main properties. Once rotation is included, we find the first purely gravitational example of geometries without Z_{2} symmetry. Despite the higher-order operators of the theory, we show that linearized fluctuations of such geometries obey second-order differential equations. We find nonzero tidal Love numbers. We study and compute the quasinormal modes of such geometries. These results are of interest to gravitational-wave science but also potentially relevant for electromagnetic observations of the galactic center or x-ray binaries.

Gravitational Waves in Massive Gravity Theories: Waveforms, Fluxes, and Constraints from Extreme-Mass-Ratio Mergers.

Is the graviton massless? This problem was addressed in the literature at a phenomenological level, using modified dispersion relations for gravitational waves, in linearized calculations around flat space. Here, we perform a detailed analysis of the gravitational waveform produced when a small particle plunges or inspirals into a large nonspinning black hole. Our results should presumably also describe the gravitational collapse to black holes and explosive events such as supernovae. In the context of a theory with massive gravitons and screening, merging objects up to 1 Gpc away or collapsing stars in the nearby galaxy may be used to constrain the mass of the graviton to be smaller than ∼10^{-23} eV, with low-frequency detectors. Our results suggest that the absence of dipolar gravitational waves from black hole binaries may be used to rule out entirely such theories.

Constraining Modified Theories of Gravity with Gravitational-Wave Stochastic Backgrounds.

The direct discovery of gravitational waves has finally opened a new observational window on our Universe, suggesting that the population of coalescing binary black holes is larger than previously expected. These sources produce an unresolved background of gravitational waves, potentially observable by ground-based interferometers. In this Letter we investigate how modified theories of gravity, modeled using the parametrized post-Einsteinian formalism, affect the expected signal, and analyze the detectability of the resulting stochastic background by current and future ground-based interferometers. We find the constraints that Advanced LIGO would be able to set on modified theories, showing that they may significantly improve the current bounds obtained from astrophysical observations of binary pulsars.