The Effects of Human Papillomavirus Status and Treatment on the Positive Predictive Value of Post-radiotherapy 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography in Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

AIMS: The high negative predictive value of post-chemoradiation (CRT) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) is well established in head and neck squamous cell cancers (HNSCC). The positive predictive value (PPV) remains under scrutiny, with increasing evidence that it is affected by several factors. The aim of this study was to assess the PPV of post-treatment PET-CT for residual nodal disease when stratified by treatment modality and tumour human papillomavirus (HPV) status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary oncology centre carried out between January 2013 and December 2019. Patients were radically treated with radiotherapy only/CRT for node-positive HNSCC. PET-CT nodal responses were categorised as complete, equivocal (EQR) or incomplete (ICR), and outcomes extracted from electronic records. RESULTS: In total, 480 patients were evaluated, all had a minimum potential follow-up of 2 years, with a median of 39.2 months. The PPV of 12-week PET-CT was significantly different between HPV-positive (22.5%) and HPV-unrelated (52.7%) disease, P < 0.001. It was also significantly different between the CRT (24.8%) and radiotherapy-only (51.1%) groups, P = 0.001. The PPV of an EQR was significantly less than an ICR, irrespective of HPV status and primary treatment modality. In HPV-positive disease, the PPV of an EQR was 9.0% for the CRT group compared with 21.4% for radiotherapy only, P = 0.278. The PPV in those who achieved an ICR was 34.2% in the CRT group, significantly lower than 70.0% in the radiotherapy-only group, P = 0.03. CONCLUSION: The PPV of 12-week PET-CT is significantly lower for HPV-positive compared with HPV-unrelated HNSCC. It is poorer in patients with HPV-positive disease treated with CRT compared with radiotherapy alone.

Three-dimensional simulation of lung nodules for paediatric multidetector array CT.

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a technique for three-dimensional (3D) modelling of small lung nodules on paediatric multidetector array computed tomography (MDCT) images. Clinical images were selected from 21 patients (<18 years old) who underwent MDCT examinations. Sixteen of the patients had one or more real lung nodules with diameters between 2.5 and 6 mm. A mathematical simulation technique was developed to emulate the 3D characteristics of the real nodules. To validate this technique, MDCT images of 34 real nodules and 55 simulated nodules were randomised and rated independently by four experienced paediatric radiologists on a continuous scale of appearance between 0 (definitely not real) and 100 (definitely real). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, t-test, and equivalence test were performed to assess the radiologists' ability to distinguish between simulated and real nodules. The two types of nodules were also compared in terms of measured shape and contrast profile irregularities. The areas under the ROC curves were 0.59, 0.60, 0.40, and 0.63 for the four observers. Mean score differences between simulated and real nodules were -8, -11, 13, and -4 for the four observers with p-values of 0.17, 0.06, 0.17, and 0.26, respectively. The simulated and real nodules were perceptually equivalent and had comparable shape and contrast profile irregularities. In conclusion, mathematical simulation is a feasible technique for creating realistic small lung nodules on paediatric MDCT images.

Acquired aphasia in children after surgical resection of left-thalamic tumors.

Five children (three males, two females; four right-, one left-handed; age range 6 to 14 years) who developed aphasia after gross-total excision of left predominantly thalamic tumors are reported. Three patients had Broca aphasia, one had mixed transcortical aphasia, and one patient had conduction aphasia. In the months after surgery, three children improved while receiving radiation and/or chemotherapy, although none recovered completely. Two patients with malignant tumors developed worsening aphasia when the tumor recurred, and later died. Two of three patients tested had visuospatial difficulties in addition to language deficits. Attention and executive functioning were affected in three of three patients tested. Memory, verbal and/or visual functioning, were affected in four of four patients tested. Both patients who were tested showed transient right hemineglect. Two of two patients tested were probably apraxic. The wide range of deficits in these children highlights the importance of the thalamus and other subcortical structures in developing cognition.

Renal candidiasis in neonates with candiduria.

BACKGROUND: Candida species commonly cause urinary tract infection in infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units. The purpose of this study was to describe the natural history of renal candidiasis as evidenced by sonography in infants with candiduria. METHODS: The medical records of all infants who developed candiduria during their neonatal intensive care hospitalization between 1982 and 1993 were reviewed. Candiduria was defined as the isolation of Candida from (1) one or more specimens obtained by bladder catheterization or suprapubic aspiration, (2) one or more voided specimens and concurrent positive cultures from another sterile body site or (3) one or more voided specimens and changes on renal ultrasound consistent with renal candidiasis. Renal ultrasounds were retrospectively reviewed by one pediatric radiologist. Nonshadowing echogenic foci were considered evidence of renal fungus balls. RESULTS: Forty-one infants with candiduria were identified. Thirty-six infants underwent 1 or more renal imaging studies (ultrasonography, 35; computerized tomography, 1). The incidence of renal candidiasis in neonates with candiduria, defined as renal fungus balls or renal fungal abscess, was 42%. Of the 13 patients who had sonographic abnormalities suggestive of renal fungus balls, 7 had abnormalities on the first ultrasound obtained after the discovery of candiduria, whereas 6 patients developed abnormalities between 8 and 39 days later. CONCLUSIONS: Serial renal ultrasounds are required to reliably detect late appearing renal fungus balls in neonates with candiduria. Complications requiring surgical intervention, like urinary tract obstruction, were uncommon.

Conduction aphasia in a 3-year-old with a left posterior cortical/subcortical abscess.

A 3-year-old, right-handed girl developed a conduction-type aphasia following a second generalized seizure in the setting of a developing abscess involving left subcortical and cortical angular gyrus and arcuate fasciculus, and the posterior corpus callosum. The language disorder was fluent, characterized by age appropriate mean length of utterance and syntax, but with markedly reduced spontaneity of output, rapid rate of speech and mild dysarthria. Comprehension was relatively, but not completely spared. Naming, repetition, and reading (letters) were initially markedly impaired. Improvements in naming and repetition were associated with both literal and semantic paraphasias. Writing skills in the form of drawing were spared, but a mild apraxia to verbal command and imitation was initially present. Despite her young age, this child's fluent conduction aphasia and lesion localization were adult-like. Multimodal memory difficulties appeared to underlie what is best described as conduction aphasia.

Colonoscopy as a primary diagnostic procedure in chronic gastrointestinal tract bleeding.

We compared the use of barium enema (BE) and colonoscopy in evaluating patients with chronic gastrointestinal tract bleeding by dividing into three groups 329 consecutive colonoscopies and 207 consecutive BE examinations done with chronic gastrointestinal tract bleeding as an indication. In the first group, of 96 patients with negative results of BE studies, subsequent colonoscopy showed carcinoma of the colon in 16%, polyps larger than 1 cm in 21%, and other causes in 20%. In 43% the colonoscopy gave negative results or was incomplete. In the other two groups we directly compared findings of the 207 BE and the 233 remaining colonoscopies when each was used as a primary diagnostic test. Colonoscopy was found to have fewer negative results (74% vs 43%), fewer inconclusive examinations requiring repeat (19% vs 3%), and more positive correct findings to explain the cause of bleeding (54% vs 5%).