Formación de profesionales de la salud que incorpora la competencia intercultural: una necesidad actual / The Training of Health Professionals Including Intercultural Competence: A Current Necessity

Introducción: Hoy en día, dadas las transformaciones de la sociedad, existe una necesidad de generar una formación de profesionales de la salud con nuevas competencias, por lo que se les entrega otras herramientas para la atención en salud, que incluye, especialmente, la perspectiva basada en la interculturalidad. Esta representación se hace imprescindible debido a la configuración de sociedades más heterogéneas, marcadas por los procesos migratorios y la visibilización de grupos que, hasta hace pocos años, estaban al margen del sistema de salud. Objetivo: Analizar los referentes teóricos de interculturalidad, interculturalidad en salud, competencia intercultural y la competencia interculturalidad en la formación de los profesionales de salud. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa. Desarrollo: Se abordaron los conceptos de interculturalidad, interculturalidad en salud, competencia cultural/competencia intercultural, y cómo estos conceptos y atributos se pueden enseñar en la formación de las nuevas generaciones de profesionales de la salud. Conclusiones: Es necesario que el futuro profesional observe, escuche, pregunte aquello que desconoce de la cultura. Hay que evitar los estereotipos, garantizar el respeto y comprender sin juzgar; además, desarrollar el autoconocimiento, antes de llegar a la aplicación integral de la competencia intercultural. Se ha de conseguir realizar un encuentro intercultural adecuado para garantizar una asistencia de calidad a los usuarios(AU)

Introduction: Nowadays, given the transformations in society, there is a need to train health professionals with new competences; therefore, they are provided with other tools for health care, which includes, especially, the perspective based on interculturality. This representation is essential due to the configuration of more heterogeneous societies, marked by migratory processes and the visibility of groups that, until a few years ago, were on the margins of health systems. Objective: To analyze the theoretical references of interculturality, interculturality in health, intercultural competence and the competence of interculturality itself in the training of health professionals. Methods: A narrative review was conducted. Development: The concepts of interculturality, interculturality in health and cultural competence/intercultural competence were addressed, together with how such concepts and attributes can be taught in the training of new generations of health professionals. Conclusions: It is necessary for future professionals to observe, listen to and ask what they do not know about culture. It is necessary to avoid stereotypes, to guarantee respect and to understand without judging; in addition, to develop self-knowledge, before reaching the comprehensive application of intercultural competence. Adequate intercultural encounters must be achieved in order to guarantee quality healthcare provision for the users(AU)

Two types of abdominal pain as the initial presentation of Takayasu arteritis: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a chronic inflammatory arteritis affecting large vessels, predominantly the aorta and its main branches. Diagnosis is usually delayed in most patients owing to the absence of typical clinical manifestations in the acute phase until the development of substantial arterial symptoms. The purpose of this case report is to describe abdominal pain being an uncommon symptom in TA. LEARNING OBJECTIVE: The clinical presentation of TA can be non-specific and can have serious consequences if the diagnosis is delayed, helping the clinicians who can treat with such patients (emergency medicine, cardiologist, or medical personnel).

Genomic Epidemiology of Salmonella Infantis in Ecuador: From Poultry Farms to Human Infections.

Salmonella enterica is one of the most important foodborne pathogens around the world. In the last years, S. enterica serovar Infantis has become an important emerging pathogen in many countries, often as multidrug resistant clones. To understand the importance of S. enterica in the broiler industry in Ecuador, we performed a study based on phenotypic and WGS data of isolates from poultry farms, chicken carcasses and humans. We showed a high prevalence of S. enterica in poultry farms (41.4%) and chicken carcasses (55.5%), but a low prevalence (1.98%) in human samples. S. Infantis was shown to be the most prevalent serovar with a 98.2, 97.8, and 50% in farms, foods, and humans, respectively, presenting multidrug resistant patterns. All sequenced S. Infantis isolates belonged to ST32. For the first time, a pESI-related megaplasmid was identified in Ecuadorian samples. This plasmid contains genes of antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors, and environmental stress tolerance. Genomic analysis showed a low divergence of S. Infantis strains in the three analyzed components. The results from this study provide important information about genetic elements that may help understand the molecular epidemiology of S. Infantis in Ecuador.

Ecuadorian mainland industrial poultry production is free of H5/H7 Avian influenza virus: National surveillance program in 2016.

Avian influenza (AI) is a disease caused by influenza viruses type A that belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family. AI induces high economic losses in poultry production worldwide. Due to a possible outbreak, a national surveillance program was needed. From April to July 2016, 152 industrial poultry farms were randomly sampled. All samples were analyzed by competitive ELISA for Influenza type A viruses. Suspicious and positive sera were further analyzed by Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) in order to serotype H5 or H7 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV). The farms sampled showed 94.08%, 3.95% and 1.97% of negative, positive and suspicious results, respectively. However, serotyping revealed all positive and suspicious samples were negative to H5/H7 LPAIV. Our results show the absence of AI in the mainland Ecuadorian industrial poultry production.

Síndromes Geriátricos en pacientes de primer nivel de atención médica / Geriatric Syndromes in first level patients

Objetivo: Identificar la frecuencia de síndromes geriátricos en una unidad de primer nivel de atención médica. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, prospectivo, transversal, realizado en 376 pacientes de primer nivel de atención. Se utilizaron las escalas de Yesavage y de Katz evaluando depresión y autonomía respectivamente. Para fines de este estudio se interrrogó la presencia de incontinencia urinaria, polifarmacia, trastornos del sueño y estado nutricional. Utilizamos estadística descriptiva. Resultados: 376 pacientes, 219 (58%) femeninos, 157 (42%) masculinos, edad promedio 72.57, mínima: 65, máxima: 95, desviación estándar: ± 7.08. Se observó por lo menos un síndrome en 371 (98.7%) pacientes. La depresión se detectó en 303 (80.9%), la polifarmacia se observó en 282 (75%), en cuanto a los trastornos del sueño se encontraron en 262 (69.7%), las caídas se encontraron en 63 (16.8%), la incontinencia urinaria en 19 (5.1%), en cuanto a la obesidad en 15 (4%) y de la pérdida de la autonomía en 3 (0.8%). Conclusión: El 98.7 % padecen por lo menos un síndrome geriátrico, el género femenino es el más afectado, el síndrome más frecuente es depresión, seguida de polifarmacia, trastorno del sueño, caídas, incontinencia urinaria, obesidad y pérdida de la autonomía (AU)

AIM: to identify the frequency of Geriatric syndromes in a Single First Level Medical Facility. Material and methods: observational, prospective, cross-sectional, study held in 376 patients from First Level Medical Facility. We usedYesavage and Katz scales to evaluate depression and autonomy respectively. For this purpose we interrogate: urinary incontinence, polypharmacy, sleep disturbances and nutritional status. Results: 376 patients, 219 female, 157 male, median age 72, SD 7.08, mínimun 65, maximum 95 years. From the total of patients 303 (80.9%) was in depresion, 282 (75%) with polypharmacy, 262 (69.7%) on sleep disturbances, 63 (16.8%) of the falling down was found it, 19 (5.1%) urinary incontinence, 15 (4%) under obesity, and 3 (0.8%) with loss of the autonomy. conclusions: Geriatric syndrome is presented in more than 90%, female are most affected and depression is the most common syndrome (AU)

Detection of Activation Sequences in Spiking-Bursting Neurons by means of the Recognition of Intraburst Neural Signatures.

Bursting activity is present in many cells of different nervous systems playing important roles in neural information processing. Multiple assemblies of bursting neurons act cooperatively to produce coordinated spatio-temporal patterns of sequential activity. A major goal in neuroscience is unveiling the mechanisms underlying neural information processing based on this sequential dynamics. Experimental findings have revealed the presence of precise cell-type-specific intraburst firing patterns in the activity of some bursting neurons. This characteristic neural signature coexists with the information encoded in other aspects of the spiking-bursting signals, and its functional meaning is still unknown. We investigate the ability of a neuron conductance-based model to detect specific presynaptic activation sequences taking advantage of intraburst fingerprints identifying the source of the signals building up a sequential pattern of activity. Our simulations point out that a reader neuron could use this information to contextualize incoming signals and accordingly compute a characteristic response by relying on precise phase relationships among the activity of different emitters. This would provide individual neurons enhanced capabilities to control and negotiate sequential dynamics. In this regard, we discuss the possible implications of the proposed contextualization mechanism for neural information processing.

Construcción y Análisis Estadístico del Inventario Multidimensional de Celos Románticos: estudio Preliminar

Con el objetivo de construir y validar una prueba para medir propiedades de los celos románticos, se desarrolló el Inventario Multidimensional de Celos Románticos (IMCR) desde tres ejes: 1) su conceptualización, 2) circunstancias que lo generan y 3) respuestas cognitivas, afectivas y conductuales involucradas. El IMCR está constituido por cinco escalas tipo Likert con sus respectivas opciones de respuesta. Se acudió a juicio de expertos para la validez de contenido y por análisis factoriales exploratorios para la validez de constructo de cada escala, presentando coeficientes de confiabilidad superiores a (α > .873). Por esto, el IMCR tiene una estructura relativamente clara con dimensiones en parte independientes y que miden con razonable precisión los tres ejes; concluyendo que los celos románticos son un constructo multidimensional con respuestas afectivas, cognitivas y conductuales desencadenadas a partir de una situación que representa la posible pérdida de la pareja.

Aiming to construct and validate a test to measure jealousy, the Multidimensional Inventory of Romantic Jealousy (MIRJ) was developed from three axes: 1) conceptualization, 2) conditions that generate romantic jealousy and 3) cognitive, affective and behavioral responses involved. The MIRJ consists of five Likert scales with five response options each. The inventory was validated by expert judgment on the content validity and exploratory factor analysis to construct the validity of each scale, showing higher reliability coefficients (α> 0.85). MIRJ has a fairly clear structure with independent dimensions that measure with reasonable accuracy the three axes. In Conclusion, romantic jealousy is a multidimensional construct with affective, cognitive and behavioral responses, triggered from a situation that represents the possible loss of a partner.

Implementing Signature Neural Networks with Spiking Neurons.

Spiking Neural Networks constitute the most promising approach to develop realistic Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Unlike traditional firing rate-based paradigms, information coding in spiking models is based on the precise timing of individual spikes. It has been demonstrated that spiking ANNs can be successfully and efficiently applied to multiple realistic problems solvable with traditional strategies (e.g., data classification or pattern recognition). In recent years, major breakthroughs in neuroscience research have discovered new relevant computational principles in different living neural systems. Could ANNs benefit from some of these recent findings providing novel elements of inspiration? This is an intriguing question for the research community and the development of spiking ANNs including novel bio-inspired information coding and processing strategies is gaining attention. From this perspective, in this work, we adapt the core concepts of the recently proposed Signature Neural Network paradigm-i.e., neural signatures to identify each unit in the network, local information contextualization during the processing, and multicoding strategies for information propagation regarding the origin and the content of the data-to be employed in a spiking neural network. To the best of our knowledge, none of these mechanisms have been used yet in the context of ANNs of spiking neurons. This paper provides a proof-of-concept for their applicability in such networks. Computer simulations show that a simple network model like the discussed here exhibits complex self-organizing properties. The combination of multiple simultaneous encoding schemes allows the network to generate coexisting spatio-temporal patterns of activity encoding information in different spatio-temporal spaces. As a function of the network and/or intra-unit parameters shaping the corresponding encoding modality, different forms of competition among the evoked patterns can emerge even in the absence of inhibitory connections. These parameters also modulate the memory capabilities of the network. The dynamical modes observed in the different informational dimensions in a given moment are independent and they only depend on the parameters shaping the information processing in this dimension. In view of these results, we argue that plasticity mechanisms inside individual cells and multicoding strategies can provide additional computational properties to spiking neural networks, which could enhance their capacity and performance in a wide variety of real-world tasks.

Validez de la Escala de Salud Mental Positiva en Niños Mexicanos / Validity of the Positive Mental Health Scale in Mexican Children

Resumen: El presente estudio reporta resultados de validez factorial de la escala Española de Salud Mental Positiva (SMP) de Lluch (1999), y convergente con una medida de resiliencia, en una muestra no clínica de niños mexicanos, por medio de un estudio de corte transversal con 194 niños, (n=72 hombres, n=122 mujeres) entre 9 y 12 años edad, de la ciudad de Toluca México. Del análisis factorial exploratorio con el método de componentes principales y rotación oblicua se extrajeron 4 de las seis dimensiones originales, con el 39.61% de varianza total. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró un modelo tridimensional con un moderado ajuste el cual requiere continuar especificando. Se obtuvo un alfa de Cronbach satisfactorio y se comprueba la validez convergente con resiliencia. Los datos sugieren la necesidad de hacer una revisión de aspectos conceptuales y metodológicos del constructo a fin de tener resultados consistentes.

Abstract: This study reports validity results of the Spanish Positive Mental Health Scale (PMH) by Lluch (1999), which converged with measures of resilience, in a non-clinical sample of Mexican children, through a cross-sectional study with 194 children (n = 72 men, n = 122 women), between 9 and 12 years old from the city of Toluca, Mexico. An exploratory factor analysis, using the principal components and oblique rotation method, extracted 4 from the six original dimensions, with 39.614% of total variance. The confirmatory factor analysis showed a three-dimensional model which requires further investigation and detail. A satisfactory Cronbach's Alpha was obtained, which proves convergent validity with resilience. The data suggests the need of a conceptual and methodological reviews of the construct in order to have more consistent results.

Nostalgia por la pareja / Nostalgia for the couple

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación fue describir la experiencia de nostalgia que se tiene por una pareja anterior, que es considerada como alguien importante. Se trabajó con base en un muestreo no probabilístico de tipo intencional, compuesto por 200 jóvenes universitarios repartidos equitativamente por sexo, de 18 a 25 años de edad de la Ciudad de Toluca, México. Se utilizó un cuestionario validado por jueces expertos con un nivel de acuerdo mayor del 85%, compuesto por 6 preguntas abiertas. Las aplicaciones se llevaron a cabo de manera individual, en un tiempo aproximado de 20 min, en espacios académicos de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, se encontró que la mayoría de los participantes ha tenido una pareja importante en su vida y que lo que más les gustaba de esa pareja era su personalidad, buen trato, apariencia física, interacción favorable y beneficios materiales. Ambos sexos tienen recuerdos frecuentes de esa pareja, siendo los hombres los que más lo reportan. Prácticamente todos los participantes coinciden en señalar que extrañan más el área afectiva. Los hombres añoran la interacción favorable, mientras que las mujeres extrañan más el tiempo compartido con la pareja. Lo que los motiva a mantenerse en su relación actual son los afectos positivos, la comprensión, el apoyo y la confianza, la personalidad, la compañía, la apariencia física y los beneficios materiales. Finalmente, la mayoría de los participantes declaró no considerar como una posibilidad el regresar con su pareja añorada, a pesar de extrañar el estado anímico que el otro le provocaba en su momento.

Abstract The objective of the present investigation was to describe the nostalgic experience for a previous partner, who is considered as someone important. We worked based on a non-probabilistic intentional sampling, composed by 200 young college students equally divided by sex, from 18 to 25 years old in the city of Toluca, México. We used a questionnaire validated by expert's judges with a level of agreement higher than 85%, composed by six open questions. The applications were individual, in an approximately 20 minutes, in academic areas of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. According to the obtained results, it was found that most of participants have had an important partner in their lifetime and what they liked the most about that partner was their personality, good treatment, physical appearance, favorable interaction and material benefits. Both sexes have frequent memories of that partner, been the men who report them most. Practically, all the participants agree that they miss the afective area. Men yearn the favorable interaction, while women miss more the share-time with the partner. The factors that motivates them to keep their actual relationship are the positive affection, comprehension, support and trust, personality, company, physical appearance and material benefits. Finally, most of participants declared that they do not consider as a posibility the get back together with their yearned partner, despite missing the animic status that they set up in the moment.

TO BE THE SHADOW - AWARENESS OF UNDERGRADUATE NURSING STUDENTS: A CASE STUDY / SER LA SOMBRA - LA CONCIENCIA DE SÍ DEL ALUMNO DE ENFERMERÍA: UN ESTUDIO DE CASO / SER A SOMBRA* - A CONSCIÊNCIA DE SI DO ACADÊMICO DE ENFERMAGEM: UM ESTUDO DE CASO

This was qualitative research in the form of an educational case study. Aimed at understanding the self-consciousness (nursing students) about being a student in a course working with critical pedagogy. It was supported by Freire's liberating theoretical and philosophical education. The study included 14 nursing students. The data were collected through non-participant observation and an open interview script. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Three units of thematic analysis were developed: a being without knowledge, a being who absorbs knowledge, and being evaluated by grades. The student is perceived as a being without knowledge, which is absorbed by him through the transmission of content in the classroom by the teacher. Understanding self-consciousness and the world that presents the student is a way to enable the development of his self-consciousness in the world.

Se trata de una investigación cualitativa en la forma de un estudio de caso en la educación. Dirigido a entender la conciencia de sí mismo (los estudiantes de enfermería) sobre ser un estudiante en un curso que trabaja con la pedagogía crítica teniendo como apoyo teórico y filosófico la educación liberadora de Freire. Participaron del estudio 14 estudiantes de enfermería. La recogida de los datos ocurrió a través de la observación no participante y un guión de entrevista abierta. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el análisis temático. Se han desarrollado tres unidades de análisis temático: un ser sin conocimiento, un ser que absorbe el conocimiento y un ser evaluado por nota. El estudiante se percibe como un ser sin conocimiento, que es absorbido por él mismo a través de la transmisión de contenidos en el aula por el profesor. Comprender la conciencia de sí mismo y del mundo que presenta el estudiante es una forma de permitir el desarrollo de su conciencia de sí mismo en el mundo.

Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa na modalidade de estudo de caso em educação. Objetivou compreender a consciência de si do acadêmico de enfermagem em uma disciplina que trabalha com pedagogia, crítica tendo como suporte teórico-filosófico a educação libertadora de Freire. Participaram deste estudo 14 alunos de enfermagem. Realizou-se a coleta de dados através de observação não participante e um roteiro de entrevista aberta. Os dados foram estudados segundo análise de conteúdo do tipo temática, da qual emergiram três categorias temáticas: "um ser sem conhecimento", "um ser que absorve o conhecimento" e "um ser avaliado por nota". Conclui-se que no início da disciplina o aluno se percebe como um ser sem conhecimento, que o absorve através da transmissão de conteúdos em sala de aula pelo professor. Mesmo diante de uma proposta de ensino menos tradicional e que possibilita ao aluno escolher como irá estudar, observa-se a presença de uma consciência ingênua.

Validez de las escalas de afecto positivo y negativo (panas) en niños / Validity of the positive and negative affect schedule (panas) in children

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de las escalas PANAS (afecto positivo y afecto negativo), su validez convergente con una medida de resiliencia y fiabilidad en una muestra de 194 niños, de ambos sexos, entre 9 y 12 años edad, de la ciudad de Toluca, México. Del análisis factorial exploratorio con el método de componentes principales y rotación ortogonal, se comprueba la estructura bidimensional, que explica el 44.85 % de la varianza total y confiabilidad alfa de Cronbach alta, lo que sugiere características psicométricas similares a las de la versión original y se comprueba la validez convergente con resiliencia. Se concluye que la escala es pertinente para niños mexicanos, pero se requiere ampliar la muestra que permita el uso de técnicas confirmatorias...

The present study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), its convergent validity with a measure of resilience and reliability in a sample of 194 children of both sexes, between 9 and 12 years old in Toluca city, Mexico. The exploratory factor analysis with the principal components method and orthogonal rotation, verifies the dimensional structure that explains 44.85 % of the total variance, and high Cronbach Alpha reliability, suggesting psychometric characteristics similar to those of the original version, and confirms the convergent validity with resilience. It is concluded that the scale is relevant to Mexican children, but there is a need to expand the sample to allow the use of confirmatory techniques...

Autopercepción del atractivo corporal en dos culturas: mexicana y argentina / Self perception of body attractiveness in two cultures: Mexican and Argentine

Con el propósito de describir el nivel de atractivo corporal que consideran tener los jóvenes mexicanos y argentinos, se trabajó una muestra no probabilística intencional, compuesta por 272 universitarios repartidos equitativamente por nacionalidad y por sexo de las ciudades de Toluca (México) y Mendoza (Argentina). Se utilizó el instrumento de "evaluación de atractivo corporal", que evalúa el atractivo de las partes visibles que constituyen el cuerpo humano del 0 al 100%. Los resultados por nacionalidad muestran que los mexicanos presentan más partes del cuerpo valoradas favorablemente en comparación con los argentinos. Las diferencias por sexo indican que los hombres mexicanos tienden a considerar atractivas más partes del cuerpo que las mujeres mexicanas. Sin embargo, en la muestra argentina no hay diferencia en el número de partes del cuerpo evaluadas como atractivas. En ambas nacionalidades, se observa una tendencia a valorarse con referencia en las partes consideradas como masculinas para los hombres y femeninas para las mujeres. De manera general, se observa que el cuerpo es y seguirá siendo un importante medio de expresión y el valor que se le dé establecerá el grado de seguridad que se tenga al relacionarse con la psicosociocultura particular.

In order to describe the level of physical attractiveness that mexican and argentine consider having, we worked with an intentional non-probabilistic sample composed of 272 university students shared equally by nationality and gender from the cities of Toluca (Mexico) and Mendoza (Argentina). The instrument used was "physical attractiveness assessment", which evaluates the attractiveness of the visible body parts from 0 to 100%. The research findings by nationality show that mexican people value more their body parts compared with argentinean. Sex differences indicate that mexican men tend to consider more attractive their body parts than mexican women. However, argentinean people show no difference in the number of body parts evaluated as attractive. In both nationalities, there is a tendency to put a higher value on body parts considered masculine by men and feminine by women. In general, it appears that the body is and will remain an important mean of expression and the value that it is given will establish the degree of security that people has to relate to their particular psychological, sociological and cultural context.

Neural dynamics based on the recognition of neural fingerprints.

Experimental evidence has revealed the existence of characteristic spiking features in different neural signals, e.g., individual neural signatures identifying the emitter or functional signatures characterizing specific tasks. These neural fingerprints may play a critical role in neural information processing, since they allow receptors to discriminate or contextualize incoming stimuli. This could be a powerful strategy for neural systems that greatly enhances the encoding and processing capacity of these networks. Nevertheless, the study of information processing based on the identification of specific neural fingerprints has attracted little attention. In this work, we study (i) the emerging collective dynamics of a network of neurons that communicate with each other by exchange of neural fingerprints and (ii) the influence of the network topology on the self-organizing properties within the network. Complex collective dynamics emerge in the network in the presence of stimuli. Predefined inputs, i.e., specific neural fingerprints, are detected and encoded into coexisting patterns of activity that propagate throughout the network with different spatial organization. The patterns evoked by a stimulus can survive after the stimulation is over, which provides memory mechanisms to the network. The results presented in this paper suggest that neural information processing based on neural fingerprints can be a plausible, flexible, and powerful strategy.

Resiliencia. Diferencias por Edad en Hombres y Mujeres Mexicanos / Resilience. Differences by Age in Mexican Men and Women

Resumen: En este estudio se examinan los niveles de resiliencia considerando diferencias de edad y sexo, por lo que se presentan datos provenientes de una muestra compuesta por 607 participantes divididos en cuatro grupos de edad: niños, adolescentes, adultos jóvenes y adultez media, hombres y mujeres todos de la ciudad de Toluca México, aplicándose el cuestionario de resiliencia de González Arratia (2011). Los resultados de los análisis factoriales exploratorios para cada tramo de edad, indican una estructura de tres factores que varían en cada grupo, lo cual sugiere que las dimensiones de la resiliencia siguen patrones distintos según la edad. Asimismo se reportan diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres. Se concluye que en la investigación en resiliencia es indispensable evaluar las variables propuestas en el estudio de manera simultánea a fin de contar con resultados consistentes.

Abstract: This study examines levéis of resilience considering differences of age and sex, so it provides data from a sample composed of 607 participants divided into four age groups: children, teenagers, young adults and middle adulthood, men and women all of the city of Toluca México, applying the questionnaire of resilience of González Arratia (2011). The results of the exploratory factor analysis for each age bracket, indícate a structure of three factors that vary in each group, which suggests the dimensions of resilience to follow different patterns according to the age. Also reported significant differences between men and women. It is concluded that in the research into resilience is essential to evalúate the variables proposed in the study simultaneously in order to have consistent results.

Development of critical attitude in fundamentals of professional care discipline: a case study.

This is a qualitative case study to identify the contributions of a critical pedagogical technique in developing critical attitudes of graduating nursing students in Brazil. Fourteen students participated in this study. Data were collected from March to August 2010 using triangulation of non-participant observation, interview and document analysis. The collected data were transcribed to Word documents, which were subsequently imported into ATLAS.ti, version 6.2, for organisation and qualitative data analysis. The analysis was based on the work of Minayo (2010). The following three thematic analysis units were constructed: feeling free - seeking the liberty to learn to admire, admiring by curiosity and reflecting about the admired object. The results of the thematic categories reveal that the students understand that they are free to have an active role in their education, and the teacher facilitates this process; thus, the students have a raison d'ètre, or reason for being, free. Feeling free, the student can exercise their curiosity when facing the given situations and topics, which challenges them to make decisions based on their awareness of the world.

Las causas que llevan a la infidelidad: Un análisis por sexo / Causes that Take to Infidelity: An Analysis by Sex

El objetivo fue detectar las causas que llevan con más frecuencia a los hombres y las mujeres a presentar la conducta de infidelidad. Para ello, se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística de tipo intencional, compuesta por 75 parejas de casados y 75 parejas de solteros en una relación de noviazgo, residentes de la Ciudad de Toluca, bajo la condición de haber cometido una infidelidad hacia su pareja. Una vez obtenido el consentimiento de cada participante, las aplicaciones con previa cita, se llevaron a cabo de manera individual dentro de las instalaciones de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Los resultados muestran que la infidelidad tuvo su origen en la carencia. Es decir, en la falta de algunos satisfactores que no consiguen tener con la pareja a la que le fueron infieles. Asimismo, se encontró que los hombres fueron infieles por sentirse aburridos, incómodos, por una necesidad meramente sexual, por falta de variedad y por sentirse confundidos en la relación de pareja, en comparación con las mujeres que lo hicieron más porque se sintieron solas e incomprendidas en la relación. Resultó interesante encontrar que las personas que regresaron con la pareja a la cual le fueron infieles, argumentaron su decisión porque encontraban mayor estabilidad y amor, lo que supuestamente intentaron conseguir en la relación de infidelidad.

The aim was to detect the causes that lead more often to men and women to present the behavior of infidelity. To do this, it worked with a nonrandom sample of intentional type, consisting of 75 couples married and 75 couples in a dating relationship, residents of Toluca city, on condition of having committed an infidelity to their own partner. After obtaining the consent of each participant, applications were held individually at the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. The results show that infidelity had its origin in the lack. That is, in the absence of some satisfactions that they do not get with that couple. Also found that men committed an infidelity because they were feeling bored, uncomfortable, by a sexual need, for lack of variety and because they were confused in the relationship, compared with women who did it because they felt alone and misunderstood in the relationship. It was interesting to find that people who returned with the couple to whom they were infidel, they argued their decision because they found stability and love, that supposedly tried to get into the relationship of infidelity.

Resiliencia: Diferencias por edad en hombres y mujeres mexicanos / Resilience: Differences by Age Mexican Men and Women

En este estudio se examinan los niveles de resiliencia considerando diferencias de edad y sexo, por lo que se presentan datos provenientes de una muestra compuesta por 607 participantes divididos en cuatro grupos de edad: niños, adolescentes, adultos jóvenes y adultez media, hombres y mujeres todos de la ciudad de Toluca México, aplicándose el cuestionario de resiliencia de González Arratia (2011). Los resultados de los análisis factoriales exploratorios para cada tramo de edad, indican una estructura de tres factores que varían en cada grupo, lo cual sugiere que las dimensiones de la resiliencia siguen patrones distintos según la edad. Asimismo se reportan diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres. Se concluye que en la investigación en resiliencia es indispensable evaluar las variables propuestas en el estudio de manera simultánea a fin de contar con resultados consistentes.

This study examines levels of resilience considering differences of age and sex, so it provides data from a sample composed of 607 participants divided into four age groups: children, teenagers, young adults and middle adulthood, men and women all of the city of Toluca Mexico, applying the questionnaire of resilience of González Arratia (2011). The results of the exploratory factor analysis for each age bracket, indicate a structure of three factors that vary in each group, which suggests the dimensions of resilience to follow different patterns according to the age. Also reported significant differences between men and women. It is concluded that in the research into resilience is essential to evaluate the variables proposed in the study simultaneously in order to have consistent results.