Self-management interventions among community-dwelling older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scoping review protocol.

BACKGROUND: Globally, the number of older adults is increasing rapidly; simultaneously, there is an epidemiological shift toward chronic diseases. One such chronic disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) which is caused either by the inability to produce insulin or due to the ineffective use of insulin. In recent years, self-management programmes for chronic conditions have gained importance, especially among occupational therapists. Though there is an increasing focus on 'self-management interventions' among older adults, there is still a lack of such interventions for older adults with type 2 DM in low- or middle-income countries (LMICs). OBJECTIVES: Summarise the existing literature on self-management intervention programmes for community-dwelling older adults with type 2 DM; identify the principles, practices and criteria that define a self-management intervention programme for community-dwelling older adults with type 2 DM in LMICs. METHODS: This present study will be a scoping review, combining quantitative and qualitative literature with a parallel results convergent synthesis design. The synthesis applies to analysing existing principles and practices that influence the selection and application of 'diabetes self-management intervention' among older adults in community settings with type 2 DM in LMICs. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: As a secondary analysis, this scoping review does not require ethics approval. The final review results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal in the rehabilitation, diabetes, occupational therapy or health promotion-related fields. Other dissemination strategies may be an oral presentation at international conferences or through various social media networks.

The effect of human-machine interface modality, specificity, and timing on driver performance and behavior while using vehicle automation.

The effectiveness of the human-machine interface (HMI) in a driving automation system during takeover situations is based, in part, on its design. Past research has indicated that modality, specificity, and timing of the HMI have an impact on driver behavior. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of two HMIs, which vary by modality, specificity, and timing, on drivers' takeover time, performance, and eye glance behavior. Drivers' behavior was examined in a driving simulator study with different levels of automation, varying traffic conditions, and while completing a non-driving related task. Results indicated that HMI type had a statistically significant effect on velocity and off-road eye glances such that those who were exposed to an HMI that gave multimodal warnings with greater specificity exhibited better performance. There were no effects of HMI on acceleration, lane position, or other eye glance metrics (e.g., on road glance duration). Future work should disentangle HMI design further to determine exactly which aspects of design yield between safety critical behavior.

The future of mobility-as-a-service: trust transfer across automated mobilities, from road to sidewalk.

While trust in different types of automated vehicles has been a major focus for researchers and vehicle manufacturers, few studies have explored how people trust automated vehicles that are not cars, nor how their trust may transfer across different mobilities enabled with automation. To address this objective, a dual mobility study was designed to measure how trust in an automated vehicle with a familiar form factor-a car-compares to, and influences, trust in a novel automated vehicle-termed sidewalk mobility. A mixed-method approach involving both surveys and a semi-structured interview was used to characterize trust in these automated mobilities. Results found that the type of mobility had little to no effect on the different dimensions of trust that were studied, suggesting that trust can grow and evolve across different mobilities when the user is unfamiliar with a novel automated driving-enabled (AD-enabled) mobility. These results have important implications for the design of novel mobilities.

Looking out or Looking Away?-Exploring the Impact of Driving With a Passenger on Young Drivers' Eye Glance Behavior.

OBJECTIVE: To explore how passenger presence and the degree of association between young driver and passenger influences young drivers' eye glance behavior when they are subjected to distraction. BACKGROUND: Young drivers (18-20 years old) are at an elevated crash risk when subjected to distraction. They are likely to be distracted even further when they drive with passengers. However, the eye glance behavior of these drivers when driving with passengers has not been explored. METHOD: Eye glance data of 34 young drivers between the ages of 18 and 20 years were collected. Participants drove with and without a passenger while subjected to three distracting tasks (visual-manual, cognitive, or visual-cognitive) and driving scenarios that required driver attention. RESULTS: Visual-cognitive as well as visual-manual states of distraction result in higher mean and standard deviation of glance duration, along with higher number of glances away from road. Passenger presence is found to negatively influence young drivers' eye glance behavior. The degree of association between the young driver and the passenger may help reduce the deviation of eye glances towards the task-related objects. CONCLUSION: In addition to distraction, passengers have a negative influence on the eye glance behavior of young drivers. However, a high degree of association between driver and passenger may mitigate the negative impact of distraction on the eye glance behavior of young drivers. APPLICATION (NON-THEORETICAL WORKS): This research may aid in the design of interventions that improve young drivers' eye glance behavior when they drive with their peers.

Driver behavior and performances on in-vehicle display based speed compliance.

Traffic safety, and the inherent risks associated with speeding, continue to remain a national priority. Advances in both roadway and vehicle technology have created potential mechanisms to mitigate speeding behaviors. This driving simulator study evaluated the effects of alternative ways to increase driver safety by investigating the characteristics of specific driving cues and drivers' response rates to those cues. The study builds upon existing approaches to symbolically deliver Traffic Control Devices (TCDs), specifically speed alerts, at different locations within the vehicle to reduce cognitive distraction and prevent visual crowding so that drivers can properly select their speed and focus upon the roadway environment. Twenty-three participants received five visual treatments (e.g., combinations of speed alert style, presentation, and location) in a simulated environment. Participants also responded to a set of survey questions following the simulated drive. Participants were evaluated on various response factors to each visual treatment. Results showed that younger participants of the age group 18-23 responded to the visual treatment and stayed within speed limits as compared to other older and more experienced participants. Results also showed that alerts falling in the mid-peripheral visual region and alerts that flashed received an increased response rate for observing speed limits.

Healthy ageing and occupational therapy in South Asian countries: a scoping review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: The increasing population of older adults is one of the most significant challenges faced by various countries across the world. South Asian region is accommodating almost a quarter of the world's population, with nearly 6% of them being >65 years of age. There is a lack of awareness regarding the role of occupational therapists in community settings, the assessments and interventions used by occupational therapists to facilitate healthy ageing among community-dwelling older adults. This scoping review is planned to systematically identify the literature from the last two decades, related to various assessments and interventions provided by occupational therapists to promote healthy ageing among older adults in South Asia. METHODS: This scoping review will be based on the methodological framework given by Arksey and O'Malley and Levac et al. and will include data from January 2000 onwards. The following databases will be included in the search-SCOPUS, MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, CINAHL, EBSCO, Clinical key, Wiley Online, ProQuest and Cochrane library. Screening of titles and abstracts and full texts will be carried out by two reviewers independently in consultation with the third reviewer. Both quantitative and qualitative data will be analysed separately to identify the assessments carried out, interventions provided and factors that influence healthy ageing among community-dwelling older adults aged ≥60 years in South Asia. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews will be used for collating and reporting the results. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: As this scoping review uses data from already available literature, it does not require ethics approval. Results will summarise and present the existing literature related to healthy ageing among community-dwelling older adults. We plan to disseminate the results through a peer-reviewed journal, targeting occupational therapists, other rehabilitation workers and researchers from South Asia.

Home-modification interventions addressing falls and participation in activities of daily living among older adults: a scoping review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Falls are the second leading reason for incidental or unexpected deaths worldwide. Many older adults who fall, regardless of whether they are injured or not, tend to experience fear of fall and this can lead to decreased participation in activities of daily living (ADLs). Subsequent falls lead to weakness, a decline in physical functioning, increased chances of falling and a negative impact on the instrumental ADLs. Here, we present our scoping review protocol to appraise the literature to describe and explain the home-modification interventions used by occupational therapists to address falls and participation in ADLs among community-dwelling older adults. We are aiming to review the available home-modification intervention protocols, facilitators and barriers to such interventions, and the experiences of occupational therapists and clients after receiving these interventions. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This scoping review protocol follows existing guidelines for scoping reviews with a particular attention on Arksey and O'Malley (2005) and Colquhoun et al (2014). We will include the following databases: Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Google Scholar. We plan to conduct the literature search from August 16, 2020 to September 15, 2020. Two reviewers will independently screen eligible studies for inclusion. We will extract the bibliographic data, study design, details of the intervention provided, outcomes and experiences of occupational therapists and clients, and further organise them for better understanding. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: As secondary data analysis, this scoping review does not require ethics approval. Results will summarise and disseminate the existing literature related to home-modification interventions provided by occupational therapists addressing falls and participation in ADLs among community-dwelling older adults. We plan to disseminate the results through peer-reviewed journals and conferences, targeting occupational therapists, other rehabilitation workers, researchers and policy makers.

Driving distracted with friends: Effect of passengers and driver distraction on young drivers' behavior.

Both passengers and driver distraction can have negative effects on young driver behavior. However, it is not known how these two concepts interact to influence driver behavior. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of passenger presence and driver distraction on young drivers' behavior. Forty-eight participants aged 18-20 participated in a driving simulator study. Participants completed three distracting tasks (visual, cognitive, or combined) while navigating a highway scenario. Results indicated that passenger presence interacted with driver distraction to have an effect on elevated g-force events in curves. Separately, distraction affected driving performance differently according to whether the task was visual, cognitive or combined. Having a close friendship resulted in less speeding and male drivers tended to maintain a better lane position compared to females. The results have implications for licensing laws as well as intervention programs aimed at improving young driver behavior.