Occupational factors associated with burnout among a sample of 9-1-1 public safety telecommunicators in Washington State.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate occupational factors associated with burnout among a sample of 9-1-1 public safety telecommunicators (PSTs). METHODS: An online survey measuring organizational factors (i.e., perceived visibility and inclusion in the agency, respectful culture, leadership support, perceived gratitude, and co-worker conflict); job characteristics (i.e., work-life integration, overtime, salary satisfaction, and job meaningfulness); burnout, demographic and call center characteristics, was emailed to a sample of PSTs.AnalysisDescriptive, bivariate, and multiple linear regression analyses were used to characterize the sample and investigate relationships among variables. RESULTS: N = 324 PSTs completed the survey. Multi-variate analysis showed that poor work-life integration and coworker conflict were associated with greater PST burnout, while job meaningfulness and perceptions of greater visibility and inclusion were linked to decreased levels of burnout. CONCLUSION: Occupational factors were associated with burnout among PSTs.

Bridging Culture and Language: Encouraging Bilingual/Multicultural Individuals to Act as Information Navigators for Their Loved-Ones and Communities during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Linguistically diverse communities face barriers to receiving appropriate health information. COVID-19 exacerbated these health-communication inequities. University of Washington researchers surveyed bilingual staff, students, and medical interpreters - desiring training to become effective communicators of COVID-19 information to their social networks and language communities. In response, the COVID-19 Information Navigator Training was developed and pre-tested with professional networks and members of the target audience. The final training comprised three interactive modules and short quizzes. Evaluation surveys measured Information Navigators' confidence in providing COVID-19 information to their social networks. Surveys included questions on the participants' language or cultural community, the perceived value of the training, and their ability to communicate COVID-19 information. Among 393 participants who enrolled in the training, 284 completed the survey. Significant differences in confidence before and after the course were found in detecting COVID misinformation in the news and social media (pre-course mean: 3.83, post-course mean: 4.63; absolute mean difference was 0.82 points higher in the post-evaluation on the 5-point likert scale, 95% CI: 0.70-0.93, p < .01). Training multicultural volunteers to disseminate information to their social networks is a promising strategy for reaching linguistically diverse communities with up-to-date information during health emergencies.

Effect of Mandatory and Voluntary Overtime Hours on Stress Among 9-1-1 Telecommunicators.

BACKGROUND: 9-1-1 telecommunicators are frequently exposed to indirect traumatic events that impact their mental and physical health and are often required to work overtime with rotating shifts. Previous studies reported various harmful effects of overtime on the health and well-being of workers, such as musculoskeletal injuries, burnout, low job satisfaction, fatigue, and intent to leave. However, there is limited research on the impact of overtime hours on 9-1-1 telecommunicators' stress symptoms, especially mandatory overtime hours. This study aimed to examine the relationship between overtime hours-mandatory and voluntary-and the level of stress symptoms among 9-1-1 telecommunicators. METHODS: We used secondary data from the surveys of the "Multi-tasking to hyper-tasking: Investigating the impact of Next Generation 9-1-1" study for analysis. Linear mixed-effects regression was applied to examine the association of overtime hours with the stress level. RESULTS: Of the 403 participants, 47.6% reported that they were required to work mandatory overtime, and the mean mandatory overtime was 7.51 (SD = 12.78) hours in the past month. 58.3% reported working voluntary overtime, and the mean voluntary overtime was 11.63 (SD = 17.48) hours. This study found that mandatory overtime hours were associated with an increase in self-reported stress symptoms (ß = 0.30, p = .002), whereas no significant association was found between voluntary overtime and the level of stress symptoms (ß = -0.01, p = .885). CONCLUSION/APPLICATION TO PRACTICE: Study results highlight the importance of reducing mandatory overtime in call centers as one possible strategy for reducing stress levels among this critical workforce.

"Another tool in the toolkit"-Perceptions, suggestions, and concerns of emergency service providers about the implementation of a supervised consumption site.

BACKGROUND: As Supervised Consumption Sites (SCS) are implemented in the United States, it is important to consider the needs and perceptions of impacted stakeholders. Emergency service providers (ESP) have a central role in responding to the overdose epidemic. This study intended to assess the how ESP perceive the potential implementation of an SCS in their community, as well as solicit program design and implementation-related concerns and suggestions. METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted by videoconference with 22 ESP, including firefighters, paramedics, police, and social workers in King County, Washington, USA. Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. RESULTS: Participants expressed the importance of feeling safe while responding to calls where drug use is involved and highlighted how this perception would be linked to ESP response times to calls from an SCS. Suggestions for improving the perceived safety of an SCS included training program staff in de-escalation as well as planning the layout of the SCS to accommodate ESP. The inadequacy of the emergency department as a point of care for PWUD was also identified as a theme, and some participants expressed enthusiasm regarding the prospect of the SCS as an alternative destination for transport. Finally, support for the SCS model was conditional on the appropriate utilization of emergency services and a reduction in call volume. Participants listed clarifying roles and pursuing opportunities for collaboration as ways to ensure appropriate utilization and maintain positive working relationships. CONCLUSION: This study builds on literature regarding stakeholder perceptions of SCS by focusing on the perceptions of a critically important stakeholder group. Results enhance understanding of what motivates ESP to support SCS implementation in their community. Other novel insights pertain to ESP thoughts about alternative care delivery models and strategies for emergency department visit diversion.

Burnout and Workplace Incivility Among Emergency Medical Services Practitioners: A Preliminary Report.

OBJECTIVE: Burnout has detrimental consequences for health care organizations, clinicians, and the quality of care that patients receive. Prior work suggests that workplace incivility (negative interpersonal acts) contributes to burnout. While workplace incivility is linked to EMS practitioner job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, and planned attrition, the relationship between workplace incivility and burnout has not been evaluated among EMS practitioners. This study aimed to characterize the prevalence and association of burnout and workplace incivility among EMS practitioners. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of EMS personnel in King County, Washington was performed in January to March of 2021 with burnout as the primary outcome and workplace incivility as a secondary outcome. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between outcomes and EMS practitioner factors that included age, sex, race/ethnicity, years of EMS experience, and current job role. RESULTS: 835 completed surveys were received (response rate 25%). The prevalence of burnout was 39.2%. Women were more likely to have burnout than men (59.3% vs. 33.7%, aOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3-3.7). Workplace incivility was experienced weekly by 32.1% of respondents, with women more likely to experience incivility compared to men (41.9% vs. 27.2%, aOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.3). Respondents who experienced frequent workplace incivility were more likely to have burnout than those who did not experience frequent incivility (61.9% vs. 38.1%, OR 4.0, 95% CI 3.0-5.5). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of burnout and workplace incivility were concerning among EMS practitioners, with women more likely to experience both compared to men. EMS practitioners who experienced frequent workplace incivility were also more likely to have burnout than those who did not experience frequent incivility.

"[T]he laws need to change to reflect current society": Insights from stakeholders involved in development, review or implementation of policies about adolescent consent for HIV testing, care and research in Kenya.

INTRODUCTION: Engaging adolescents in HIV care and research promotes the development of interventions tailored to their unique needs. Guidelines generally require parental permission for adolescents to receive HIV care/testing or participate in research, with exceptions. Nevertheless, parental permission requirements can restrict adolescent involvement in care and research. To better appreciate prospects for policy reform, we sought to understand the perspectives of stakeholders involved in the development, review and implementation of policies related to adolescents living with HIV. METHODS: Semi-structured individual interviews (IDIs) were conducted from October 2019 to March 2020 with 18 stakeholders with expertise in the (1) development of policy through membership in the Law Society of Kenya or work as a health policy official; (2) review of policy through ethics review committee service; or (3) implementation of policy through involvement in adolescent education. IDIs were conducted in English by Kenyan social scientists, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. We used thematic analysis to identify themes around how policies can be reformed to improve adolescent engagement in HIV care and research. RESULTS: Our analysis identified three major themes. First, policies should be flexible rather than setting an age of consent. Stakeholders noted that adolescents' capacity for engagement in HIV care and research depended on context, perceived risks and benefits, and "maturity"-and that age was a poor proxy for the ability to understand. Second, policies should evolve with changing societal views about adolescent autonomy. Participants recognized a generational shift in how adolescents learn and mature, suggesting the need for a more frequent review of HIV care and research guidelines. Third, adults should empower adolescent decision-making. Stakeholders felt that caregivers can gradually involve adolescents in decision-making to equip them to gain ownership over their health and lives, improving their confidence and capacity. CONCLUSIONS: Revising relevant laws to consider context, alternative measures of maturity, and evolving societal views about adolescence, along with supporting caregivers to assist in developing adolescent autonomy may promote more equitable and representative participation of adolescents in HIV care and research. Additional research should explore how to support caregivers and other adults to empower adolescents and improve stakeholder engagement in a more routine process of policy reform.

Perceptions of Prehospital Care for Patients With Limited English Proficiency Among Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics.

Importance: Patients with limited English proficiency (LEP) experience disparities in prehospital care. On-scene interactions between patients with LEP and emergency medical services (EMS) providers (ie, firefighters/emergency medical technicians [EMTs] and paramedics) are critical to high-quality care and have been minimally explored. Objective: To identify EMS-perceived barriers and facilitators to providing high-quality prehospital care for patients with LEP. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this qualitative study, semi-structured focus groups were conducted with firefighters/EMTs and paramedics with all levels of experience from urban areas with a high proportion of residents with LEP from July to September 2018. Data were analyzed from July 2018 to May 2019. Exposures: Providing prehospital care for patients with LEP. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes were barriers and facilitators to prehospital care for patients with LEP, assessed using thematic analysis. Four domains of interest were examined: (1) overall impressions of interactions with patients with LEP, (2) barriers and facilitators to communication, (3) barriers and facilitators to providing care, and (4) ideas for improving prehospital care for patients with LEP. Results: Thirty-nine EMS providers participated in 8 focus groups: 26 firefighters/EMTs (66%) and 13 paramedics (33%). The median age of participants was 46 years (range, 23-63 years), and 35 (90%) were male. Participants described barriers to optimal care as ineffective interpretation, cultural differences, high-stress scenarios (eg, violent events), unclear acuity of patient's condition, provider bias, and distrust of EMS. Perceived facilitators to optimal care included using an on-scene interpreter, high-acuity disease, relying on objective clinical findings, building trust and rapport, and conservative decision-making regarding treatment and transport. Providers reported transporting most patients with LEP to hospitals regardless of illness severity due to concern for miscommunication and unrecognized problems. Better speed and technology for interpretation, education for communities and EMS providers, and community-EMS interactions outside emergencies were cited as potential strategies for improvement. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, EMS providers described many barriers to high-quality care during prehospital emergency response for patients with LEP yet were unaware that these barriers impacted quality of care. Barriers including ineffective interpretation, provider bias, distrust of EMS, and cultural differences may contribute to outcome disparities and overutilization of resources. Future work should focus on the development of targeted interventions to improve modifiable barriers to care, such as improving interpretation and cultural humility and increasing trust.

Development and Evaluation of an Online Toolkit for Managers of 9-1-1 Emergency Communications Centers to Reduce Occupational Stress.

This article describes the development and evaluation of an online workplace stress reduction toolkit for use by managers of 9-1-1 emergency communication centers (ECCs). A three-step process for development and testing of digital learning resources was used: (1) establishing need and focus through ECC manager stakeholder engagement, (2) pretesting of the toolkit with the target ECC manager audience, and (3) toolkit utilization and evaluation. The toolkit was developed in close partnership with stakeholders throughout the entire process. Toolkit usage was documented via registration data. The evaluation utilized an online survey that included closed and open-ended questions, which were analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analysis. Over a 20-month period, 274 people registered for the toolkit and, of those, 184 (67%) accessed the content. Respondents to the evaluation survey (N = 156) scored the toolkit highly on satisfaction, self-efficacy, and perceived utility measures. Survey respondents reported intent to apply toolkit content through the following: providing organizational resources to help workers take better care of themselves (41%); creating a lower stress worksite environment (35%) and sharing resources with staff to (1) reduce stress (19%), (2) support conflict resolution (21%), and (3) prevent and/or stop bullying (17%). In delivering actionable content to ECC managers, the toolkit shows promise in addressing and mitigating occupational stress in ECCs. Further research needs to determine the relationship of this strategy for reducing ECC stress.

Determinants of Stress, Depression, Quality of Life, and Intent to Leave in Washington State Emergency Medical Technicians During COVID-19.

OBJECTIVES: This study characterizes determinants of stress, depression, quality of life, and intent to leave among emergency medical technicians (EMTs) in the Puget Sound region, Washington, during the COVID-19 pandemic and identifies areas for intervention on these outcomes. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey measured stress, depression, quality of life, and intent to leave among EMTs ( N = 123). Regression models were developed for these outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 23.8% of respondents were very likely to leave their position in the next 6 months. Job demands predicted stress and depression, and financial security predicted stress and quality of life. Intent to leave was predicted by stress, manager support, and length of employment. CONCLUSIONS: Increased exposure to hazards has impacted EMT mental health. Emergency medical technicians are vital to healthcare, so improving EMT health and well-being is important, as attrition during a pandemic could impact public health.

The impact of medical tourism on cervical cancer screening among immigrant women in the U.S.

BACKGROUND: Research on the relationship between medical tourism-traveling abroad for healthcare and cervical cancer screening is lacking. This study examines (1) the association between medical tourism and cervical cancer screening among immigrant women and (2) whether the association varies across years in the U.S. METHODS: We analyzed the New Immigrant Survey data of immigrant women aged 21-65 (n = 999). The outcome was having had a Pap smear since becoming a permanent resident, and the main predictor was medical tourism. Logistic regressions were conducted. RESULTS: Immigrant women who engaged in medical tourism had higher cervical cancer screening rates compared to those who did not engage in medical tourism (84.09% vs. 71.68%). This relationship was statistically significant only among women who have recently immigrated, after controlling for covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Immigrant women who engaged in medical tourism had 2.18 higher odds of receiving a Pap smear than immigrant women who did not, after controlling for other covariates. Health educators should be aware of the practice of medical tourism and consider providing education on adherence to cancer screening guidelines and follow up abnormal results to ensure that immigrant women receive continuous cancer care.

Working Safely in the Trades as Women: A Qualitative Exploration and Call for Women-Supportive Interventions.

BACKGROUND: Construction work offers women economic advancement and self-fulfillment opportunities, but multiple barriers prevent their increased representation in the industry. This study used qualitative methods to identity key physical and psychosocial safety hazards affecting tradeswomen. METHODS: Three focus groups were held in 2015 with 19 tradeswomen in Washington State. Groups discussed workplace hazards and solutions to make the trades safer for women. Discussions were recorded, transcribed, and two independent reviewers analyzed themes. RESULTS: Participants identified myriad physical and psychosocial hazards including a dangerous work environment, inadequate personal protective equipment, gender discrimination, and fear of layoff for reporting concerns. Participants identified mentorship as a potential intervention to overcome some of these barriers. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that the industry's work environment can be hostile and unsupportive for women, contributing to tradeswomen's injury risk and psychological distress. Future research and interventions should focus on understanding the relationships between and mediating the negative impact of women's physical and psychosocial workplace hazards. Results from these focus groups inspired a randomized control trial to study the impact mentorship has on decreasing physical and psychosocial hazards for women in construction, and improving retention.

Relationship between genetic knowledge and familial communication of CRC risk and intent to communicate CRCP genetic information: insights from FamilyTalk eMERGE III.

Successful translation of genetic information into patient-centered care and improved outcomes depends, at least in part, on patients' genetic knowledge. Although genetic knowledge is believed to be an important facilitator of familial communication of genetic risk information, empirical evidence of this association is lacking. We examined whether genetic knowledge was related to frequency of current familial communication about colorectal cancer and polyp (CRCP) risk, and future intention to share CRCP-related genomic test results with family members in a clinical sample of patients. We recruited 189 patients eligible for clinical CRCP sequencing to the eMERGE III FamilyTalk randomized controlled trial and surveyed them about genetic knowledge and familial communication at baseline. Participants were primarily Caucasian, 47% male, average age of 68 years, mostly well educated, and with high-income levels. Genetic knowledge was positively associated with future-intended familial communication of genetic information (odds ratio = 1.11, 95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.23), but not associated with current communication of CRC risk (ß = 0.01, p = .58). Greater current communication of CRC risk was associated with better family functioning (ß = 0.04, p = 8.2e-5). Participants' genetic knowledge in this study was minimally associated with their intended familial communication of genetic information. Although participants have good intentions of communication, family-level factors may hinder actual follow through of these intentions. Continued focus on improving proband's genetic knowledge coupled with interventions to overcome family-level barriers to communication may be needed to improve familial communication rates.

A Revised Ecological Model of Occupational Stress: Applications to 9-1-1 Telecommunicators.

Background: A cohesive body of scientific evidence has documented the adverse impacts of occupational stress on worker health and safety and, to a lesser extent, on organizational outcomes. How such adverse impacts may be prevented and/or ameliorated are important to understand, but progress has been limited due to the lack of a robust and comprehensive theoretical model of occupational stress. Methods: Building on a review of existing theoretical models of occupational stress and an ecological framework, a multilevel conceptual model of occupational stress and strain is proposed that identifies various and potentially interacting sources of occupational stressors as well as potential protective factors. Results: The revised ecological model proposed herein embraces a broad conceptualization of outcomes and includes an individual worker, work unit (team) performance as well as organizational level outcomes; for example, resilience/dysfunction. Conclusion/Application to Practice: This model provides occupational health nurses with an improved understanding of occupational and worker health as well as guidance in developing targeted interventions and generating new lines of occupational stress research.

Finding Dr. Kim: Information Sources of Korean Immigrants' Search for a Doctor in the U.S.

Korean immigrants in the United States (U.S.) are known for their preference for, and dependence on, co-ethnic doctors due to various barriers to the U.S. healthcare system. Recent immigrants tend to face more barriers than their non-recent counterparts. However, there is little information on how they find their doctors in the U.S. This study includes a self-administrated survey of Korean immigrants aged 18 and above who lived in the New York-New Jersey Metropolitan area in 2013-2014 (n = 440). Descriptive analysis was conducted to understand the most common information sources and the number of sources based on the duration of stay in the U.S. More recent Korean immigrants were female, had no family doctor, uninsured, younger, and more educated than their non-recent counterparts. Regardless of the duration of stay in the U.S., family members and friends were the most frequently sought-after sources for Korean immigrants in their search for doctors. In addition to family members and friends, non-recent Korean immigrants also used other methods (e.g., Korean business directories), whereas recent immigrants used both U.S. and Korean websites. More recent Korean immigrants used multiple sources compared to non-recent Korean immigrants, often combined with a Korean website. Our study suggests policy implications to improve recent immigrants' accessibility to health information in a timely manner.

Delays in recognition of the need for telephone-assisted CPR due to caller descriptions of chief complaint.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to test if caller descriptions of chief complaint delays emergency medical dispatchers' (EMDs) recognition of the need for telephone-assisted CPR (T-CPR). METHODS: We conducted an analysis of N = 433 cardiac arrest calls from six large call centers in the United States. Calls were abstracted for initial chief complaint description: caller reports (1) correct medical condition (CMC); (2) incorrect medical condition (IMC), or (3) signs/symptoms only (SS), as well the time interval between call pickup and recognition of the need for T-CPR. In addition, we abstracted if EMDs asked questions related to the caller's chief complaint (rather than, or before), asking about patients' consciousness and breathing status. RESULTS: The majority of cardiac arrest calls (60%) were reported as SS. Median time to recognition of the need for T-CPR was 64 s for SS chief complaints, 47 s for CMC chief complaints, and 100 s for IMC chief complaints. EMDs pursued chief complaint descriptions for 9% of the calls with SS chief complaints, 41% of the calls with IMC chief complaints, and 19% of the calls with CMC chief complaints. Median time to recognition of the need for CPR for calls in which the chief complaint description was pursued was 166 s compared to 62 s for calls in which the chief complaint description was not pursued. CONCLUSION: Caller chief complaint description affects the time to recognition of the need for T-CPR. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov Trial # NCT01972087.

Factors Associated with Buying Medications Abroad by Nativity and Race/Ethnicity in the US.

Growing costs of prescription medication are leading to increased purchases of prescriptions abroad. Yet there is a research gap of factors associated with this practice by nativity and race/ethnicity. We analyzed the 2017 National Health Interview Survey (n = 26,488). The outcome was whether the respondent purchased prescription medications from another country to save money in the past 12 months. Predictors were drawn from Andersen's healthcare utilization model. We used logistic regression models to examine factors associated with purchases by nativity and race/ethnicity. Foreign-born and Hispanic respondents showed a higher rate of purchasing medications abroad compared to their US-born and non-Hispanic white counterparts. Foreign-born respondents who are uninsured, who have no usual place of healthcare, who have difficulty finding a doctor, and who have lived in the US for less than 10 years were more likely to buy medications abroad. Different racial/ethnic groups differed on associated enabling factors. Need factor was significantly associated only with Hispanics' purchase of medications abroad. Our research reveals the need for health education regarding the safety and the illegality of this behavior, especially among recent and Hispanic immigrants.

Participant Engagement in and Perspectives on a Web-Based Mindfulness Intervention for 9-1-1 Telecommunicators: Multimethod Study.

BACKGROUND: Demanding working conditions and secondary exposure to trauma may contribute to a high burden of stress among 9-1-1 telecommunicators, decreasing their ability to work effectively and efficiently. Web-based mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) can be effective in reducing stress in similar populations. However, low engagement may limit the effectiveness of the intervention. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess participant engagement in a Web-based MBI designed for 9-1-1 telecommunicators. Specifically, we sought to describe the following: (1) participant characteristics associated with intervention engagement, (2) participant perspectives on engaging with the intervention, and (3) perceived challenges and facilitators to engaging. METHODS: We used qualitative and quantitative data from participant surveys (n=149) that were collected to assess the efficacy of the intervention. We conducted descriptive and bivariate analyses to identify associations between demographic, psychosocial, and workplace characteristics and engagement. We conducted a thematic analysis of qualitative survey responses to describe participant experiences with the MBI. RESULTS: We found that no individual participant characteristics were associated with the level of engagement (low vs high number of lessons completed). Participant engagement did vary by the call center (P<.001). We identified the following overarching qualitative themes: (1) the participants perceived benefits of mindfulness practice, (2) the participants perceived challenges to engage with mindfulness and the intervention, and (3) intervention components that facilitated engagement. The participants expressed positive beliefs in the perceived benefits of practicing mindfulness, including increased self-efficacy in coping with stressors and increased empathy with callers. The most commonly cited barriers were work-related, particularly not having time to participate in the intervention at work. Facilitators included shorter meditation practices and the availability of multiple formats and types of intervention content. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that efforts to improve intervention engagement should focus on organizational-level factors rather than individual participant characteristics. Future research should explore the effect of mindfulness practice on the efficiency and effectiveness of 9-1-1 telecommunicators at work. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02961621; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02961621.

Using a smartwatch with real-time feedback improves the delivery of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation by healthcare professionals.

AIM: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality affects survival after cardiac arrest. We aimed to investigate if a smartwatch with real-time feedback can improve CPR quality by healthcare professionals. METHODS: An app providing real-time audiovisual feedback was developed for a smartwatch. Emergency Department (ED) professionals were recruited and randomly allocated to either the intervention group wearing a smartwatch with the preinstalled app, or to a control group. All participants were asked to perform a two-minute CPR on a manikin at a 30:2 compression-ventilation ratio. Primary outcomes were the mean CCR and CCD measured on the manikin. A secondary outcome was the percentage of chest compressions meeting both the guideline-recommended rate (100-120 min-1) and depth (50-60 mm) of high-quality CPR during a 2-min period. Differences between groups were evaluated with t-test, Chi-Square test, or Mann-Whitney U test depending on the distribution. RESULTS: Eighty participants were recruited. 40 people were assigned to the intervention and 40 to the control group. The compression rates (mean ± SD, min-1) were significantly faster (but above the guideline recommendation, P < 0.001) in the control (129.1 ± 14.9) than in the intervention group (112.0 ± 3.5). The compression depths (mean ± SD, mm) were significantly deeper (P < 0.001) in the intervention (50.9 ± 6.6) than in the control group (39.0 ± 8.7). The percentage (%) of high-quality CPR was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the intervention (median 39.4, IQR 27.1-50.1) than in the control group (median 0.0, IQR 0.0-0.0). CONCLUSION: Without real-time feedback, chest compressions tend to be too fast and too shallow. CPR quality can be improved with the assistance of a smartwatch providing real-time feedback.

Destress 9-1-1-an online mindfulness-based intervention in reducing stress among emergency medical dispatchers: a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: Emergency medical dispatchers (EMDs) experience significant stress in the workplace. Yet, interventions aimed at reducing work-related stress are difficult to implement due to the logistic challenges associated with the relatively unique EMD work environment. This investigation tested the efficacy of a 7-week online mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) tailored to the EMD workforce. METHODS: Active-duty EMDs from the USA and Canada (n=323) were randomly assigned to an intervention or wait list control condition. Participants completed surveys of stress and mindfulness at baseline, post intervention, and 3 months follow-up. Repeated measures mixed effects models were used to assess changes in stress and mindfulness. RESULTS: Differences between the intervention group and control group in pre-post changes in stress using the Calgary Symptoms of Stress Inventory were statistically significant, with a difference of -10.0 (95% CI: -14.9, -5.2, p<0.001) for change from baseline to post intervention, and a difference of -6.5 (95% CI: -11.9, -1.1, p=0.02) for change from baseline to 3 months follow-up. Change in mindfulness scores did not differ between groups. However, increases in mindfulness scores were correlated with greater reductions in stress for all participants, regardless of group (r=-0.53, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Development of tailored online MBIs for employees working in challenging work environments offer a promising direction for prevention and intervention. This study found that a short, weekly online MBI for EMDs resulted in reductions in reports of stress. Implications of online MBIs in other emergency responding populations and directions for future research are discussed.

Evaluating the Usefulness of Translation Technologies for Emergency Response Communication: A Scenario-Based Study.

BACKGROUND: In the United States, language barriers pose challenges to communication in emergency response and impact emergency care delivery and quality for individuals who are limited English proficient (LEP). There is a growing interest among Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel in using automated translation tools to improve communications with LEP individuals in the field. However, little is known about whether automated translation software can be used successfully in EMS settings to improve communication with LEP individuals. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work is to use scenario-based methods with EMS providers and nonnative English-speaking users who identified themselves as LEP (henceforth referred to as LEP participants) to evaluate the potential of two automated translation technologies in improving emergency communication. METHODS: We developed mock emergency scenarios and enacted them in simulation sessions with EMS personnel and Spanish-speaking and Chinese-speaking (Mandarin) LEP participants using two automated language translation tools: an EMS domain-specific fixed-sentence translation tool (QuickSpeak) and a statistical machine translation tool (Google Translate). At the end of the sessions, we gathered feedback from both groups through a postsession questionnaire. EMS participants also completed the System Usability Scale (SUS). RESULTS: We conducted a total of 5 group sessions (3 Chinese and 2 Spanish) with 12 Chinese-speaking LEP participants, 14 Spanish-speaking LEP participants, and 17 EMS personnel. Overall, communications between EMS and LEP participants remained limited, even with the use of the two translation tools. QuickSpeak had higher mean SUS scores than Google Translate (65.3 vs 48.4; P=.04). Although both tools were deemed less than satisfactory, LEP participants showed preference toward the domain-specific system with fixed questions (QuickSpeak) over the free-text translation tool (Google Translate) in terms of understanding the EMS personnel's questions (Chinese 11/12, 92% vs 3/12, 25%; Spanish 12/14, 86% vs 4/14, 29%). While both EMS and LEP participants appreciated the flexibility of the free-text tool, multiple translation errors and difficulty responding to questions limited its usefulness. CONCLUSIONS: Technologies are emerging that have the potential to assist with language translation in emergency response; however, improvements in accuracy and usability are needed before these technologies can be used safely in the field.