This study aimed to assess the impact of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) leaf extract against the poisoning of lead acetate; therefore, sixty mice were allocated into 4 groups with 15 in each, as G1) blank control, G2) supplied with 300 mg/kg body weight (BWT). M. oleifera extract, G3) supplied with 60 mg/kg BWT of lead acetate [Pb(C2H3O2)2], and G4) supplied with extract of M. oleifera + lead acetate. The liver enzymes were elevated post-treatment with Pb(C2H3O2)2, which then lowered to almost the normal level when M. oleifera was supplied to mice previously treated with Pb(C2H3O2)2. The values in (G3) decreased when compared with G1 (92.33 ± 12.99, 21.67 ± 2.91 and 98.00 ± 13.20 U/L, respectively. Also, the cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels were elevated post-supplementation with M. oleifera and Pb(C2H3O2)2. Pb(C2H3O2)2 improves the lipid profile, whereas M. oleifera pretreatment reduced cholesterol (CHOL), high density low cholesterol (HDL-c), and low-density low cholesterol (LDL-c) levels in animals fed Pb(C2H3O2)2. Pb(C2H3O2)2 elevates the total protein but lowers the total bilirubin and triglycerides post M. oleifera treatment and Pb(C2H3O2)2 when contrasted with G1. The protective effect of M. oleifera was caused by the fact that it lowered triglycerides (TG) and total bilirubin (TBIL) and raised total protein (TP). After administration of Pb(C2H3O2)2, the histological examination revealed alterations in the hepatocytes and kidneys of G3. Also, the liver and kidney cells in mice supplied with M. oleifera after Pb(C2H3O2)2 poisoning recovered. In conclusion, Pb is toxic, and the usage of M. oleifera partially enhances the negative impacts induced by Pb(C2H3O2)2.
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a common organophosphorus insecticide. It is associated with negative consequences such as neurotoxicity and reproductive injury. This study aimed to observe the ability of olive leaf extract to attenuate chlorpyrifos toxicity, which induced neuro- and reproductive toxicity in male albino rats. Olive leaf extract (OLE) exhibits potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties. Twenty-two mature male rats were divided into four groups: control (saline), CPF (9 mg/kg), OLE (150 mg/kg), and CPF + OLE. Treatment was administered orally for 80 days. The CPF significantly reduced serum sex hormones, sperm counts and motility, high oxidants (MDA), and depleted antioxidants (GSH, SOD, TAC) in the brain and testes homogenate; additionally, it decreased serum AChE and brain neurotransmitters, increased Bax, decreased Bcl-2, and boosted caspase-3 immune expression in neural and testicular cells. Immunological expression of Ki 67 in the cerebrum, cerebellum, choroid plexus, and hippocampus was reduced, and α-SMA in testicular tissue also decreased. Histopathological findings were consistent with the above impacts. OLE co-administration significantly normalized all these abnormalities. OLE showed significant protection against neural and reproductive damage caused by CPF.
This investigation was conducted to demonstrate the potential impacts of different doses of Bisphenol A (BPA) or Nonylphenol (NP) and their mixtures on some biological activities in male albino rats. Seventy male albino rats were allocated to the control group (GI) and were given 1 mL of ethanol. G II and G III were given 100 mg/kg of each of BPA and NP, G IV and G V were given 25 mg/kg of each of BPA and NP, G VI was given a high dose of BPA and NP, and G VII was given a low dose of BPA and NP. All animals were treated orally for 60 days. Serum biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidants, immune-inflammatory mediators, and apoptotic markers were determined, as well as a histopathological examination of the testis at the end of the experimental period. The results obtained showed a pronounced increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), and 4-hydroxynonenol (4-HNE), concomitant with a significant reduction in serum Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase enzyme (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in all treated groups. A significant elevation in TNF Alpha, TNF Beta, and Caspase 3 serum was recorded individually and in the groups treated with high doses. The disturbance is represented by histological damage in the testis in the germinal epithelium and a decrease in spermatozoa inside the lumen of seminiferous tubules. The effects on testis tissues were dose-dependent, pronounced in mixture doses, and remarkable in higher doses. In conclusion, exposure to BPA and NP strongly impacts antioxidants, immune-inflammatory mediators, and testis tissue architecture. Furthermore, the data from this investigation support the idea that exposure to BPA and NP in daily life has multiple damages.
Global climate change is accelerating at an unprecedented rate, and the consequences of global warming are expected to worsen. Many heat waves have recently hit various parts of the world, causing major losses in livestock, particularly in the poultry sector, resulting in massive mortalities and catastrophic economic losses. Therefore, the current review sheds light on the effects of heat stress on the poultry industry, and discusses the factors relevant to these harmful effects on behavior, bone development, blood chemistry and physiological changes, pathogenesis, and immune responses. Potential methods to ameliorate the heat stress response in birds, with particular reference to the role of probiotics in controlling such problems, is further discussed.
Heat Stress Disorders , Probiotics , Animals , Heat-Shock Response , Livestock , Poultry
Gentamicin (GEN) is a bactericidal aminoglycoside known to cause nephrotoxicity. Formononetin (FN) is a potent flavonoid that exhibits numerous promising pharmacological activities. In this study, we have assessed the nephroprotective efficacy of FN against GEN-induced renal injury in rats. Rats were orally administered with FN (60 mg/kg/day, for 2 weeks) and were co-treated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of GEN (100 mg/kg/day) during the days 8-14. GEN-treated rats demonstrated increased urea and creatinine levels in serum associated with marked histopathological changes in the kidney. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl contents were elevated, whereas glutathione concentration and catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were lowered in GEN-administered rats. The FN largely prevented tissue damage, attenuated renal function, reduced MDA and protein carbonyl, and enhanced antioxidant capacity in the kidney of GEN-administrated animals. The kidney of GEN-treated rats demonstrated elevated Bax and caspase-3 protein expression, accompanied by lowered Bcl-2 protein expression, an effect that FN attenuated. Moreover, FN treatment caused upregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression in renal tissue of GEN-intoxicated animals. Collectively, FN protects against GEN-caused renal damage via exhibiting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities and augmenting Nrf2 signaling, suggesting FN as a promising agent for preventing drug-induced organ damage.
Application of bio-pesticides in agriculture has been developed as alternative agents to conventional pesticides due to residues accumulating which causing detrimental effects to human and environment. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate biosafety of a bio-insecticide Beauveria bassiana using two products in female rats by single oral dose through hepato- and renal toxicity, hematotoxicity and lipid profile. The two products from B. bassiana (AUMC 9896) were metabolic crude (MC), and wettable powder formulation (WP) of the local isolate. Results showed a significant increase in values of erythrocytes (RBCs), leucocytes (WBCs), platelet count (Plt) and the absolute differential WBC counts. Liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) and globulin (Glb) content were reduced in the exposed female rats with both types of B. bassiana in comparison to controls. While ratio of AST/ALT and A/G, total protein level (TP) and albumin (Alb) were raised in Beauveria bassiana -treated rats (Bb - treated rats). Urea and creatinine concentrations decreased or increased significantly in treated rats. Moreover, there was a decline in the serum of lipid profiles in WP - treated rats, but LDL levels increased in all treated animal. Additionally, no mortality or toxicity in all treated. All animals treated showed non-significant modifications in body weight gain and a slight change in relative liver weights when compared to controls. These results suggest that both treatments effect markedly on function and somatic index of the liver and slight effects on CBC and lipid profile aspects of treated female rats.
This trial was performed to determine the effect of rice bran oil (RBO) inclusion in diets of broiler chickens on performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters, meat quality, antioxidant activity, liver lipid content, and liver histological structure. The 35-day feeding trial was conducted on 240 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens, allocated to four treatment groups with six replicates each. RBO was examined at different inclusion levels, 0% (control), 1% (RBO1%), 1.5% (RBO1.5%), and 2% (RBO2%) in a completely randomized design. The results showed that at the end of the trial (35 days) the RBO supplementation had positive effects (p < 0.001) on the productivity parameters, but the feed intake was linearly decreased due to RBO inclusion. In addition, RBO supplementation linearly improved (p < 0.05) the dressing percentage, breast yield, immune organs relative weights, and meat glutathione concentration, while it decreased (p < 0.01) the abdominal fat yield and meat crude fat, triglycerides, cholesterol, and Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in broiler's meat. Moreover, serum total protein, globulin, and high-density lipoprotein contents improved noticeably (p < 0.01) due to offering an RBO-supplemented diet, but serum total lipids, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations linearly reduced (p < 0.01). The RBO supplementation augmented (p < 0.05) the phagocytic index, phagocytic activity, and antibody titer compared to control. On the other hand, RBO inclusion had no effect on the breast, thigh, or abdominal fat color parameters. Moreover, RBO supplementation reduced (p < 0.01) the content of total saturated FA (SFA), but increased (p < 0.01) the content of total monounsaturated FA (MUFA), and polyunsaturated FA in both breast and thigh meat. Chemical analysis of the liver tissue samples revealed that the inclusion of RBO linearly reduced (p < 0.05) hepatic cholesterol, triglyceride, and MDA contents. Histologically, the lipid percentage and number of lipid droplets (p < 0.01) were markedly lessened in the RBO-supplemented groups. The histological structure of the liver asses by light and electron microscope were normal in all groups without any pathological lesions. It is concluded that RBO could be used as a valuable ingredient in broiler chickens' diets to stimulate the growing performance and immune status, enhance the antioxidant activity and blood lipid profile, augment liver function, and improve the nutritive value of the meat.
