Outcomes after intensity-modulated compared with 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy with chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal.

Purpose: We report our institution's treatment techniques, disease outcomes, and complication rates after radiotherapy for the management of anal canal carcinoma with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (imrt) and concurrent chemotherapy relative to prior cases managed with 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-crt). Methods: In a retrospective review of the medical records of 21 patients diagnosed with biopsy-proven stage i (23%), stage ii (27%), or stage iii (50%) squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal treated with curative chemotherapy and imrt between July 2009 and December 2014, patient outcomes were determined. Results for patients treated with 3D-crt by the same group were previously reported. The median initial radiation dose to the pelvic and inguinal nodes at risk was 45 Gy (range: 36-50.4 Gy), and the median total dose, including local anal canal primary tumour boost, was 59.4 Gy (range: 41.4-61.2 Gy). Patients received those doses over a median of 32 fractions (range: 23-34 fractions). Chemotherapy consisted of 2 cycles of concurrent fluorouracil-cisplatin (45%) or fluorouracil-mitomycin C (55%). Results: Median follow-up was 3.1 years (range: 0.38-6.4 years). The mean includes a patient who died of septic shock at 38 days. The 3-year rates of overall survival, metastasis-free survival, locoregional control, and colostomy-free survival were 95%, 100%, 100%, and 100% respectively. No patients underwent abdominoperitoneal resection after chemoradiotherapy or required diverting colostomy during or after treatment. Those outcomes compare favourably with the previously published series that used 3D-crt with or without brachytherapy in treating anal canal cancers. Of the 21 patients in the present series, 10 (48%) experienced acute grade 3, 4, or 5 toxicities related to treatment. Conclusions: The recommended use of imrt with concurrent chemotherapy as an improvement over 3D-crt for management of anal canal carcinoma achieves a high probability of local control and colostomy-free survival without excessive risk for acute or late treatment-related toxicities.

Influence of radiation therapy on reconstructive flaps after radical resection of head and neck cancer.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of radiotherapy (RT) on reconstructive flaps after radical excision of head and neck cancer. Eighty-eight reconstructive flaps were used in 82 patients who received RT either before (PREOP group, 14 flaps) or after (POSTOP group, 74 flaps) surgery. The success and healing rates of the flaps were evaluated. The success and healing rates were lower in the PREOP group than in the POSTOP group (86% vs 99%, P=0.026 for success; and 64% vs 95%, P=0.003 for healing). The rate of acute radiation reaction in flaps in the POSTOP group was significantly lower than in the surrounding normal tissues (35% vs 84%, P=0.003). Late side effects of RT were rare. Our results suggest good radiation tolerance of reconstructive flaps after radical tumour excision in the head and neck region. Success and healing of the flap are likely to be better if RT is administered after surgery.

Radiotherapy and radiosurgery for skull base tumors.

Tumors arising in the vicinity of the skull base are relatively uncommon; however, lesions that may be successfully treated by radiotherapy and radiosurgery include temporal bone chemodectomas, schwannomas, juvenile angiofibromas, pituitary adenomas, and meningiomas. This article reviews treatment techniques and results and discusses the pertinent literature.

Radiotherapy alone for clinical T4 skin carcinoma of the head and neck with surgery reserved for salvage.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of definitive radiotherapy in the treatment of clinical stage T4 cutaneous carcinomas of the head and neck. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between October 1964 and September 1997, 85 patients with 88 biopsy-proven clinical AJCC stage T4 carcinomas of the skin of the head and neck received radiotherapy with curative intent. A total of 43 lesions were previously untreated, and 45 were recurrent after other treatment modalities. Histologic types of carcinoma included squamous cell (37 lesions), basal cell (41 lesions), and metatypical basal (basosquamous) cell (10 lesions). Minimum follow-up was 2 years. The product-limit method was used to determine the rates of disease control, severe late complications, and survival. Multivariate analyses included histology, previous treatment, involvement of bone or nerve, number of structures invaded, node stage, external beam dose, and overall treatment time. RESULTS: At 5 years, the rates of local control after radiotherapy and ultimate local control after salvage surgery were 53% and 90%, respectively. Local control rates were better for patients having previously untreated lesions (P =.05). Regional and ultimate regional control rates were 93% and 100%, respectively, and were better for previously untreated lesions (P <.01), basal cell histology or its metatypical variant (P =.04), and absence of bone invasion (P =.08). At 5 years, the risk of severe late complications was 17%, the risk of distant metastasis was 5%, and the overall absolute and cause-specific survival probabilities were 56% and 76%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Radiotherapy alone results in a relatively high probability of cure for selected patients with T4 skin cancers.

Planned postradiotherapy bilateral neck dissection for head and neck cancer.

PURPOSE: This is a retrospective analysis of 50 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck treated with radiotherapy (RT) to the primary site and bilateral neck followed by a planned bilateral neck dissection approximately 4 to 6 weeks after completion of RT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between November 1964 and March 1997, 50 patients underwent bilateral neck dissections after RT, with minimum 2-year follow-up. Forty-eight patients had bilateral positive neck nodes. RESULTS: At 5 years, the rates of neck disease control, local-regional control, and cause-specific survival were 76%, 70%, and 39%, respectively. Five severe complications developed after surgery, and 1 developed after RT. CONCLUSIONS: Radiotherapy followed by a planned bilateral neck dissection resulted in a high rate of local-regional control with acceptable morbidity. The likelihood of severe complications after simultaneous (as opposed to staged) neck dissection was not significantly different (P =.24).

T1-T2N0 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx treated with radiation therapy.

PURPOSE: The end results after radiation therapy for T1-T2N0 glottic carcinoma vary considerably. We analyze patient-related and treatment-related parameters that may influence the likelihood of cure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Five hundred nineteen patients were treated with radiation therapy and had follow-up for >or= 2 years. Three patients who were disease-free were lost to follow-up at 7 months, 21 months, and 10.5 years. No other patients were lost to follow-up. RESULTS: Local control rates at 5 years after radiation therapy were as follows: T1A, 94%; T1B, 93%; T2A, 80%; and T2B, 72%. Multivariate analysis of local control revealed that the following parameters significantly influenced this end point: overall treatment time (P < .0001), T stage (P = .0003), and histologic differentiation (P = .013). Patients with poorly differentiated cancers fared less well than those with better differentiated lesions. Rates of local control with laryngeal preservation at 5 years were as follows: T1A and T1B, 95%; T2A, 82%; and T2B, 76%. Cause-specific survival rates at 5 years were as follows: T1A and T1B, 98%; T2A, 95%; and T2B, 90%. One patient with a T1N0 cancer and three patients with T2N0 lesions experienced severe late radiation complications. CONCLUSION: Radiation therapy cures a high percentage of patients with T1-T2N0 glottic carcinomas and has a low rate of severe complications. The major treatment-related parameter that influences the likelihood of cure is overall treatment time.

Treatment of paragangliomas with radiation therapy.

Paragangliomas of the head and neck may be treated successfully with surgery, radiation therapy, or stereotactic radiosurgery. The choice of treatment depends on the location and extent of the tumor, the presence of multiple tumors, the age and health of the patient, and the preference of the patient and attending physician. This article reviews the role of radiation therapy in the treatment of patients with paragangliomas of the head and neck.

Squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to the neck from an unknown head and neck primary site.

Squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to the neck from an unknown head and neck primary site is relatively uncommon and presents a challenging diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Diagnostic evaluation includes fine-needle aspiration of the neck mass, chest roentgenography, computed tomography, and/or magnetic resonance imaging of the head and neck, followed by panendoscopy and biopsies. The primary tumor will be detected in approximately 40% of patients; approximately 80% of cancers are located in the base of the tongue or tonsillar fossa. Management options include treatment of the neck alone or both sides of the neck and the potential head and neck primary sites. The latter approach is associated with better long-term control above the clavicles. The 5-year survival rate is approximately 50% after treatment and is influenced by the extent of neck disease. In this article, we review the pertinent literature.

Conservative treatment of rectal adenocarcinoma.

Endocavitary radiotherapy and transrectal excision are highly effective treatments for properly selected patients with favorable early-stage rectal adenocarcinoma. The likelihood of local control and survival after treatment with either modality is similar, and differences among various series probably reflect selection. The parameter most predictive of local control and survival in the authors' series was tumor configuration. As has been previously observed, "selection is the silent partner of success." Suitable candidates for endocavitary radiotherapy or wide local excision are patients whose tumors are 3 cm or less in diameter, well-to-moderately differentiated, exophytic, mobile, limited to the submucosa on transrectal ultrasound, and within 10 cm of the anal verge. The advantages of endocavitary irradiation are (1) it is an outpatient procedure, (2) it does not require anesthesia, and (3) it is less expensive than transrectal excision. The advantages of transrectal excision are (1) it may be performed during one brief hospitalization (as opposed to four outpatient visits), and (2) a small subset of patients will have pathologic findings predicting an increased risk of regional lymph node involvement, revealing the need to treat the nodes with external-beam radiotherapy. A disadvantage of wide local excision is that some patients who would be suitable for a local procedure alone must be subjected to a course of external-beam radiotherapy when they are found to have equivocal or positive margins. Patients who are treated with transrectal excision and external-beam radiotherapy have less favorable lesions and are not comparable with patients who are treated with endocavitary radiotherapy or wide local excision alone. They are best compared with patients who have undergone major surgery consisting of abdominoperineal resection or low anterior resection. Because the risk of positive nodes is significantly increased with adverse pathologic findings such as poor differentiation, invasion of the muscularis propria, and endothelial-lined space invasion, a subset of these patients treated with wide local excision would have positive nodes. This subset of patients is not comparable with patients with stage pT1N0 and pT2N0 tumors treated with major surgery. The latter group of patients undergo complete surgical staging, whereas the pathologic staging for patients who undergo wide local excision and radiotherapy is limited to the extent of the primary tumor. With this caveat in mind, wide local excision and radiotherapy seem to result in locoregional control and survival rates similar to the rates obtained with major surgery for patients with pT1 and pT2 cancers (Table 5). Patients who should receive postoperative irradiation have tumors that exhibit one or more of the following characteristics: size greater than 3 cm in diameter, poorly differentiated, invasion of the muscularis propria, endothelial-lined space invasion, fragmented resection, equivocal or positive margins, or perineural invasion. Patients with gross residual disease are not suitable candidates for radiotherapy and require further surgery. The authors' policy is to treat these patients with chemoradiation followed by resection. Patients thought to have transmural invasion before treatment are probably best treated with preoperative chemoradiation combined with major surgery, although a subset of patients can be downstaged and rendered suitable for a wide local excision.

Squamous cell carcinomas metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown head and neck mucosal site treated with radiation therapy with palliative intent.

Minimal information has been published about the results of palliative irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown head and neck primary site. Forty patients with this diagnosis were treated at the University of Florida with radiation therapy with palliative intent. The nodal response rate was 65% and the symptomatic response rate was 57% at 1 year. The absolute survival rate was 25% at 1 year, as was the cause-specific survival rate. Radiotherapy successfully palliates more than half of those treated. Approximately one fourth are alive 1 year after irradiation.

Long-term results of radiation therapy for juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.

PURPOSE: To analyze 15 patients treated with radiation therapy for juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) between June 1975 and March 1996. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients had a 2.5-year minimum follow-up. All patients had advanced disease (Chandler stage III or stage IV); two thirds of the patients had intracranial extension. RESULTS: Local control after radiotherapy was obtained in 13 of 15 patients (85%). Two patients had local recurrences, and both were salvaged with surgery for an ultimate local control rate of 100%. Late complications included cataracts in 3 patients, delayed transient central nervous system (CNS) syndrome in 1 patient, and a basal cell carcinoma of the skin in 1 patient. Of 15 patients, 13 (85%) had a complete response (CR) on physical examination following radiation therapy. The median time to CR was 13 months (range, 1 to 39 months). Of 6 patients with residual disease in more than 24 months, 2 (33%) had a recurrence, whereas no patient achieving CR in less than 24 months experienced a recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for advanced JNA. Tumor regression usually occurs slowly over several months. JNAs that are slow to regress (greater than 2 years) may have an increased risk of recurrence.

Squamous cell carcinomas of the soft palate treated with radiation therapy alone or followed by planned neck dissection.

PURPOSE: The present study presents the experience at the University of Florida with treatment of unselected patients with carcinomas of the soft palate with radiation therapy (RT) alone or followed by planned neck dissection. METHODS AND MATERIALS: One hundred seven patients treated with curative intent with RT alone or followed by neck dissection from 1965 to 1996 were included in the study. All patients had follow-up for at least 2 years. No patients were lost to follow-up. RESULTS: Local control rates at 5 years were 86% for T1, 91% for T2, 67% for T3, and 36% for T4 carcinomas. T-stage and overall treatment time significantly affected local control in multivariate analysis. Nodal control rates at 5 years were 86% for NO, 76% for N1, 61% for N2, and 67% for N3 carcinomas. Overall treatment time and planned neck dissection significantly affected nodal control in multivariate analysis. Ultimate local-regional control rates at 5 years were 90% for Stage I, 92% for Stage II, 84% for Stage III, and 60% for Stage IV disease. Overall treatment time and planned neck dissection significantly affected ultimate local-regional control in multivariate analysis. The overall survival rate at 5 years was 42% for all patients. Overall stage, overall treatment time, and planned neck dissection significantly affected overall survival in multivariate analysis. The cause-specific survival rate at 5 years was 70% for all patients. Overall treatment time and planned neck dissection significantly affected cause-specific survival in multivariate analysis. Three patients sustained severe postoperative complications and 3 patients sustained severe late complications. Sixteen patients had synchronous and 14 patients had metachronous carcinomas of the head and neck mucosal sites. CONCLUSION: For limited carcinomas of the soft palate, RT (alone or followed by planned neck dissection) results in relatively high local-regional control and survival rates. For advanced carcinomas of the soft palate, local-regional control and survival rates are relatively low and local-regional recurrence rates are substantial. Advanced carcinomas of the soft palate may be better treated with RT and concomitant chemotherapy.

Squamous cell carcinomas metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown head-and-neck mucosal site treated with radiation therapy alone or in combination with neck dissection.

PURPOSE: The present study presents the experience at the University of Florida with treatment of patients with squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown head-and-neck mucosal (H&NM) site with radiotherapy (RT) alone or in combination with neck dissection (ND). METHODS AND MATERIALS: The study included 126 patients treated with curative intent from 1964 to 1997. All patients had follow-up for at least 2 years. No patients were lost to follow-up. RESULTS: Twelve patients (10%) developed SCC in H&NM sites at 0.5 to 10.9 years (median, 1.8 years). The rate of developing carcinomas in H&NM sites at 5 years was 13%. Histologic differentiation significantly affected the rate of developing carcinomas in H&NM sites in multivariate analysis. Sixteen patients (13%) had persistent nodal disease and 12 patients (10%) developed recurrent nodal disease at 0.5 to 10.9 years (median, 1.1 years). The nodal control rate at 5 years was 78%. Nodal size, N stage, and planned ND significantly affected the rate of nodal control in multivariate analysis. Nineteen patients (15%) developed distant metastasis at 0.2-5.1 years (median, 0.9 years). The distant metastases rate at 5 years was 14%. Extracapsular extension and RT dose significantly affected the risk of distant metastases in multivariate analysis. The overall absolute survival rate at 5 years was 47%. Extracapsular extension, N stage, RT dose for H&NM sites, and planned ND significantly affected absolute survival in multivariate analysis. The rate of cause-specific survival at 5 years was 67%. Extracapsular extension, nodal size, N stage, overall treatment time, and planned ND significantly affected cause-specific survival in multivariate analysis. Eight patients (6%) had severe postoperative complications and 6 patients (5%) had severe late complications. CONCLUSION: The present study supports the effectiveness of RT in lowering the rate of developing carcinomas in the H&NM sites.

Definitive radiotherapy in the management of chemodectomas arising in the temporal bone, carotid body, and glomus vagale.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of treatment for 71 patients with 80 chemodectomas of the temporal bone, carotid body, or glomus vagale who were treated with radiation therapy (RT) alone (72 tumors in 71 patients) or subtotal resection and RT (8 tumors) at the University of Florida between 1968 and 1998. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Sixty-six lesions were previously untreated, whereas 14 had undergone prior treatment (surgery, 11 lesions; RT, 1 lesion; or both, 2 lesions) and were treated for locally recurrent disease. All three patients who received prior RT had been treated at other institutions. Patients had minimum follow-up times as follows: 2 years, 66 patients (93%); 5 years, 53 patients (75%); 10 years, 37 patients (52%); 15 years, 29 patients (41%); 20 years, 18 patients (25%); 25 years, 12 patients (17%); and 30 years, 4 patients (6%). RESULTS: There were five local recurrences at 2.6 years, 4.6 years, 5.3 years, 8.3 years, and 18.8 years, respectively. Four were in glomus jugulare tumors and one was a carotid body tumor. Two of the four patients with glomus jugulare failures were salvaged, one with stereotactic radiosurgery and one with surgery and postoperative RT at another institution. Two of the five recurrences had been treated previously at other institutions with RT and/or surgery. Treatment for a third recurrence was discontinued, against medical advice, before receiving the prescribed dose. There were, therefore, only 2 failures in 65 previously untreated lesions receiving the prescribed course of RT. The overall crude local control rate for all 80 lesions was 94%, with an ultimate local control rate of 96% after salvage treatment. The incidence of treatment-related complications was low. CONCLUSIONS: Irradiation offers a high probability of tumor control with relatively minimal risks for patients with chemodectomas of the temporal bone and neck. There were no severe treatment complications.

Organ preservation with radiotherapy for T1-T2 carcinoma of the pyriform sinus.

PURPOSE: To report long-term results using radiotherapy with or without a planned neck dissection for T1-T2 carcinoma of the pyriform sinus. METHODS: An analysis of 101 patients treated at the University of Florida with RT with or without a planned neck dissection for organ preservation. RESULTS: The 5-year local control rates after RT were 90% for T1 cancers and 80% for T2 lesions. The only parameter that significantly influenced local control in univariate analyses was apex involvement for T1 tumors. Multivariate analysis revealed no parameter that significantly affected local control. Cause-specific survival rates at 5 years were as follows: stage I-II, 96%; stage III, 62%; stage IVA, 49%; and stage IVB, 33%. The absolute survival rates were as follows: stage I, 57%; stage II, 61%; stage III, 41%; stage IVA, 29%; and stage IVB, 25%. Moderate to severe long-term complications developed in 12% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: RT alone or combined with a planned neck dissection resulted in local control with larynx preservation in a high proportion of patients. The chance of cure is comparable to that observed after conservation surgery, and the risk of major complications is lower. The addition of adjuvant chemotherapy is unlikely to improve the probability of organ preservation, but might improve locoregional control for patients with advanced nodal disease.

Synchronous and metachronous squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck mucosal sites.

PURPOSE: The present study presents the experience at the University of Florida with synchronous and metachronous squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck mucosal sites. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 1,112 patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and supraglottic larynx treated with radiation therapy with curative intent from 1964 to 1997. All patients had follow-up for at least 2 years. No patients were lost to follow-up. RESULTS: The overall survival rate was 45% and the disease-specific survival rate was 67% at 5 years after initial diagnosis of carcinoma of the head and neck mucosal sites. Seventy-seven patients (7%) presented with synchronous carcinomas of the head and neck mucosal sites and 103 patients (9%) developed metachronous carcinomas of the head and neck mucosal sites at 0.6 to 21.7 years (median, 3.6 years). The overall survival rate was 31%, and the disease-specific survival rate was 50% at 5 years after metachronous carcinomas of the head and neck mucosal sites. Seven patients (1%) developed metachronous carcinomas of the thoracic esophagus at 1 to 11.1 years (median, 2.8 years), 15 patients (1%) presented with synchronous carcinomas of the lung, and 83 patients (7%) developed metachronous carcinomas of the lung at 0.6 to 17.6 years (median, 3.5 years). CONCLUSION: Development of synchronous and metachronous squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck mucosal sites are in part responsible for failure to improve overall survival rates for patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck mucosal sites, justifying rigorous follow-up and studies on chemoprevention.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal.

PURPOSE: To report the results of primary radiotherapy for treatment of anal canal carcinoma from the University of Florida series and review issues related to treatment of this disease. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty-nine patients were treated with primary radiation therapy (RT) for cure. Patients had a minimum 2-year follow-up (median, 9.8 years). After 1990, patients with lesions of at least 3 cm also received chemotherapy with fluorouracil (1000 mg/m(2)) plus cisplatin (100 mg/m(2)) or mitomycin (10-15 mg/m(2)) if medically fit (n = 26). RT was delivered with a 4-field box technique to deliver 45 Gy in 25 fractions. The inguinal nodes were treated daily using electrons to supplement the dose in that region to a total dose of 45 Gy if clinically negative or about 60 Gy if involved. There were no planned breaks. A 10- to 15-Gy boost was delivered using interstitial iridium 192 implant (n = 32), en face (60)Co field (n = 5), or external-beam photon fields (n = 11). RESULTS: Local control rates at 5 years were 100% for T1N0, 92% for T2N0 or N1, 75% for T3N0, 67% for T4N0, 88% for T4N(pos) or T(any)N2-3, and 85% overall. With surgical salvage, ultimate local control rates were 100%, 100%, 81%, 100%, and 88%, respectively, with 92% overall. Cause-specific survival rates at 5 years were 100% for Stage I, 88% for Stage II, 100% for Stage IIIA, and 70% for Stage IIIB. Absolute survival rates at 5 years were 62%, 68%, 100%, and 70%. Sphincter preservation rates were 83%, 79%, 75%, and 100% by stage and 81% overall. There was an improvement in local control with the addition of chemotherapy in more advanced disease, but it was not significant. There was an increase in acute toxicity with the addition of chemotherapy (12% > or = Grade 4) but not long-term toxicity. Late toxicity requiring colostomy occurred in 6% of patients and consisted of soft tissue necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients with anal canal carcinoma can be treated with curative intent using a sphincter-sparing approach of radiation with or without chemotherapy even with advanced disease. With the addition of chemotherapy to radiation, there is an increased risk of acute toxicity and about 1-2% incidence of toxic death. Smaller tumors (T1 and early T2) probably do not require the addition of chemotherapy.

Perineural spread of cutaneous squamous and basal cell carcinoma: CT and MR detection and its impact on patient management and prognosis.

PURPOSE: To analyze the pretreatment imaging findings and outcome of patients with perineural spread of squamous or basal cell carcinoma of the face and scalp treated with radiotherapy, to determine whether CT (computed tomography) or MR (magnetic resonance) imaging can be effectively used to identify patients who would benefit from aggressive treatment, and to characterize the imaging features associated with cure. METHODS: Thirty-five patients had perineural spread of squamous and basal cell carcinoma along the divisions of the trigeminal and/or facial nerves based on clinical findings and/or histopathological proof. Perineural extension seen on imaging was divided into three zones of involvement. The volume of perineural disease was graded semiquanitatively. All patients received radiotherapy with curative intent. RESULTS: Eighteen of the 35 patients had imaging evidence of perineural spread of tumor, and the remaining 17 were imaging negative for perineural spread. The absolute 5-year survival of the imaging positive group was 50% compared with 86% in the imaging-negative group (p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: Imaging can be used to identify patients with advanced perineural spread who warrant aggressive radiotherapy. Imaging evidence of perineural invasion worsens prognosis; however, low-volume and peripheral perineural disease is radiocurable. Greater perineural tumor volume with more central disease was associated with an unfavorable outcome.

Local excision and postoperative radiation therapy for rectal adenocarcinoma.

Sixty-seven patients with early-stage adenocarcinoma of the rectum who had lesions thought to be unsuitable for either local excision alone or endocavitary irradiation were treated with local excision followed by postoperative radiation therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of local excision followed by radiation therapy for treatment of rectal adenocarcinoma. The patients were treated between 1974 and 1999; follow-up time was 6 to 273 months (median, 65 months). All living patients had follow-up for at least 2 years. The indications for postoperative irradiation included equivocal or positive margins, invasion of the muscularis propria, endothelial-lined space invasion, poorly differentiated histology, and perineural invasion. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed using six explanatory variables including tumor size, configuration (exophytic vs. ulcerative), histologic differentiation, pathologic T stage, endothelial-lined space invasion, and margin status. The time interval between treatment and development of recurrent disease was in the range of 11 to 48 months. The 5-year results were as follows: local-regional control, 86%; ultimate local-regional control, 93%; distant metastasis-free survival, 93%; absolute survival, 80%; and cause-specific survival, 90%. When the Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed for these endpoints, margin status influenced absolute survival (P = 0.0074), cause-specific survival (P = 0.0405), and ultimate local-regional control (P = 0.0439). Tumor configuration marginally influenced cause-specific survival (P = 0.0577). None of the variables had an influence on the endpoints' local-regional control, ultimate local-regional control with sphincter preservation, or distant metastasis. Five patients (7%) had severe complications; no complication was fatal. Local excision and postoperative radiation therapy results in a high probability of local-regional control and survival for selected patients with relatively early-stage rectal adenocarcinoma. Patients with ulcerative tumors may have a lower likelihood of cause-specific survival.