Scorpion Peptides and Ion Channels: An Insightful Review of Mechanisms and Drug Development.

The Buthidae family of scorpions consists of arthropods with significant medical relevance, as their venom contains a diverse range of biomolecules, including neurotoxins that selectively target ion channels in cell membranes. These ion channels play a crucial role in regulating physiological processes, and any disturbance in their activity can result in channelopathies, which can lead to various diseases such as autoimmune, cardiovascular, immunological, neurological, and neoplastic conditions. Given the importance of ion channels, scorpion peptides represent a valuable resource for developing drugs with targeted specificity for these channels. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the structure and classification of ion channels, the action of scorpion toxins on these channels, and potential avenues for future research. Overall, this review highlights the significance of scorpion venom as a promising source for discovering novel drugs with therapeutic potential for treating channelopathies.

Scorpion peptides and ion channels: an insightful review of mechanisms and drug development

The Buthidae family of scorpions consists of arthropods with significant medical relevance, as their venom contains a diverse range of biomolecules, including neurotoxins that selectively target ion channels in cell membranes. These ion channels play a crucial role in regulating physiological processes, and any disturbance in their activity can result in channelopathies, which can lead to various diseases such as autoimmune, cardiovascular, immunological, neurological, and neoplastic conditions. Given the importance of ion channels, scorpion peptides represent a valuable resource for developing drugs with targeted specificity for these channels. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the structure and classification of ion channels, the action of scorpion toxins on these channels, and potential avenues for future research. Overall, this review highlights the significance of scorpion venom as a promising source for discovering novel drugs with therapeutic potential for treating channelopathies.

Isolamento e caracterização das toxinas causadoras de priapismo do veneno do escorpião Leiurus quinquestriatus

Scorpionism is considered a serious public health issue around the world. One of the most important species is the Leiurus quinquestriatus, popularly known as `Death seeker`. It is predominantly found in the Saara and the Arabic peninsula. Its venom causes autonomic reactions as blood pressure oscillations, hypersalivation. Priapism is frequently associated to this scorpion sting. Considering the importance of this issue, the primary objective of this study is to isolate and characterize the toxin(s) involved in priapism present in this venom. Crude desiccated venom was obtained from a qualified commercial supplier. The activity-driven purification strategy was employed in which RP-HPLC steps were developed in order to achieve the highest purity of a fraction capable of inducing priapism in mice. We successfully isolated a fraction named 10C, composed by isoforms. The fraction was further analyzed by MALDI-TOF and ESI-IT- TOF/MS after reduction, alkylation and trypsin digestion and yielded a predominant molecular mass of 7230Da. Comparing the partial sequences in public databases for toxins, we identified similarities with eight toxins: Alpha-insect toxin (Lqq3), Alpha-toxin (Lqq4); Alpha-like toxin (Lqh6); Alpha-mammal toxin (Lqq5); Alpha-like toxin (Lqh3); Alpha-mammal toxin (Lqh2); Neurotoxin 2; Neurotoxin h3.1. The fraction 10C seems to produce fewer side effects as hypersalivation and death than other priapism-inducing toxins isolated from spiders previously studied by our group. Next steps include the complete proteomics of the L. quinquestriatus venom, as well as the identification of the target of these toxins by affinity chromatography and other methods.

O escorpionismo é considerado como um grave problema de saúde pública mundial, considerada uma das espécies mais venenosa, Leiurus quinquestriatus, conhecido popularmente como o perseguidor da morte, encontrada principalmente na região do Saara e a Península Árabe, seu veneno causa manifestações sistêmicas como consequência da hiperativação do sistema nervoso autônomo, levando à sintomas como o priapismo, um efeito incomum à picada do escorpião. O priapismo tem sido descrito com frequência em casos de acidentes por este escorpião. Tendo em vista a relevância desse tema, o objetivo deste trabalho é purificar e isolar o peptídeo responsável por causar o priapismo presente em seu veneno. O veneno bruto dessecado foi adquirido de fornecedor comercial qualificado. As etapas de purificação foram desenvolvidas empregando-se o HPLC em coluna de fase reversa. Foi usada a estratégia de purificação acompanhada de atividade, na qual as frações de veneno obtidas em cada etapa eram testadas quanto a ação do priapismo. Com esta estratégia conseguimos isolar uma fração que se denominou 10C. A fração foi analisada por espectrometria de massa MALDI-TOF e ESI-IT-TOF/MS. Foi encontrado para o pico 10C a massa molecular predominante de 7230Da. A avaliação das sequencias de amino ácidos obtidos após redução e digestão parcial, em comparação contra bases de dados de toxinas mostrou similaridade com oito peptídeos, a saber: Alpha-insect toxin (Lqq3), Alpha-toxin (Lqq4); Alpha-like toxin (Lqh6); Alpha-mammal toxin (Lqq5); Alpha-like toxin (Lqh3); Alpha-mammal toxin (Lqh2); Neurotoxin 2; Neurotoxin h3.1. Os testes em animais sugerem que haja menos efeitos secundários como hipersalivação e morte. Nos próximos passos será realizado o estudo proteômico do veneno bruto e a análise de receptores para esta classe de toxinas com a utilização de técnicas de cromatografia de afinidade.

Solvent Mixture Optimization in the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activities from Garlic (Allium sativum L.).

Garlic is a health promoter that has important bioactive compounds. The bioactive extraction is an important step in the analysis of constituents present in plant preparations. The purpose of this study is to optimize the extraction with the best proportion of solvents to obtain total phenolic compounds (TPC) and thiosulfinates (TS) from dried garlic powder, and evaluate the antioxidant activities of the optimized extracts. A statistical mixture simplex axial design was used to evaluate the effect of solvents (water, ethanol, and acetone), as well as mixtures of these solvents, after two ultrasound extraction cycles of 15 min. Results showed that solvent mixtures with a high portion of water and pure water were efficient for TPC and TS recovery through this extraction procedure. According to the regression model computed, the most significant solvent mixtures to obtain high TPC and TS recovery from dried garlic powder are, respectively, the binary mixture with 75% water and 25% acetone and pure water. These optimized extracts presented oxygen radical absorbance capacity. Pure water was better for total antioxidant capacity, and the binary mixture of water-acetone (75:25) was better for DPPH scavenging activity. These optimized extracts can be used for industrial and research applications.