Applicability of the Disruptions in Surgery Index in the Cardiovascular Management Scenarios - A Marker for Developing Functionally Efficient Teams.

INTRODUCTION: To support the development of practices and guidelines that might help to reduce adverse events related to human factors, we aimed to study the response and perception by members of a cardiovascular surgery team of various error-driven or adverse features that might arise in the operating room (OR). METHODS: A previously validated Disruptions in Surgery Index (DiSI) questionnaire was completed by individuals working together in a cardiovascular surgical unit. Results were submitted to reliability analysis by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's post-test were performed to estimate differences in perceptions of adverse events or outcomes between the groups (surgeons, nurses, anesthesiologists, and technicians). P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients showed consistency within the recommended range for all disruption types assessed in DiSI: an individual's skill (0.85), OR environment (0.88), communication (0.81), situational awareness (0.92), patient-related disruption (0.89), team cohesion (0.83), and organizational disruption (0.83). Nurses (27.4%) demonstrated significantly higher perception of disruptions than surgeons (25.4%), anesthetists (23.3%), and technicians (23.0%) (P=0.005). Study participants were more observant of their colleagues' disruptive behaviors than their own (P=0.0001). CONCLUSION: Our results revealed that there is a tendency among participants to hold a positive self-perception position. DiSI appears to be a reliable and useful tool to assess surgical disruptions in cardiovascular OR teams, identifying negative features that might imperil teamwork and safety in the OR. And human factors training interventions are available to develop team skills and improve safety and efficiency in the cardiovascular OR.

Applicability of the Disruptions in Surgery Index in the Cardiovascular Management Scenarios - A Marker for Developing Functionally Efficient Teams

Abstract Introduction: To support the development of practices and guidelines that might help to reduce adverse events related to human factors, we aimed to study the response and perception by members of a cardiovascular surgery team of various error-driven or adverse features that might arise in the operating room (OR). Methods: A previously validated Disruptions in Surgery Index (DiSI) questionnaire was completed by individuals working together in a cardiovascular surgical unit. Results were submitted to reliability analysis by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's post-test were performed to estimate differences in perceptions of adverse events or outcomes between the groups (surgeons, nurses, anesthesiologists, and technicians). P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients showed consistency within the recommended range for all disruption types assessed in DiSI: an individual's skill (0.85), OR environment (0.88), communication (0.81), situational awareness (0.92), patient-related disruption (0.89), team cohesion (0.83), and organizational disruption (0.83). Nurses (27.4%) demonstrated significantly higher perception of disruptions than surgeons (25.4%), anesthetists (23.3%), and technicians (23.0%) (P=0.005). Study participants were more observant of their colleagues' disruptive behaviors than their own (P=0.0001). Conclusion: Our results revealed that there is a tendency among participants to hold a positive self-perception position. DiSI appears to be a reliable and useful tool to assess surgical disruptions in cardiovascular OR teams, identifying negative features that might imperil teamwork and safety in the OR. And human factors training interventions are available to develop team skills and improve safety and efficiency in the cardiovascular OR.

Variability in Hemoglobin Levels and the Factors Associated with Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients: A 78-Month Follow-Up Study.

Some studies have described that when the hemoglobin levels of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients change, especially in those taking erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA), they are associated with unfavorable outcomes such as increased morbidity and mortality, mainly due to cardiovascular events. This prospective cohort study included patients with end-stage renal disease currently undergoing hemodialysis. The initial 6-month clinical evaluation provided data of the variability in hemoglobin, associated blood parameters, and the use of erythropoietin. Subsequently, the patients were followed up for 78 months to evaluate mortality-associated factors. In total, 133 patients completed the 6-month follow-up with a mean age of 47.1 (±13.2) years. The majority were women (51.9%). Six-month hemoglobin levels were as follows: always low (18.0%), intermediate/target (1.5%), always high (0.8%), low-amplitude fluctuation/Hb low (n = 37; 27.8%), low-amplitude fluctuation/Hb high (13.53%), and high-amplitude fluctuation (38.6%), among end-stage renal disease patients. At the end of 78 months, 50 (37.6%) patients died; 70% of deaths were attributed to cardiovascular etiologies. A high variability was observed in hemoglobin levels, which was not associated with mortality. Among all the variables evaluated, age, erythropoietin dose, and transferrin saturation were associated with a higher mortality. Thus, this study suggests that greater attention to erythropoietin doses and transferrin saturation levels may improve the survival of dialysis patients.

Pre-validation Study of the Brazilian Version of the Disruptions in Surgery Index (DiSI) as a Safety Tool in Cardiothoracic Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Most risk stratification scores used in surgery do not include external and non-technical factors as predictors of morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to translate and adapt transculturally the Brazilian version of the Disruptions in Surgery Index (DiSI) questionnaire, which was developed to capture the self-perception of each member of the surgical team regarding the disruptions that may contribute to error and obstruction of safe surgical flow. METHODS: A universalist approach was adopted to evaluate the conceptual equivalence of items and semantics, which included the following stages: (1) translation of the questionnaire into Portuguese; (2) back translation into English; (3) panel of experts to draft the preliminary version; and (4) pre-test for evaluation of verbal comprehension by the target population of 43 professionals working in cardiothoracic surgery. RESULTS: The questionnaire was translated into Portuguese and its final version with 29 items obtained 89.6% approval from the panel of experts. The target population evaluated all items as easy to understand. The mean overall clarity and verbal comprehension observed in the pre-test reached 4.48 ± 0.16 out of the maximum value of 5 on the psychometric Likert scale. CONCLUSION: Based on the methodology used, the experts' analysis and the results of the pre-test, it is concluded that the essential stages of translation and cross-cultural adaptation of DiSI to the Portuguese language were satisfactorily fulfilled in this study.

Pre-validation study of the brazilian version of the disruptions in surgery index (disi) as a safety tool in cardiothoracic surgery

Abstract Introduction: Most risk stratification scores used in surgery do not include external and non-technical factors as predictors of morbidity and mortality. Objective: The present study aimed to translate and adapt transculturally the Brazilian version of the Disruptions in Surgery Index (DiSI) questionnaire, which was developed to capture the self-perception of each member of the surgical team regarding the disruptions that may contribute to error and obstruction of safe surgical flow. Methods: A universalist approach was adopted to evaluate the conceptual equivalence of items and semantics, which included the following stages: (1) translation of the questionnaire into Portuguese; (2) back translation into English; (3) panel of experts to draft the preliminary version; and (4) pre-test for evaluation of verbal comprehension by the target population of 43 professionals working in cardiothoracic surgery. Results: The questionnaire was translated into Portuguese and its final version with 29 items obtained 89.6% approval from the panel of experts. The target population evaluated all items as easy to understand. The mean overall clarity and verbal comprehension observed in the pre-test reached 4.48 ± 0.16 out of the maximum value of 5 on the psychometric Likert scale. Conclusion: Based on the methodology used, the experts' analysis and the results of the pre-test, it is concluded that the essential stages of translation and cross-cultural adaptation of DiSI to the Portuguese language were satisfactorily fulfilled in this study.

Acute kidney injury after coronary artery bypass grafting: assessment using RIFLE and AKIN criteria.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End-stage Renal Failure) and AKIN (Acute Kidney Injury Network) criteria for diagnosis of acute kidney injury after coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: Retrospective cohort. 169 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting from January 2007 through December 2008 were analyzed. Information was entered into a database and analyzed using STATA 9.0. RESULTS: Patients' mean age was 63.43 1 9.01 years old. Predominantly male patients (66.86%) were studied. Acute Kidney Injury was present in 33.14% by AKIN and in 29.59% by RIFLE. Hemodialysis was required by 3.57% and 4.0% of the patients when AKIN and RIFLE were applied respectively. There was 4.0% and 3.57% mortality of patients with Acute Kidney Injury according to the RIFLE and AKIN criteria, respectively. In 88.76% of the cases, there was good agreement between the two methods in the detection (kappa=0.7380) and stratification (kappa=0.7515) of Acute Kidney Injury. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the RIFLE and AKIN criteria have a good agreement in the detection and stratification of acute kidney injury after coronary artery bypass grafting.

Acute kidney injury after coronary artery bypass grafting: assessment using RIFLE and AKIN criteria / Lesão renal aguda no pós-operatório de revascularização do miocárdio: avaliação pelos critérios RIFLE e AKIN

OBJECTIVE: To compare the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End-stage Renal Failure) and AKIN (Acute Kidney Injury Network) criteria for diagnosis of acute kidney injury after coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: Retrospective cohort. 169 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting from January 2007 through December 2008 were analyzed. Information was entered into a database and analyzed using STATA 9.0. RESULTS: Patients' mean age was 63.43 1 9.01 years old. Predominantly male patients (66.86%) were studied. Acute Kidney Injury was present in 33.14% by AKIN and in 29.59% by RIFLE. Hemodialysis was required by 3.57% and 4.0% of the patients when AKIN and RIFLE were applied respectively. There was 4.0% and 3.57% mortality of patients with Acute Kidney Injury according to the RIFLE and AKIN criteria, respectively. In 88.76% of the cases, there was good agreement between the two methods in the detection (kappa=0.7380) and stratification (kappa=0.7515) of Acute Kidney Injury. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the RIFLE and AKIN criteria have a good agreement in the detection and stratification of acute kidney injury after coronary artery bypass grafting.

OBJETIVO: Comparar os critérios RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and EndStage Renal Failure) e AKIN (Acute Kidney Injury Network) para diagnóstico de lesão renal aguda em pacientes no pós-operatório de revascularização do miocárdio. MÉTODOS: Coorte retrospectiva, a partir dos prontuários de 169 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2008. As informações foram inseridas em um banco de dados e analisadas pelo software STATA 9.0. RESULTADOS: A média de idades dos pacientes foi de 63,43 1 9,01 anos, havendo predominância do gênero masculino (66,86%). A lesão renal aguda foi detectada em 33,14% pelo AKIN e 29,59% pelo RIFLE. A hemodiálise foi necessária em 3,57% e em 4% dos pacientes, quando o AKIN e RIFLE foram aplicados, respectivamente. Foram a óbito 4% e 3,57% dos pacientes com Lesão Renal Aguda pelos critérios RIFLE e AKIN, respectivamente. Em 88,76% dos casos, ambos os métodos demonstraram boa concordância para detecção (kappa=0,7380) e estratificação (kappa=0,7515) de lesão renal aguda. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo permitiu concluir que os critérios RIFLE e AKIN possuem boa concordância na detecção e estratificação da lesão renal aguda no pós-operatório de revascularização do miocárdio.

Reconstrução da parede torácica com suporte metálico externo: técnica alternativa na mediastinite pós-esternotomia / Reconstruction of the chest wall with external metal brace: alternative technique in poststernotomy mediastinitis

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a experiência com a reconstrução da parede torácica utilizando suporte metálico como redutor da tensão nas linhas de sutura do retalho miocutâneo em casos de mediastinite. MÉTODOS: No período de julho de 2001 a fevereiro de 2006, foram realizadas 1389 cirurgias cardíacas em nossa instituição, das quais oito (0,6 por cento) evoluíram com mediastinite. Sete pacientes eram do sexo masculino, com idade média de 56,7 anos. Os fatores de risco para infecção foram diabetes e obesidade em sete e desnutrição em um caso. Sete pacientes haviam sido submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio e um, à correção de cardiopatia congênita. A reconstrução da parede torácica consistiu na colocação percutânea de fios de Kirschner paralelos às bordas da ferida para ancoramento das suturas do plano muscular, reduzindo a tensão nos bordos livres da ferida, de modo a permitir a sutura convencional do tecido subcutâneo e pele. RESULTADOS: Ocorreu um óbito no pós-operatório imediato por arritmia e um tardio por sepse. Os demais pacientes apresentaram evolução pós-operatória satisfatória, com boa cicatrização da ferida após a remoção das hastes metálicas, no 21º dia de pós-operatório e no seguimento de 6 a 54 meses. CONCLUSÃO: Neste grupo de pacientes, a reconstrução da parede torácica com a utilização temporária de hastes metálicas mostrou-se um procedimento seguro, eficaz e com bom resultado estético e funcional.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the experience with the reconstruction of the chest wall utilizing metal brace to reduce the tension in the suture lines of myocutaneous flap in cases of mediastinitis. METHODS: From July 2001 to February 2006, 1389 heart surgeries were performed in our institution of which eight (0.6 percent) developed mediastinitis. Seven were male and the mean age was 56.7 years. The risk factors for infection were diabetes and obesity in seven and malnutrition in one case. Seven patients had been undergone CABG and one repair of a congenital heart disease. The chest wall reconstruction consisted of percutaneous insertion of Kirshner wires parallel to the edges of the wound for anchoring of sutures to the muscular plane in order to allow the reduction of tension in the free edges of the wound and subsequent closure of the subcutaneous tissue and skin. RESULTS: There was one death in the immediate postoperative due to arrhythmia and one late death secondary to sepsis. The remaining patients presented satisfactory postoperative course with good healing of the wound after the removal of the metal braces on the 21th postoperative day and in the follow-up of 6 to 54 months. CONCLUSION: The reconstruction of the chest wall utilizing temporary metal braces showed to be a safe and effective procedure with good aesthetic and functional outcomes in this group of patients.

Reconstruction of the chest wall with external metal brace: alternative technique in poststernotomy mediastinitis.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the experience with the reconstruction of the chest wall utilizing metal brace to reduce the tension in the suture lines of myocutaneous flap in cases of mediastinitis. METHODS: From July 2001 to February 2006, 1389 heart surgeries were performed in our institution of which eight (0.6%) developed mediastinitis. Seven were male and the mean age was 56.7 years. The risk factors for infection were diabetes and obesity in seven and malnutrition in one case. Seven patients had been undergone CABG and one repair of a congenital heart disease. The chest wall reconstruction consisted of percutaneous insertion of Kirshner wires parallel to the edges of the wound for anchoring of sutures to the muscular plane in order to allow the reduction of tension in the free edges of the wound and subsequent closure of the subcutaneous tissue and skin. RESULTS: There was one death in the immediate postoperative due to arrhythmia and one late death secondary to sepsis. The remaining patients presented satisfactory postoperative course with good healing of the wound after the removal of the metal braces on the 21st postoperative day and in the follow-up of 6 to 54 months. CONCLUSION: The reconstruction of the chest wall utilizing temporary metal braces showed to be a safe and effective procedure with good aesthetic and functional outcomes in this group of patients.

Giant pericardial cyst: case report.

Pericardial cysts are uncommon congenital abnormalities. Most are asymptomatic and are found incidentally on chest roentgenograms. Giant cysts are an even more uncommon finding, and reports of their natural history, presentation and management are few. In this report the authors describe a case of a giant pericardial cyst with symptoms of mediastinal compression for which the surgical excision guaranteed a 12-month follow-up of complete remission of the symptomatology.

O escore de risco ajustado para cirurgia em cardiopatias congênitas (RACHS-1) pode ser aplicado em nosso meio? / Is the RACHS-1 (risk adjustment in congenital heart surgery) a useful tool in our scenario?

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a aplicabilidade do escore de risco ajustado para cirurgia de cardiopatias congênitas (RACHS1) como preditor de mortalidade em uma população pediátrica de um hospital público da região Nordeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: No período de junho de 2001 a junho de 2004, 145 pacientes foram submetidos à correção de cardiopatia congênita em nossa instituição, dos quais 62 por cento eram do sexo feminino, a idade média era 5,1 anos. Foi utilizado o escore de RACHS-1 para classificar os procedimentos cirúrgicos em categorias de risco de 1 a 6, e a análise de regressão logística para identificar os fatores de risco associados à mortalidade. RESULTADOS: A idade, tipo de cardiopatia, fluxo pulmonar, tipo de cirurgia, tempo de circulação extracorpórea (CEC) e tempo de anóxia foram identificados como fatores de risco para mortalidade (p< 0,001). Houve correlação linear entre as categorias de risco do RACHS-1 e a taxa de mortalidade, entretanto, a mortalidade observada foi maior que a esperada por aquele sistema de escore. CONCLUSÕES: A despeito da facilidade de aplicação do RACHS-1, ele não pode ser aplicado em nosso meio por não contemplar outras variáveis presentes em nossa realidade que podem interferir no resultado cirúrgico.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of the RACHS-1 (Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery) as a predictor of surgical mortality in a pediatric population of a public hospital of the Northeast of Brazil. METHODS: From June 2001 through June 2004, 145 patients undergone surgical treatment of CHD in our institution of whom 62 percent were female, and the mean age was 5.1 years. The RACHS-1 was used to classify the surgical procedures into categories of risk 1 to 6, and logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors related to surgical death. RESULTS: Age, type of CHD, pulmonary flow, surgical procedure, pump time and cross clamp time were identified as a risk factor for postoperative mortality (p<0.001). There was a linear correlation between the categories of the RACHS-1 and the mortality rate; however, the observed mortality was greater than the predicted figures by that scoring system. CONCLUSION: Although the RACHS-1 is easily applicable, it can not be applicable in our scenario because it takes into account only the surgical procedure as a categorized variable, not considering others factors presented in our scenario that could interfere in the final surgical result.

Surgical removal of a posttraumatic intracardiac foreign body in a child.

The authors report the successful surgical removal of a foreign body (7 x 1 cm wooden stick) from the right atrial of a 8 year-old child 77 days after a transfixing chest trauma caused by falling over a fence. The clinical presentation was infective endocarditis confirmed by the presence of an intraatrial mass at echocardiography. The postoperative course was uneventful. At 6 months follow-up, the patient is in Function Class I (NYHA) and in complete remission of infection.

Cisto pericárdico gigante: relato de caso / Giant pericardial cyst: case report

Os cistos pericárdicos são anomalias congênitas incomuns, sendo a maioria assintomática e diagnosticadas incidentalmente na radiografia de tóraz. Os cistos gigantes são raros, havendo poucos relatos concernentes à sua história natural, apresentação clínica e tratamento. No presente relato, os autores descrevem um caso de cisto pericárdico gigante, com sintomatologia compressiva importante, cuja excisão cirúrgica garantiu completa remissão sintomatológica no seguimento de 12 meses. Descritores: Pericárdio, patologia. Cisto...

Remoção cirúrgica pós-traumática de corpo estranho intracardíaco em criança / Surgical removal of a posttraumatic intracardiac foreign body in a child

Os autores relatam a remoção cirúrgica tardia (77 dias), com sucesso, de um corpo estranho intra-atrial direito (pedaço de madeira de 7x1 cm) após trauma torácico transfixante em uma criança de 8 anos de idade, com história de queda sobre uma cerca. A apresentação clínica era de endocardite infecciosa confirmada pela presença de massa intracardíaca no ecocardiograma. A evolução pós-operatória tem sido satisfatória. O paciente encontra-se em classe funcional I (NYHA) e em completa remissão do quadro infeccioso no seguimento de 6 meses.

The authors report the successful surgical removal of a foreign body (7 x 1 cm wooden stick) from the right atrial of a 8 year-old child 77 days after a transfixing chest trauma caused by falling over a fence. The clinical presentation was infective endocarditis confirmed by the presence of an intraatrial mass at echocardiography. The postoperative course was uneventful. At 6 months follow-up, the patient is in Function Class I (NYHA) and in complete remission of infection.

Is the RACHS-1 (risk adjustment in congenital heart surgery) a useful tool in our scenario?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of the RACHS-1 (Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery) as a predictor of surgical mortality in a pediatric population of a public hospital of the Northeast of Brazil. METHODS: From June 2001 through June 2004, 145 patients undergone surgical treatment of CHD in our institution of whom 62% were female, and the mean age was 5.1 years. The RACHS-1 was used to classify the surgical procedures into categories of risk 1 to 6, and logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors related to surgical death. RESULTS: Age, type of CHD, pulmonary flow, surgical procedure, pump time and cross clamp time were identified as a risk factor for postoperative mortality (p<0.001). There was a linear correlation between the categories of the RACHS-1 and the mortality rate; however, the observed mortality was greater than the predicted figures by that scoring system. CONCLUSION: Although the RACHS-1 is easily applicable, it can not be applicable in our scenario because it takes into account only the surgical procedure as a categorized variable, not considering others factors presented in our scenario that could interfere in the final surgical result.

Mixossarcoma atrial esquerdo: relato de caso / Left atrial myxosarcoma: case report

O mixossarcoma é uma forma rara de neoplasia cardíaca primária de difícil diferenciação clínica e patológica com o mixoma. Até onde os autores têm conhecimento, este é o primeiro relato de caso na literatura nacional indexada com o tratamento cirúrgico do mixossarcoma atrial esquerdo, em paciente do sexo feminino, de 36 anos de idade, cuja evolução pós-operatória tem sido satisfatória, encontrando-se em classe funcional I (NYHA) e em remissão do processo tumoral há mais de 180 dias.