Natural language processing for automatic evaluation of free-text answers - a feasibility study based on the European Diploma in Radiology examination.

BACKGROUND: Written medical examinations consist of multiple-choice questions and/or free-text answers. The latter require manual evaluation and rating, which is time-consuming and potentially error-prone. We tested whether natural language processing (NLP) can be used to automatically analyze free-text answers to support the review process. METHODS: The European Board of Radiology of the European Society of Radiology provided representative datasets comprising sample questions, answer keys, participant answers, and reviewer markings from European Diploma in Radiology examinations. Three free-text questions with the highest number of corresponding answers were selected: Questions 1 and 2 were "unstructured" and required a typical free-text answer whereas question 3 was "structured" and offered a selection of predefined wordings/phrases for participants to use in their free-text answer. The NLP engine was designed using word lists, rule-based synonyms, and decision tree learning based on the answer keys and its performance tested against the gold standard of reviewer markings. RESULTS: After implementing the NLP approach in Python, F1 scores were calculated as a measure of NLP performance: 0.26 (unstructured question 1, n = 96), 0.33 (unstructured question 2, n = 327), and 0.5 (more structured question, n = 111). The respective precision/recall values were 0.26/0.27, 0.4/0.32, and 0.62/0.55. CONCLUSION: This study showed the successful design of an NLP-based approach for automatic evaluation of free-text answers in the EDiR examination. Thus, as a future field of application, NLP could work as a decision-support system for reviewers and support the design of examinations being adjusted to the requirements of an automated, NLP-based review process. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Natural language processing can be successfully used to automatically evaluate free-text answers, performing better with more structured question-answer formats. Furthermore, this study provides a baseline for further work applying, e.g., more elaborated NLP approaches/large language models. KEY POINTS: • Free-text answers require manual evaluation, which is time-consuming and potentially error-prone. • We developed a simple NLP-based approach - requiring only minimal effort/modeling - to automatically analyze and mark free-text answers. • Our NLP engine has the potential to support the manual evaluation process. • NLP performance is better on a more structured question-answer format.

Use of Venetoclax in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia: The PETHEMA Registry Experience.

The effectiveness of venetoclax (VEN) in relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (RR-AML) has not been well established. This retrospective, multicenter, observational database studied the effectiveness of VEN in a cohort of 51 RR-AML patients and evaluated for predictors of response and overall survival (OS). The median age was 68 years, most were at high risk, 61% received ≥2 therapies for AML, 49% had received hypomethylating agents, and ECOG was ≥2 in 52%. Complete remission (CR) rate, including CR with incomplete hematological recovery (CRi), was 12.4%. Additionally, 10.4% experienced partial response (PR). The CR/CRi was higher in combination with azacitidine (AZA; 17.9%) than with decitabine (DEC; 6.7%) and low-dose cytarabine (LDAC; 0%). Mutated NPM1 was associated with increased CR/CRi. Median OS was 104 days (95% CI: 56-151). For the combination with AZA, DEC, and LDAC, median OS was 120 days, 104 days, and 69 days, respectively; p = 0.875. Treatment response and ECOG 0 influenced OS in a multivariate model. A total of 28% of patients required interruption of VEN because of toxicity. Our real-life series describes a marginal probability of CR/CRi and poor OS after VEN-based salvage. Patients included had very poor-risk features and were heavily pretreated. The small percentage of responders did not reach the median OS.

Multistakeholder perspectives on the mistreatment of indigenous women during childbirth in Colombia: drivers and points for intervention.

BACKGROUND: Abusive and disrespectful treatment of women during childbirth is a critical global issue that threatens women's sexual rights and reproductive rights and access to quality maternal care. This phenomenon has been documented in Colombia. However, little emphasis has been placed on identifying the drivers of and potential interventions against disrespect and abuse against particularly vulnerable populations in the country, including internally displaced indigenous women. METHODS: This report is a sub-analysis of a larger project. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with indigenous (Embera) women with childbirth experience (n = 10), maternal healthcare workers (n = 6), and community stakeholders (n = 5) in Medellín, Colombia. Qualitative analysis techniques, consisting of inductive and deductive approaches, were used to identify and characterize the drivers of disrespect and abuse against indigenous women during childbirth and points for intervention. Existing frameworks were adapted to thematically organize drivers and potential solutions into four interrelated subsystems: individual and community factors, clinician factors, facility factors, and national health system factors. RESULTS: Participants highlighted disrespect and abuse as stemming from (within the individual and community level) its normalization, lack of autonomy and empowerment among indigenous women, lacking antenatal care, (within the clinician level) prejudice, linguistic or cultural barriers to communication, lack of understanding of indigenous culture, medical culture and training, burnout and demoralization, (within the facility level) inadequate infrastructure, space, and human resources, and (within the national systems level) lack of clear policies and the devaluing of respectful maternity care. They called for interventions specific to these drivers, grounded in dignity and respect for indigenous culture. CONCLUSION: This paper expands upon the growing literature on global mistreatment during childbirth by highlighting drivers of mistreatment and identifying points for intervention in a previously unstudied population. Our data show that indigenous women are especially vulnerable to mistreatment due to cultural and linguistic barriers and prejudice. Broad and meaningful action is urgently needed to realize these women's rights to respectful maternity care. Interventions must be multifaceted and locally specific, taking into account the needs and wants of the women they serve.

RESUMEN: CONTEXTO: El trato abusivo recibido por mujeres durante el parto es un problema mundial que amenaza los derechos de las mujeres y el acceso a una atención materna de calidad. Este fenómeno ha sido documentado en Colombia, pero poco énfasis se ha hecho en poblaciones vulnerables, como las mujeres indígenas desplazadas. METODOLOGíA: Se presentan resultados derivados de un proyecto macro. Se realizaron entrevistas con mujeres indígenas Emberas que tuvieron experiencia de parto en Medellín (n = 10), profesionales de salud (n = 6) y líderes comunitarios (n = 5). Se utilizaron técnicas de análisis cualitativo de enfoques inductivos y deductivos, para identificar aspectos que generan el maltrato contra las mujeres indígenas durante el parto y posibles intervenciones para evitar su ocurrencia. Los modelos teóricos existentes se adaptaron para organizar temáticamente los generadores del maltrato y soluciones en cuatro subsistemas: factores individuales y comunitarios, factores clínicos, factores relacionados a los hospitales y factores asociados al sistema nacional. RESULTADOS: Los participantes destacaron como factores a nivel individual y comunitario la normalización de tratos irrespetuosos y abusivos de parte de los profesionales de salud con las mujeres indígenas, así como su falta de autonomía y empoderamiento. A nivel clínico, se identificó la falta de atención prenatal, barreras para la comunicación, falta de comprensión de la cultura indígena, la cultura y formación médica, la desmoralización de los médicos. Sobre los servicios de salud, se encontraron infraestructuras, espacios y recursos humanos inadecuados. En el nivel del sistema, se identifican la falta de políticas y poca valoración de la atención respetuosa. Los participantes señalaron la importancia de realizar intervenciones sobre estos generadores, basados en la dignidad y el respeto por la cultura indígena. CONCLUSIONES: Este artículo amplía la creciente literatura global sobre el maltrato dirigido a las maternas durante el parto y muestra que las mujeres indígenas son especialmente vulnerables debido a las barreras y prejuicios culturales y lingüísticos. Se necesitan urgentemente acciones amplias para hacer realidad los derechos de las mujeres frente a la atención materna respetuosa. Las intervenciones deben ser multifacéticas y específicas a nivel local, teniendo en cuenta las necesidades y deseos de las mujeres a las que sirven.

Melanoma-derived small extracellular vesicles induce lymphangiogenesis and metastasis through an NGFR-dependent mechanism.

Secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) influence the tumor microenvironment and promote distal metastasis. Here, we analyzed the involvement of melanoma-secreted EVs in lymph node pre-metastatic niche formation in murine models. We found that small EVs (sEVs) derived from metastatic melanoma cell lines were enriched in nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR, p75NTR), spread through the lymphatic system and were taken up by lymphatic endothelial cells, reinforcing lymph node metastasis. Remarkably, sEVs enhanced lymphangiogenesis and tumor cell adhesion by inducing ERK kinase, nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression in lymphatic endothelial cells. Importantly, ablation or inhibition of NGFR in sEVs reversed the lymphangiogenic phenotype, decreased lymph node metastasis and extended survival in pre-clinical models. Furthermore, NGFR expression was augmented in human lymph node metastases relative to that in matched primary tumors, and the frequency of NGFR+ metastatic melanoma cells in lymph nodes correlated with patient survival. In summary, we found that NGFR is secreted in melanoma-derived sEVs, reinforcing lymph node pre-metastatic niche formation and metastasis.

Proteinuria-Lowering Effects of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibitors in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Real-World Multicentric Study.

Control of dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not always guaranteed with statins and/or ezetimibe. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) have opened up a new era in lipid control, but their effect on renal function and proteinuria in real life have not yet been evaluated. The aim of the present study was to analyze the evolution of renal function and proteinuria in a cohort of CKD patients treated with PCSK9i. This retrospective multicentric cohort study included CKD patients treated with PCSK9i. Baseline epidemiological data, comorbidities and laboratory findings (including estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], proteinuria and lipid profile) were collected. The evolution of renal function, proteinuria and lipid profile was analyzed during the 1-year follow-up. The cohort included 76 patients (68% male, mean age 66 ± 10 years). The mean baseline creatinine was 1.55 ± 0.77 mg/dL, and the mean eGFR was 52 ± 22 mL/min/1.73 m2. Reductions in LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglycerides during the first month were 51 ± 25%, 32 ± 25% and 11 ± 40%, respectively, levels that remained stable throughout the first year (p < 0.001 for LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol trends and p = 0.002 for triglyceride trend). During follow-up, proteinuria improved from 57 (9-481) to 30 (7-520) mg/g (p = 0.021). In addition, eGFR remained stable, and no adverse events were reported. In our cohort, dyslipidemia treatment with PCSK9i was associated with decreased proteinuria in CKD patients, an effect that might be due to reduced lipid nephrotoxicity. Clinical trials are needed to further investigate whether this impact on proteinuria can significantly slow CKD progression in the long term.

Characteristics, clinical outcomes, and risk factors of SARS-COV-2 infection in adult acute myeloid leukemia patients: experience of the PETHEMA group.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection produces higher morbidity and mortality in hematological malignancies, but evidence in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is scarce. A multicenter observational study was conducted to determine the clinical outcomes and assess the impact of therapeutic approaches in adult AML patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the first wave (March-May 2020). Overall, 108 patients were included: 51.9% with active leukemia and 70.4% under therapeutic schedules for AML. Signs and symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 were present in 96.3% of patients and 82.4% received specific treatment for SARS-CoV-2. The mortality rate was 43.5% and was correlated with age, gender, active leukemia, dyspnea, severe SARS-CoV-2, intensive care measures, neutrophil count, and D-dimer levels. A protective effect was found with azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir, and normal liver enzyme levels. During the SARS-CoV-2 first wave, our findings suggested an increased mortality in AML in a short period. SARS-CoV-2 management could be guided by risk factors in AML patients.

Evaluación de la intervención "Malnutrición por exceso de peso en la primera infancia" con base en el modelo de teoría del cambio, Medellín, Colombia, 2017 / Evaluation of the "Early Childhood Malnutrition due to Overweight" Intervention Based on the Theory of Change Model, Medellín, Colombia, 2017 / Avaliação da intervenção "Má nutrição por excesso de peso na primeira infância" baseada no modelo de teoria da mudança, Medellín, Colômbia, 2017

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar una intervención de base poblacional denominada "Malnutrición por exceso de peso en la primera infancia", implementada con recursos del programa de Presupuesto Participativo en Salud de Medellín, Colombia, en 2017. Método: Perspectiva de investigación de tipo evaluativa, con base en el modelo de teoría del cambio, utilizado en el campo de la evaluación de programas y proyectos en salud. Se desarrolló un estudio de caso de método mixto convergente e igualdad de estatus. El caso de análisis fue la implementación y los resultados de la intervención "Malnutrición por exceso de peso en la primera infancia". La evaluación se dio en dos fases: 1) la planeación de la evaluación, y 2) la evaluación de los procesos durante su implementación y de los efectos al finalizar la intervención. Resultados: Al finalizar la intervención, no se observaron efectos significativos para los indicadores antropométricos de los niños y las niñas. En el peso para la talla, la mediana al iniciar el tratamiento era de 2,52, y al finalizarlo, de 2,49 (p (0,174) > 0,05). Para el índice de masa corporal, la mediana al iniciar el tratamiento era de 2,4, y al finalizarlo, de 2,3 (p (0,236) > 0,05). Sin embargo, de forma individual hubo variaciones en las desviaciones estándar de los valores Z antropométricos de los niños y las niñas; esto se explica porque en la evaluación de los procesos se identificó el compromiso, la aceptabilidad y la adopción de las recomendaciones nutricionales y psicosociales por parte de los padres y cuidadores. También se encontraron cambios no previstos en el modelo de teoría del cambio, los cuales hacen referencia a variaciones antropométricas en los cuidadores de los niños y las niñas. Conclusión: Los efectos individuales a corto plazo que se dieron en la intervención "Malnutrición por exceso de peso en la primera infancia" favorecieron variaciones antropométricas y el mejoramiento del estado nutricional de niños, niñas y cuidadores, lo cual se explica por la adopción de estilos de vida saludables, lo que permitió alcanzar el cambio global definido para la intervención en el modelo de teoría del cambio.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate a population-based intervention named "Early Childhood Malnutrition due to Overweight" implemented with resources of the Participatory Budget for Health program of Medellín, Colombia, in 2017. Methodology: Evaluative research perspective, based on the theory of change model, used in the field of health projects and programs evaluation. A case study of the convergent mixed method and equality of status was conducted. The case under analysis was the implementation and the results of the intervention "Early Childhood Malnutrition due to Overweight". The evaluation was made in two stages: 1) evaluation planning, and 2) evaluation of the processes during their implementation and the effects at the end of the intervention. Results: At the end of the intervention, significant effects in the anthropometric index of the children were not observed. The median weight-for-height at the beginning of the treatment was 2.52; at the end it was 2.49 (p (0.174) > 0.05). The median body mass index at the beginning of the treatment was 2.4, and at the end, it was (p (0.236) > 0.05). Nevertheless, there were individual variations in the standard deviations of the anthropometric Z-score of children, which is explained due to commitment, acceptability, and adoption of the nutritional and psychosocial recommendations by parents and child caregivers, which were identified during the evaluation of the processes. Changes not expected according to the theory of change model were also found. Those changes refer to the anthropometric variations in the child caregivers. Conclusion: The short-term individual effects that occurred during the "Early Childhood Malnutrition due to Overweight" intervention contributed to the anthropometric variations and the nutritional status improvement of the children and child caregivers. This is explained by the adoption of healthy lifestyles, which allow to reach the global change established for the intervention in the theory of change model.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar uma intervenção de base populacional denominada "Má nutrição por excesso de peso na primeira infância" implantada com recursos do programa de Orçamento Participativo em Saúde de Medellín, Colômbia, em 2017. Metodologia: Perspectiva de estudo do tipo avaliativo, com base no modelo de teoria da mudança, utilizado no campo da avaliação de programas e projetos em saúde. Foi desenvolvido um estudo de caso de método misto convergente e igualdade de status. O caso analisado foi a implantação e os resultados da intervenção "Má nutrição por excesso de peso na primeira infância". A avaliação foi feita em duas etapas: 1) O planejamento da avaliação, e 2) A avaliação dos processos durante sua implantação e dos efeitos ao terminar tal intervenção. Resultados: Ao concluir a intervenção, não se observaram efeitos significativos para os indicadores antropométricos das crianças. No quesito para o tamanho, a média ao iniciar o tratamento era de 2,52 e ao finalizá-lo, de 2,49 (p (0,174) > 0,05). Para o índice de massa corporal a média ao iniciar o tratamento era de 2,4 e ao finalizá-lo, de 2,3 (p (0,236) > 0,05). Porém, de maneira individual houve variações nos desvios padrão dos valores Z antropométricos das crianças; isto se explica porque na avaliação dos processos foi identificado o compromisso, a aceitação e a adoção das recomendações nutricionais e psicossociais por parte dos pais e cuidadores. Também foram encontradas mudanças não previstas no modelo de teoria da mudança, as quais se referem a variações antropométricas nos cuidadores das crianças Conclusão: Os efeitos individuais em curto prazo que se deram na intervenção "Má nutrição por excesso de peso na primeira infância" foram favoráveis às variações antropométricas e ao melhoramento do estado nutricional das crianças e cuidadores, o qual se explica pela implantação de estilos de vida saudáveis, o que permitiu alcançar a mudança global definida para a intervenção no modelo de teoria da mudança

Estrategias comunitarias para la seguridad alimentaria en indígenas wayuu, La Guajira, Colombia / Community strategies for food security in indigenous wayuu, la guajira, colombia

Fundamentos: La desnutrición infantil como problema de inseguridad alimentaria aflige principalmente a las poblaciones más vulnerables, entre ellas las comunidades indígenas. El objetivo fue dar a conocer los microproyectoscreados con tres comunidades indígenas Wayuu sobre su seguridad alimentaria y evaluar la implementación de dichas estrategias. Métodos: investigación participativa basada en la comunidad (Community Based Participatory ResearchCBPR), incluyó la participación de 46 familias (204 personas). Se aplicaron técnicas de recolección como foros comunitarios, círculos de saberes, fotovoz, observación participante y recorridos del territorio. Resultados: La seguridad alimentaria de estas comunidades está atravesada por estrategias como a) creación dehuertas comunitarias como una alternativa sostenible para su autonomía y el rescate de sus prácticas ancestrales, b) educación nutricional intercultural al propiciar una articulación de saberes propios y académicos alrededor de la alimentación y la nutrición y c) fortalecimiento comunitario que a partir de los planes de vida fomenta el equilibrio, la armonía y el bienestar dentro del territorio. Conclusiones: La seguridad alimentaria debe ser concebida como un pilar en el plan de vida de las comunidades indígenas en tanto fomenta su autonomía y la restauración de sus vidas en el territorio, en su cultura y en sus conocimientos. (AU)

Background: Child malnutrition as a problem of food insecurity mainly afflicts the most vulnerable populations among them, indigenous communities. The objective was to publicize the microprojects created with three Wayuuindigenous communities on their food security and to evaluate the implementation of these strategies.Methods: Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR), included the participation of 46 families (204 people).Collection techniques such as community forums, circles of knowledge, photo voice, participant observation and tours ofthe territory were applied. Results: The food security of these communities is crossed by strategies such as a) creation of community gardens as a sustainable alternative for their autonomy and the rescue of their ancestral practices, b) intercultural nutritional educationby promoting an articulation of their own and academic knowledge about food and nutrition and c) community strengthening that, based on life plans, promotes balance, harmony and well-being within the territory. Conclusions: Food security must be conceived as a pillar in the life plan of indigenous communities as it fosters their autonomy and the restoration of their lives in the territory, in their culture and in their knowledge. (AU)

["Giving birth is not a matter of ethnicity, it is a matter of humanity": experiences of obstetric violence during childbirth among indigenous women]. / "Parir no es un asunto de etnia, es un asunto de humanidad": experiencias frente a la violencia obstétrica durante la atención al parto en mujeres indígenas.

This study aims to understand the experiences of obstetric violence experienced by Embera women during childbirth at healthcare facilities in the city of Medellin, Colombia. Employing a qualitative, ethnographic approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine indigenous Embera women between February and March of 2020. The data indicate these women, members of the largest indigenous community in Medellín, experience similar forms of obstetric violence to non-indigenous women, which might be explained by the authoritarian medical habitus and a health system that prioritizes market forces. However, the data also reveal that indigenous women experience a specific form of this phenomenon: a lack of respect or cultural sensitivity, stemming from the process of colonialism to which indigenous peoples have been subjected. This dynamic continues to be expressed during delivery in healthcare childbirth settings via ignorance and disregard for indigenous ancestral knowledge, which can be understood as microaggressions that occur frequently but are difficult to identify.

El objetivo de este estudio es comprender las experiencias frente a la violencia obstétrica que vivieron las mujeres emberas durante la atención del parto en servicios de salud de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. A través de un abordaje cualitativo de tipo etnográfico, con entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a nueve mujeres indígenas emberas entre febrero y marzo de 2020, se identificó que estas mujeres, representantes del grupo más grande de los pueblos indígenas en Medellín, experimentan formas de violencia obstétrica similares a las vividas por mujeres occidentalizadas, que pueden ser explicadas por el habitus médico autoritario, y por un sistema de salud que privilegia las lógicas del mercado. Sin embargo, esta investigación amplía la comprensión de la violencia obstétrica al identificar que las mujeres indígenas experimentan otra forma particular de este fenómeno: la falta de respeto o sensibilidad cultural, lo cual deviene del proceso de colonialidad vivido por los pueblos originarios, y que hoy en día se expresa en el contexto de la atención al parto, bajo formas como el desconocimiento y desprecio de los saberes ancestrales que las mujeres de las comunidades indígenas aún conservan y que podemos comprender como microagresiones comunes y ambiguas.

"Parir no es un asunto de etnia, es un asunto de humanidad": experiencias frente a la violencia obstétrica durante la atención al parto en mujeres indígenas / "Giving birth is not a matter of ethnicity, it is a matter of humanity": experiences of obstetric violence during childbirth among indigenous women

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio es comprender las experiencias frente a la violencia obstétrica que vivieron las mujeres emberas durante la atención del parto en servicios de salud de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. A través de un abordaje cualitativo de tipo etnográfico, con entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a nueve mujeres indígenas emberas entre febrero y marzo de 2020, se identificó que estas mujeres, representantes del grupo más grande de los pueblos indígenas en Medellín, experimentan formas de violencia obstétrica similares a las vividas por mujeres occidentalizadas, que pueden ser explicadas por el habitus médico autoritario, y por un sistema de salud que privilegia las lógicas del mercado. Sin embargo, esta investigación amplía la comprensión de la violencia obstétrica al identificar que las mujeres indígenas experimentan otra forma particular de este fenómeno: la falta de respeto o sensibilidad cultural, lo cual deviene del proceso de colonialidad vivido por los pueblos originarios, y que hoy en día se expresa en el contexto de la atención al parto, bajo formas como el desconocimiento y desprecio de los saberes ancestrales que las mujeres de las comunidades indígenas aún conservan y que podemos comprender como microagresiones comunes y ambiguas.

ABSTRACT This study aims to understand the experiences of obstetric violence experienced by Embera women during childbirth at healthcare facilities in the city of Medellin, Colombia. Employing a qualitative, ethnographic approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine indigenous Embera women between February and March of 2020. The data indicate these women, members of the largest indigenous community in Medellín, experience similar forms of obstetric violence to non-indigenous women, which might be explained by the authoritarian medical habitus and a health system that prioritizes market forces. However, the data also reveal that indigenous women experience a specific form of this phenomenon: a lack of respect or cultural sensitivity, stemming from the process of colonialism to which indigenous peoples have been subjected. This dynamic continues to be expressed during delivery in healthcare childbirth settings via ignorance and disregard for indigenous ancestral knowledge, which can be understood as microaggressions that occur frequently but are difficult to identify.

La situación alimentaria de los desconectados de los servicios públicos domiciliarios en la parte alta de la comuna 3 de la ciudad de Medellín / The food situation of people without household utilities connection in the upper section of commune 3 in the city of Medellin / A situação alimentar dos desligados dos serviços públicos domiciliares na parte alta da comuna 3 da cidade de Medellín

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la situación alimentaria nutricional de los habitantes de las viviendas desconectadas de los servicios públicos domiciliarios de los barrios que conforman la franja alta de la comuna 3 de la ciudad de Medellín. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo trasversal. Se tomó un tamaño de muestra de 220 hogares, por medio de un muestreo aleatorio simple. Se recogió información a través de un cuestionario estructurado y por el método de la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria (elcsa). Los análisis estadísticos fueron hechos en el software spss® versión 19. El análisis de la información se efectuó mediante análisis descriptivos y exploratorio de los datos. También se realizó un análisis de correspondencias múltiples, con el fin de establecer perfiles socioeconómicos y alimentarios de los hogares desconectados. Se estimó la asociación entre la desnutrición y variables socioeconómicas del hogar, con la prueba chi-cuadrado. Resultados: Existen dos formas de desconexión de los servicios públicos domiciliarios: una por prestación (falto de pago) y otra por acceso (viviendas en alto riesgo o por fuera del plan territorial de la ciudad). La distribución poblacional de los hogares es piramidal progresiva, donde se resaltan las familias nucleadas biparentales y la informalidad como la situación laboral de la cabeza de familia; la tenencia de la vivienda es propia y el nivel académico no sobrepasa la secundaria. Se asociaron las variables de desnutrición con las covariables de hacinamiento, nivel de ingreso y tipo de vivienda rancho. Se obtuvieron dos clasificaciones de los hogares, conformadas por hogares en inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional moderada a severa y hogares con inseguridad alimentaria leve. Conclusión: Los hogares desconectados de los servicios públicos domiciliarios de los barrios de la franja alta de la comuna 3 no cuentan ni con la capacidad económica ni con un entorno mínimo para mejorar sus condiciones de salud, lo cual constituye un riesgo alimentario permanente, especialmente para los menores de edad. La canasta básica de los hogares encuestados son alimentos que aportan, en su mayor proporción, carbohidratos y calorías; las frutas son consumidas en mínimas cantidades.

Abstract Objective: To describe the nutritional food situation of the inha bitants of households without household utilities connection in neighborhoods that form the upper section of commune 3 in the city of Medellin. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. Sample size was 220 households, using simple random sampling. Information was collected using a structured questionnaire and using the Latin American and Ca ribbean Food Security Scale-elcsa (in Spanish, Escala Latinoa mericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria). A statistical analysis was conducted using spss® software Version 19. Infor mation analysis was conducted using descriptive an exploratory data analysis. Furthermore, a multiple correspondence analysis was conducted to establish social economic and food profiles of the households without utilities connection. The study estimated an association between malnutrition and household socioecono mic variables using a chi-square test. Results: We found that there are two ways of not being connected to household utili ties: one as a result of service disconnection (lack of payment) and the other because of access (high risk housing or outside the city's territorial plan). Household population distribution is pyramid-shaped and progressive, where the families are mainly represented by two-parent nuclear families where the head of the household has an informal labor situation; they have their own house and their schooling is no higher than Secondary School. Malnutrition variables were associated with covaria tes as overcrowding, income level and hut-type housing. Two household classifications were obtained which were households facing moderate to severe food and nutrition insecurity and ho mes facing slight food insecurity. Conclusion: Households that without utilities connection in the neighborhoods located in the upper sector of commune 3 do not have the economic capaci ty, and do not have a minimum setting to improve their health conditions, which creates a permanent food risk, particularly for underage children. The basic food basket of the participating households consists of food that mostly provides carbohydrates and calories; they eat fruit in minimum amounts.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever a situação alimentar nutricional dos mora dores das Vivendas desligadas dos serviços públicos domicilia res dos bairros que compõem a faixa alta da comuna 3 da cidade de Medellín. Metodologia: O pessoal trabalhou neste estudo descritivo em linha viés. Pegamos um tamanho de amostra de 220, lares, e fomos utentes do método de amostragem aleatória simples. Coletando informações através da enquete estruturada e pelo método da escada latino-americana e caribenha da segu rança alimentar (elcsa). As análises estatísticas foram feitas no software spss® versão 19. As análises da exploração se fazem mediante analise descritiva e exploratória dos dados. Também se realizou uma análise de correspondência múltipla, com o in tuito se estabelecer perfis socioeconômicos e alimentares destes lares desligados. Se estimó la asociación entre la desnutrición y variables socioeconómicas del hogar, con la prueba chi-cuadra do. Resultados: Existem dois jeitos de desconexão dos serviços públicos domiciliários: uma por prestação (faltante de pagamen to) e outra por acessibilidade (moradias em alto risco ou por fora do planejamento territorial da cidade). A distribuição populacio nal destes lares é piramidal progressiva, onde se salientam as fa mílias nucleadas bi parentais e a informalidade como a situação laborista da testa da família; a tenência da moradia é própria e o nível académico não ultrapassa a secundaria. Se associaram as variáveis de desnutrição com as variáveis de superlotação, nível de renda e tipo de vivenda de favela. Se obtiveram duas classificações dos lares, conformadas por famílias duma inse guridade alimentaria e nutricional moderada indo pra severa e lares com inseguridade alimentaria leve. Conclusão: Os lares desconectados dos serviços públicos domiciliários dos bairros da faixa alta da comuna 3 não contam nem com a capacidade económica nem com um redor mínimo para melhorar as suas condições de saúde, o qual constitui um risco alimentar perma nente, especialmente para os menores de idade. A cesta básica dos lares perguntados é de alimentos que aportam, na sua maior proporção, carboidratos e calorias; as frutas são consumidas em mínimas quantidades.

La atención a las madres durante el proceso de parto en algunos servicios de salud de la ciudad de Medellín: un acontecimiento enmarcado en el neoliberalismo y la mercantilización de la vida / Health Care to Mothers during the Delivery in some Health Centers in the City of Medellín: An Event Framed under the Neoliberalism and the CommodiAcation of Life

Resumen Objetivo: comprender los significados que tiene el personal asistencial sobre la influencia que ejercen el contexto de salud y las condiciones laborales en la atención a las madres durante el proceso de parto, en algunos servicios de salud de la ciudad de Medellín en los años 2015-2016. Metodología: estudio de naturaleza cualitativa, usando la metodología propuesta por la teoría fundamentada (TF) de Anselm Strauss y Julieth Corbin. Resultados y conclusión: las relaciones entre el personal asistencial y las gestantes en proceso de parto están enmarcadas en un macrocontexto, como lo es el Sistema de Salud de Colombia, y una perspectiva neoliberal que mercantiliza la vida. El cierre de muchos servicios de maternidad y algunas condiciones laborales difíciles han afectado las relaciones entre el personal de salud y las madres durante el proceso de parto.

Abstract Objective: To understand the meanings that health care workers have about the influence of the health context and the labor conditions on the health care provided to mothers in their delivery process, in some health centers in the city of Medellín during 2015-2016. Methods: It was a qualitative study using the methodology proposed after Anselm Strauss and Julieth Corbin's Grounded theory (GT). Results and Conclusion: the relations between the health care workers and the pregnant women during the delivery process are framed under both a macro-context like the Colombian health system and a neoliberal perspective that commodifies the life. The shutdown of many maternity wards and some of the hard labor conditions have impacted the relations between the health care workers and the mothers during the delivery process.

Resumo Objetivo: compreender os significados os profissionais da saúde têm sobre a influência do contexto de saúde e das condições laborais na atenção às mães durante o processo de parto, em alguns serviços de saúde da cidade de Medellín nos anos 2015-2016. Metodologia: estudo de natureza qualitativa, a usar a metodologia proposta pela teoria fundamentada (TF) de Anselm Strauss e Julieth Corbin. Resultados e conclusão: as relações entre a equipe assistencial e as gestantes no processo de parto estão enquadradas em um macrocontexto, como é o Sistema de Saúde da Colômbia e uma perspectiva neoliberal que mercantiliza a vida. O fechamento de muito serviço de maternidade e algumas condições laborais difíceis afetaram os relacionamentos entre o pessoal de saúde e as mães durante o processo de parto.

Dehumanization during Delivery: Meanings and Experiences of Women Cared for in the Medellín Public Network.

OBJECTIVES: This work sought to describe the meanings constructed in the experiences of women in relation to the care received by the healthcare staff at the moment of delivery. METHODS: Qualitative study using the procedures proposed by the Grounded theory for data analysis. The sample comprised 18 women over 14 years of age, between 40 days and 6 months postpartum. Twelve of the participants were selected through convenience and to reach saturation of the categories, six more participants were included by using theoretical sampling. Semistructured interviews were conducted in three information collection phases, and said interviews were analyzed line by line by using coding and categorization techniques. RESULTS: The mothers described the parturition experience negatively, perceiving it as the implicit imposition of stoicism to repress their emotions, pain, and discomfort and prefer an attitude of submission to the health staff. The participating mothers critically conjure up the care received, which translates into procedures performed and verbal and psychological abuse. CONCLUSIONS: The mothers assign meanings to their experiences of the delivery process not so much as a transcendent human experience, but rather as a super-experience to the dehumanization of giving birth within the biomedical context.

Effect of oil and shortening in rice bread quality: Relationship between dough rheology and quality characteristics.

One of the main problems with gluten-free breads is their texture and their rapid staling. Fats are widely used for the improvement of texture and other quality parameters in gluten-free breads. The effect of oil and shortening in rice-breads quality and its correlation with dough rheology has been analyzed. The inclusion of oil increased the specific volume of the breads and reduced their hardness, particularly with lower levels of hydration, whereas shortening did not modify specific volume or reduced it when hydration levels were higher. Oil, at levels of up to 30%, reduced the cohesiveness, springiness and resilience of breads, as well as the brightness of the crust, and increased the a* and b* values. Breads with oil also exhibited a greater number of pores per cm2 , especially in doughs with higher levels of hydration. An inverse correlation between G' and G'' and bread specific volume has been observed, being the reciprocal-Y model a better predictor than the linear model to relate the bread specific volume. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study showed that the type and quantity of fat added in rice based breads affect the bread quality in a different way. In general, it can be said that the incorporation of up to 20% oil improved rice based breads. Oil increased the specific volume, the a* and b* parameters of the crust and the cell density. It also decreases hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, resilience, and the L* parameter. Converse to breads made with oil, the addition of shortening can negatively affect the quality of the breads. Moreover, the correlation analysis has demonstrated that the study of dough rheology could be a good predictor of gluten-free bread quality.

Cirugía percutánea en el neuroma de morton. Revisión de casos / Percutaneos sugery for Morton’s neuroma. Revision of cases

Presentamos los resultados obtenidos en 10 pacientes diagnosticados de neuroma de Morton, sometidos a cirugía percutánea del antepié. El seguimiento medio fue de 13 meses. Se registran de forma retrospectiva los cambios en la percepción del dolor (escala numérica verbal) y la evolución de los datos pre y postoperatorios de la escala AOFAS (American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Surgery). Mostramos el grado de satisfacción con la técnica empleada y la necesidad de seguir usando plantillas o calzado especial. Nuestros resultados se contrastan con los obtenidos por otros autores con el mismo procedimiento quirúrgico y frente a otras técnicas clásicas y más recientes. Tras esto mantenemos que esta opción terapéutica es fiable, ofreciendo una buena respuesta clínica con escasa morbilidad

We show the results after percutaneous surgical procedure in 10 patients suffering Morton´s disease. Medium follow-up was 13 months. Results in pain perception (numerical verbal pain scale) and pre and postoperative AOFAS (Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Surgery) data were taken retrospectively. Patient´s satisfaction is graded as well as the use of insoles or special shoe wearing. We compared our results to other authors´ experience in same procedure and to classical and newer different techniques. After that we maintain this therapeutic option is reliable and offers good clinical outcome and low morbility