INTRODUCTION: Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis of universal distribution, highly endemic in the Americas. It is caused by a dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum. It affects both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals where progressive and disseminated forms are observed. A very important risk factor is HIV infection/AIDS, with a mortality rate of 20-40% in Latin America. The diagnosis of this mycosis is made by conventional and molecular methods or by antigen and antibody detection. METHODS: In this retrospective, longitudinal and analytical study, carried out over a period of 2 years, the sensitivity (S) and specificity (E) of a commercial kit for the detection of Histoplasma antigen by EIA technique (HC-Ag) was evaluated in 50 patients with AIDSassociated histoplasmosis. In addition, its performance was compared with that of other diagnostic techniques routinely used in our laboratory. RESULTS: HC-Ag had a S of 94%, E 96%, positive likelihood coefficient (CVP): 20.68 and negative likelihood coefficient (CVN): 0.06. The delay time of the results was 4 days, similar to that of antibody detection and n-PCR and much less than that of blood cultures. The combination of methods improved S to 100%; with similar values in E. CONCLUSION: The HC-Ag method demonstrated its usefulness in the diagnosis of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis and the combination of methods is a good option to increase sensitivity and decrease the time to reach the diagnosis of certainty. This allows improving the strategy in the management of the disease and decreasing its case-fatality rate.
Introducción: La histoplasmosis es una micosis sistémica de distribución universal, altamente endémica en las Américas. Es causada por un hongo dimórfico: Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum. Afecta tanto a inmunocompetentes como a inmunocomprometidos, se observan formas progresivas y diseminadas. Un factor de riesgo muy importante es la infección por HIV/sida, con una tasa de mortalidad del 20-40% en América Latina. El diagnóstico de esta micosis se realiza por métodos convencionales y moleculares o por detección de antígenos y anticuerpos. Métodos: En este estudio retrospectivo, longitudinal y analítico, realizado en un periodo de 2 años, se evaluó la sensibilidad (S) y especificidad (E) de un kit comercial para la detección de antígeno de Histoplasma por técnica de EIA (HC-Ag) en 50 pacientes con histoplasmosis asociada a sida. Además, se comparó su rendimiento con el de otras técnicas diagnósticas utilizadas habitualmente en nuestro laboratorio. Resultados: HC-Ag tuvo una S del 94%, E del 96%, coeficiente de verosimilitud positiva (CVP) de 20.68 y coeficiente de verosimilitud negativa (CVN) de 0.06. El tiempo de demora de los resultados fue de 4 días, similar al de la detección de anticuerpos y n-PCR y mucho menor que el de los hemocultivos. La combinación de métodos mejoró la S a 100%; con valores similares en E. Conclusión: El método HC-Ag demostró su utilidad en el diagnóstico de histoplasmosis diseminada progresiva y la combinación de métodos es una buena opción para aumentar la sensibilidad y disminuir el tiempo para llegar al diagnóstico de certeza. Esto permite mejorar la estrategia en el manejo de la enfermedad y reducir su tasa de letalidad.
HIV Infections , Histoplasmosis , Humans , Histoplasmosis/diagnosis , Histoplasma , Retrospective Studies , Argentina/epidemiology , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Antigens, Fungal/analysis
En diciembre de 2019 se identificó en Wuhan, China, un nuevo coronavirus denominado SARS-CoV-2, agente causal de la epidemia de neumonía atípica COVID-2019, que el 11 de marzo de 2020 fue declarada pandemia por la OMS.Hasta el 30 de septiembre de 2020, en Argentina fueron confirmados 751.001 casos y más de 16.937 muertes.La frecuencia y el impacto de las coinfecciones que afectan a los pacientes infectados por SARS-Cov-2 se ha estudiado junto con el avance de la pandemia. Entre las debidas a hongos se encuentran las fungemias por Candida sp, la aspergilosis invasora, las micosis sistémicas endémicas y la neumocistosis. Presentamos las distintas coinfecciones micosis-COVID-19 que fueron asistidas en nuestra institución entre abril y septiembre de 2020, y se realiza un análisis de las características de estas infecciones en pacientes con y sin sida. En este período se internaron 2837 pacientes, 2287 tuvieron diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19. La coinfección de COVID-19 con micosis pulmonares o sistémicas fue menor al 1%.Dieciocho pacientes presentaron infecciones fúngicas pulmonares o sistémicas. Ocho padecieron candidemias, cinco criptococosis meningeas, dos histoplasmosis, dos aspergilosis invasoras agudas probables y una aspergilosis pulmonar crónica. La estadía prolongada en terapia intensiva facilitó las fungemias por Candida sp, los casos de histoplasmosis y criptococosis parecen relacionarse con la enfermedad avanzada por VIH y no con COVID-19. Los enfermos con un componente inflamatorio basal alto con neumonía grave por coronavirus se relacionan más con micosis invasoras que los enfermos VIH positivos con niveles bajos de LTCD4+
On December 2019 a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) result in atypical pneumonía epidemic, it was identified in Wuhan China and it was called COVID-19. Then on March 11 was declared pandemic by the WHO.Until September 30, 2020 in Argentina 751,001 cases and more than 16,937 deaths have been confirmed. The frequency and impact of co-infections affecting SARS-Cov2 infected patients has been studied with the advance of the pandemic. Among those due to fungi are Candida sp fungemias, invasive aspergillosis, endemic systemic mycoses, and pneumocystosis.We present the different mycosis-COVID-19 co-infections that were assisted in F. J. Muñiz Hospital between April and September of this year and review the characteristics of these infections in patients with and without AIDS is carried out.In this period, 2,837 patients were admitted in the Muñiz hospital, 2,287 had a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19.Co-infection of COVID-19 with pulmonary or systemic mycoses was less than 1%.Eighteen patients had pulmonary or systemic fungal infections. Eight suffered from candidemia, five meningeal cryptococcosis, two histoplasmosis, two probable acute invasive aspergillosis, and one chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.Prolonged stay in intensive care facilitated fungemia due to Candida sp. Histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis cases seem to be related to advanced HIV disease and not to COVID-19.Patients with a high baseline inflammatory component with severe coronavirus pneumonia are more associated with invasive mycoses than HIV-positive patients with low levels of LTCD4 +
Humans , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Retrospective Studies , Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis/microbiology , Candidemia/microbiology , Coinfection , Lung Diseases, Fungal/microbiology
The disease caused by the new SARS-CoV-2, known as Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first identified in China in December 2019 and rapidly spread around the world. Coinfections with fungal pathogens in patients with COVID-19 add challenges to patient care. We conducted a literature review on fungal coinfections in patients with COVID-19. We describe a report of a patient with disseminated histoplasmosis who was likely infected with SARS-CoV-2 and experienced COVID-19 during hospital care in Buenos Aires, Argentina. This patient presented with advanced HIV disease, a well-known factor for disseminated histoplasmosis; on the other hand, we suspected that COVID-19 was acquired during hospitalization but there is not enough evidence to support this hypothesis. Clinical correlation and the use of specific Histoplasma and COVID-19 rapid diagnostics assays were key to the timely diagnosis of both infections, permitting appropriate treatment and patient care.
BACKGROUND: Histoplasmosis is a mycosis with a high prevalence in HIV/AIDS patients. Clinical presentation includes a wide spectrum of manifestations and diagnosis usually takes up to several weeks in patients who do not present cutaneous lesions. AIM: To determine the clinical and microbiological characteristics as well as some biochemical parameters in patients with AIDS-associated histoplasmosis without tegumentary lesions, in order to develop a guideline which enables an early empiric treatment in cases of difficult diagnosis. METHODS: Medical records of 86 patients with histoplasmosis were reviewed; 31 patients with diagnosis of AIDS-associated histoplasmosis without cutaneous lesions were analyzed. RESULTS: Fever was the most frequent symptom (96.7%), lung involvement was observed in 22 patients (70.9%), the most commonly radiological pattern was miliary pattern [(12/22), 54.5%]. Nineteen patients presented with splenomegaly. Blood culture sensitivity was 93.3% (28/30) and serology was positive only in 23.5% of the cases. Eight patients died (25.8%). Patients in which CD4+ T cell lymphocytes count was < 50 cells/µl, albumin levels < 2.5 g/dl and who presented with pancytopenia had an unfavorable outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In HIV seropositive patients with fever associated to splenomegaly and bilateral miliar pattern in chest radiography, the empiric treatment with amphotericin B must be considered if signs and symptoms of unfavorable outcome are present and due to the time that it takes to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. In order to confirm the diagnosis, all microbiological samples should be collected prior to initiating therapy.
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Dermatomycoses/diagnosis , Histoplasmosis/diagnosis , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Young Adult
Resumen Antecedentes: La histoplasmosis es una micosis de gran relevancia en pacientes con SIDA. El cuadro clínico puede ser muy variado y, en enfermos que no desarrollan lesiones cutáneas, el diagnóstico suele demorar varias semanas. Objetivo: Establecer pautas que permitan emplear un tratamiento empírico y precoz en pacientes con histoplasmosis asociada al SIDA sin manifestaciones tegumentarias y determinar las características clínicas, microbiológicas y algunos parámetros bioquímicos en los casos de difícil diagnóstico. Métodos: Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 86 pacientes con histoplasmosis. Fueron seleccionados 31 enfermos con histoplasmosis asociada con SIDA sin lesiones cutáneas. Resultados: La fiebre fue el síntoma más frecuente (96,7%), el compromiso pulmonar se comprobó en 22 enfermos (70,9%). El patrón radiológico más frecuentemente hallado en las radiografías de tórax fue el miliar o micronodulillar bilateral [(12/22), 54,5%]. Diecinueve enfermos presentaron esplenomegalia. Los hemocultivos demostraron una sensibilidad de 93,3% (28/30) y la serología fue positiva en 23,5% de los casos. Fallecieron ocho pacientes (25,8%). Los pacientes con recuentos de linfocitos T CD4+ menores a 50 céls/μl, albúmina menor a 2,5 g/dl y pancitopenia evidenciaron un pronóstico desfavorable. Conclusiones: En los pacientes con infección por VIH, fiebre asociada a esplenomegalia y lesiones micronodulillares bilaterales en la radiografía de tórax debe considerarse el tratamiento empírico con anfotericina B cuando existan signos o síntomas de mal pronóstico, debido al tiempo de demora hasta el diagnóstico definitivo. Previo a iniciar el tratamiento deben tomarse todas las muestras para los estudios microbiológicos que permitan confirmar luego la presunción diagnóstica.
Background: Histoplasmosis is a mycosis with a high prevalence in HIV/AIDS patients. Clinical presentation includes a wide spectrum of manifestations and diagnosis usually takes up to several weeks in patients who do not present cutaneous lesions. Aim: To determine the clinical and microbiological characteristics as well as some biochemical parameters in patients with AIDS-associated histoplasmosis without tegumentary lesions, in order to develop a guideline which enables an early empiric treatment in cases of difficult diagnosis. Methods: Medical records of 86 patients with histoplasmosis were reviewed; 31 patients with diagnosis of AIDS-associated histoplasmosis without cutaneous lesions were analyzed. Results: Fever was the most frequent symptom (96.7%), lung involvement was observed in 22 patients (70.9%), the most commonly radiological pattern was miliary pattern [(12/22), 54.5%]. Nineteen patients presented with splenomegaly. Blood culture sensitivity was 93.3% (28/30) and serology was positive only in 23.5% of the cases. Eight patients died (25.8%). Patients in which CD4+ T cell lymphocytes count was < 50 cells/μl, albumin levels < 2.5 g/dl and who presented with pancytopenia had an unfavorable outcome. Conclusions: In HIV seropositive patients with fever associated to splenomegaly and bilateral miliar pattern in chest radiography, the empiric treatment with amphotericin B must be considered if signs and symptoms of unfavorable outcome are present and due to the time that it takes to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. In order to confirm the diagnosis, all microbiological samples should be collected prior to initiating therapy.
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , Dermatomycoses/diagnosis , Histoplasmosis/diagnosis , Acute Disease , Retrospective Studies
Introducción: la criptococosis es una micosis sistémica, co-mún al hombre y a varias especies de animales, producida por el com-plejo Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii. Es una de las mi-cosis oportunistas más frecuentes en enfermos inmunodeprimidos y una de las principales causas de muerte en pacientes con sida. Objetivo: comparar la eficacia terapéutica de dos regímenes utilizados para el tratamiento de la criptococosis meníngea asociada al sida en nuestro hospital: a) inducción con anfotericina B, 0,7 mg/kg por día y b) inducción con anfotericina B 0,7 mg/kg diario y fluconazol 800 mg/día. El régimen de consolidación es el mismo en ambos esquemas (fluco-nazol 800 mg/día).Materiales y métodos: estudio analítico y retrospectivo. Se analiza-ron las historias clínicas de 128 pacientes con criptococosis meníngea asociada al sida. La mitad de los enfermos (grupo A) que fueron diag-nosticados en 2008-2009, fueron tratados durante 4 semanas sólo con anfotericina B, y luego con fluconazol. La otra mitad, (grupo B) diagnos-ticados en 2010-2011, fueron tratados con anfotericina B y fluconazol en forma simultánea. Se comparó tiempo de negativización del cultivo de LCR y mortalidad. Resultados: cincuenta pacientes negativizaron el cultivo de LCR dentro de los treinta días, 11 de los mismos pertenecían al grupo A y los 39 res-tantes al grupo B (p = 0,00001) (IC 95 %: -0,5886 - -0,2864). La mortalidad fue del 35,93 % (23 pacientes) para el grupo A, y del 20,31 % (13 pacientes) para el grupo B (p = 0,07948 IC 95 %: 0,00047 - 0,31203). Conclusiones: la meningitis por Cryptococcus sigue siendo una de las principales causas de muerte en pacientes HIV-sida, lo que lleva en la actualidad a emplear regímenes terapéuticos asociados o sinér-gicos, para elevar la sobrevida en dicha patología.Nuestro trabajo demostró que el tratamiento con an-fotericina B más fluconazol, disminuyó la mortalidad (aunque la diferencia no fue estadísticamente signi-ficativa) y además esterilizó el LCR en un tiempo me-nor al que requirió el grupo A
Background: Cryptococcosis is a systemic mycosis produced by Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii complex. It is one of the most frequent mycoses in immunocompromissed hosts and one of the main causes of death in aids patients.Objective: To compare therapeutic efficacy of two regimens used for the treatment of meningeal cryptococcosis associated to aids in our hospital. Regimen a) Induction with amphotericin B-deoxycholate alone (0.7 mg/kg/day); b) Induction with amphotericin B-deoxycholate (0.7 mg/kg/day + fluconazole 800 mg/day). Consolidation treatment was the same for both groups with fluconazole 800 mg/day.Methods: It was an analytical and retrospective study. One hundred and twenty eight clinical histories from patients with meningeal cryptococcosis associated to aids were analysed. Half of the patients (group A) were treated with amphotericin B alone for 4 weeks; the others (group B) received amphotericin B and fluconazole simultaneously. After that, both groups followed treatment with fluconazole. Time of negativization of CSF cultures and mortality rate for both groups were compared.Results: CSF cultures of 50 patients were negative at day 30, 11 belonged to group A and 39 to group B (p= 0.00001; IC 95%: -0,5886 - -0,2864).). Mortality rate was 35.9% (23 patients) in group A and 20.3% (13 patients) in group B (p= 0,07948 IC 95%: 0,00047 - 0,31203).Conclusions: Cryptococcal meningitis remains as one of the principal causes of death in HIV infected patients and therefore combined therapeutic regimens are employed to improve survival in this pathology. It could be demonstrated that the association of amphotericin B with fluconazole was able to sterilize CSF in a shorter period than amphotericin B alone and mortality rate diminished
Humans , Male , Female , Fluconazole/therapeutic use , Amphotericin B/therapeutic use , HIV/immunology , Meningitis, Cryptococcal/mortality , Meningitis, Cryptococcal/therapy
