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INTRODUCTION: Opioid use (OU) skyrockets as youth transition into young adulthood, indicating adolescence is a critical time for prevention. The juvenile legal system (JLS) presents an ideal setting for OU prevention, as it is the single largest referral source for youth outpatient OU treatment, after self-referral. However, no OU prevention programs have been developed for youth in JLS diversion programs or their families. The current formative study established specific OU prevention needs and preferences of families in JLS programs, to guide future tailored prevention efforts. METHODS: We interviewed 21 adolescents with substance use and 20 of their caregivers referred by a JLS diversion program in the northeastern United States to explore their OU-related knowledge, personal experiences, motivations, and behavioral skills. We used a deductive qualitative analysis approach wherein data were analyzed using an a priori coding framework based on the Information Motivation Behavioral Skills model. RESULTS: Caregivers knew more about OU than youth, several of whom misidentified both opiates and non-opiates. Few participants reported a history of personal OU, though many knew of others' OU. Participants perceived several potential motivations for OU: mental health problems, relationships, life stressors, difficulty accessing preferred substances, and experimentation. Though often unfamiliar with the symptoms, participants were eager to learn skills to identify and manage a suspected overdose. CONCLUSIONS: Youth involved in a JLS diversion program and their caregivers were open to and eager for tailored opioid use prevention content to help them reduce risks. We discuss implications for OU prevention and intervention program development.
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The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant changes in daily life, potentially impacting mental health and substance use behavior. Research on COVID-related changes in adolescent substance use have yielded mixed findings. The current cross-sectional chart review study compared rates of past-year substance use before and during COVID-19 among adolescent psychiatric inpatients, and investigated how motives for coping with COVID-19 changes were related to psychiatric acuity, and past-year substance use. Count models assessed if the number of past-year days of alcohol and cannabis use was higher among adolescents (n = 491, 11-18 years, 61% female) hospitalized during COVID-19 (3/14/20 to 4/5/21) versus adolescents hospitalized before COVID-19 (8/30/2019 to 3/13/20). For a subsample of COVID-19 inpatients (n = 124; 75% female), we evaluated psychiatric correlates of endorsing substances to cope with COVID-19 changes/rules. Results indicated adolescents admitted during COVID-19 reported significantly more past-year alcohol and cannabis use days than adolescents admitted before COVID-19. Adolescents endorsed using alcohol (19%), cannabis (33%), and e-cigarettes/vaping (25%) to cope with COVID-19. E-cigarette/vaping to cope with COVID-19 was significantly related to lifetime suicide attempt. Endorsing alcohol or cannabis to cope with COVID-19 was associated with a significantly greater number of past-year use days for each respective substance. Adolescent psychiatric inpatients admitted during COVID-19 reported more substance use days than adolescents admitted before COVID-19. Using substances to cope was linked to psychiatric correlates (e.g., suicidality). Assessing the presence and function of substance use in this population may be important to identify, treat, and prevent compounding negative outcomes during times of community stress.
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OBJECTIVE: Pregaming is common among college students and is associated with heavy drinking and negative alcohol-related consequences. The use of cannabis on pregaming days may exacerbate negative alcohol-related consequences, and the ordering of when cannabis is used on these days may buffer against or intensify these consequences. Considering the growing rates of simultaneous use of cannabis and alcohol among college students, it is necessary to examine the role of pregaming behaviors in the context of cannabis use and resulting effects on alcohol-related consequences. METHOD: In the present study, college students (N=485) completed a baseline survey and 14 days of daily surveys, reporting on daily alcohol and cannabis use and alcohol-related negative consequences. Multilevel Structural Equation Models were fit to evaluate cannabis outcomes on pregaming versus non-pregaming drinking days and ordering effects on alcohol-related consequences controlling for number of drinks, age, and sex. RESULTS: Across all drinking days, pregaming on that day as well as cannabis use during drinking on that day were associated with greater risk for alcohol-related consequences. On days that did not involve pregaming, use of cannabis before drinking was associated with greater risk for negative alcohol-related consequences, while cannabis use after drinking was associated with less risk for consequences. These effects were observed on non-pregaming days only and not on days with pregaming. CONCLUSIONS: Findings have implications for brief interventions with students, as analyses suggested that both cannabis use and pregaming, independent of number of drinks consumed, are risky behaviors associated with alcohol-related consequences.
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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess agreement between self-report and urine toxicology measures assessing use of 2 illicit simulants (methamphetamine and cocaine) during early pregnancy. METHODS: This cross-sectional study of 203,053 pregnancies from 169,709 individuals receiving prenatal care at Kaiser Permanente Northern California between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2019, assessed agreement ( κ , sensitivity, and specificity) between self-reported frequency and urine toxicology measures of methamphetamine and cocaine early in pregnancy. RESULTS: Prenatal use of the illicit stimulants was rare according to toxicology (n = 244 [0.12%]) and self-report measures (n = 294 [0.14%]). Agreement between these measures was low ( κ < 0.20). Of the 498 positive pregnancies, 40 (8.03%) screened positive on both measures, 204 (40.96%) screened positive on toxicology tests only, and 254 (51.00%) screened positive by self-report only. Relative to toxicology tests, sensitivity of any self-reported use was poor with 16.39% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.75%-21.04%) of pregnancies with a positive toxicology test self-reporting any use in pregnancy. Relative to self-report, sensitivity of toxicology tests was also poor with 13.61% (95% CI, 9.69%-17.52%) of pregnancies who self-reported any use having positive urine toxicology tests. The sensitivity improved slightly at higher frequencies of self-reported use: daily, 17.50% (95% CI, 5.72%-29.29%); weekly, 25.00% (95% CI, 11.58%-38.42%); and monthly or less, 11.06% (95% CI, 6.89%-15.23%). Specificity was high (>99%), reflecting the high negative rate of use. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that using self-report and toxicology measures in combination likely provides the most accurate information on methamphetamine and cocaine use in early pregnancy. Findings also highlight the need to provide supportive nonstigmatizing environments in which pregnant individuals feel comfortable disclosing substance use without fear of punishment.
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Trastornos Relacionados con Cocaína , Cocaína , Metanfetamina , Femenino , Embarazo , Humanos , Metanfetamina/efectos adversos , Autoinforme , Estudios Transversales , Detección de Abuso de Sustancias , Trastornos Relacionados con Cocaína/diagnóstico , Trastornos Relacionados con Cocaína/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The Family Assessment Task (FAsTask) is an observer-rated parent-child interaction task used in adolescent substance use intervention. The parental monitoring component of the FAsTask is thought to provide an objective assessment of parental monitoring that can guide treatment planning and circumvent the potential limitations of self-report measures. Yet, the factor structure, measurement invariance, and concurrent validity of the parental monitoring FAsTask has not been evaluated; doing so is essential to effectively guide clinical care. This study examined if the parental monitoring FAsTask can be reliably administered across adolescent age and sex, and to identify which components of the parental monitoring FAsTask are most consistently associated with adolescent substance use. METHODS: The study pooled data from 388 adolescent-caregiver dyads across six separate clinical trials (adolescents [Mage = 15.7, 57.5% male, 61.9% White, 31.2% Latine]; caregivers [Mage = 42.14, 88.7% female, 72.7% White, 24.2% Latine]). Dyads completed the FAsTask and the Timeline Followback at baseline, prior to randomization. Analyses proceeded in three steps. First, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted in half of the sample, followed by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in the second half of the sample. Second, measurement invariance was tested as a function of adolescent age and biological sex. Third, a series of structural equation models were used to assess the associations of each factor with alcohol use, binge drinking, and cannabis use. RESULTS: EFA and CFA indicated the presence of four factors (labeled Supervised/Structured, Active Monitoring, Task Engagement, and Parental Rules/Strategies). Evidence of measurement invariance was found across adolescent age and sex. The Supervision/Structure was negatively associated with adolescent alcohol use, binge drinking, and cannabis use. CONCLUSIONS: The parental monitoring FAsTask demonstrates validity and retains its structure across adolescent age and sex. Items focused on parental supervision and structure are most strongly associated with adolescent substance use and may best inform clinical care for adolescent substance use.
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Consumo Excesivo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Femenino , Psicometría , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/diagnóstico , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Etanol , PadresRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Pregnant and postpartum people want more and higher quality information about the effects of perinatal cannabis use (PCU) on child health, and they turn to anonymous sources of information, such as online pregnancy forums, to make decisions about its use. This study characterized perceptions of the developmental impact of PCU on children via a narrative evaluation of a public forum on which people discuss a range of issues around cannabis use. METHOD: A random sample of 10 threads per month from June 2020 to May 2021 were scraped from the "Ganja Mamas" forum on Whattoexpect.com. Posts were analyzed if they discussed use of cannabis during pregnancy or lactation and children. A qualitative coding structure was developed from a literature review on PCU and was refined for inclusion of emergent topics. Posts were evaluated by two coders using applied thematic analysis and were assessed using an open coding process to identify key topics. Associated codes were grouped into themes. RESULTS: Posters (a) discussed the negative and positive impact of PCU on child physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development; (b) garnered information about PCU from sources other than medical providers; and (c) discussed harm-reduction approaches to reduce impacts of PCU on child health. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for stigma-free support around PCU decision-making for people who select into discussion forums designed for communication and support around parental cannabis use. This forum presents a fruitful opportunity for intervention to encourage health-promoting behaviors through the provision of evidence-based information.
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Cannabis , Femenino , Embarazo , Niño , Humanos , Cannabis/efectos adversos , ComunicaciónRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Justice-involved youth (JIY) are at elevated risk for substance use and for substance use-related harm compared to non-JIY. Marijuana use is of significant concern in this population, as it is tied to reoffending. Motivational enhancement therapy (MET) and electronic interventions show promise in reducing youth substance use; the degree to which these findings extend to JIY requires additional research attention. Thus, the purpose of this study was to test the preliminary feasibility and effectiveness of a combined brief electronic parenting intervention plus a brief MET-based electronic intervention for JIY adolescents, followed by feedback and development of a change plan with a court worker, on marijuana use. METHODS: Participants were 83 parent-youth dyads recruited from a diversionary family court program who screened positive for past-year marijuana use. At baseline and 3- and 6-month follow-ups, youth self-reported on their substance use, parental monitoring, peer substance use, and dyads completed a discussion task querying parental monitoring, limit setting, and substance use. The study randomized dyads to psychoeducation or the experimental intervention condition post-baseline. The MET-based intervention involved the self-administered e-TOKE (an electronic, marijuana-specific assessment and feedback tool) and a brief follow-up meeting with court staff counselors to review feedback and create a marijuana use change plan. Caregivers completed a computer program aimed at improving parenting and communication with their adolescents. The study administered feasibility and acceptability measures for both conditions. RESULTS: Feasibility of study procedures was demonstrated through recruitment and retention (â¼75 % success). Acceptability ratings from youth, parents, and court staff were high and positive. While levels of parental monitoring, as assessed by an observational task, improved over the course of the study, the intervention did not result in a significant change in any of the outcomes tested. CONCLUSIONS: Despite high acceptability and feasibility ratings for the use of an electronic plus in-person MET intervention, reduction of marijuana and other substances was limited for most youth. This suggests that a more intensive intervention, such as stepped care, may be necessary for JIY who are not specifically referred for court proceedings due to marijuana use or those with already well-established use patterns.
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Cannabis , Fumar Marihuana , Uso de la Marihuana , Entrevista Motivacional , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Adolescente , Humanos , Entrevista Motivacional/métodos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/terapiaRESUMEN
Purpose of Review: The goals of this study were to identify smartphone apps targeting youth tobacco use prevention and/or cessation discussed in the academic literature and/or available in the Apple App Store and to review and rate the credibility of the apps. We took a multiphase approach in a non-systematic review that involved conducting parallel literature and App Store searches, screening the returned literature and apps for inclusion, characterizing the studies and apps, and evaluating app quality using a standardized rating scale. Recent Findings: The negative consequences of youth tobacco use initiation are profound and far-reaching. Half of the youth who use nicotine want to quit, but quit rates are low. The integration of smartphone apps shows promise in complementing and enhancing evidence-based youth tobacco prevention and treatment methods. Summary: Consistent with prior reviews, we identified a disconnect between apps that are readily accessible and those that have an evidence base, and many popular apps received low quality scores. Findings suggest a need for better integration between evidence-based and popular, available apps targeting youth tobacco use.
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Childhood adversity has been associated with myriad physical, emotional, and mental health symptoms across the lifespan, including higher risk for substance abuse, depression, suicidal ideation, and premature mortality. The current study evaluates the association between cumulative adverse childhood experiences and mental health distress at admission and discharge in an adolescent partial hospital program. Data were collected from 157 adolescents through clinical assessments administered during admission and discharge procedures (Youth Outcomes Questionnaire Self-Report (YOQ-SR), Treatment Support Measure (TSM), and Center for Youth Wellness Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire Teen (CYW ACE-Q Teen)). Regression analyses were conducted to assess how cumulative ACEs predict admission mental health distress (Intrapersonal Distress, Critical Items, and Total Score) as well as mental health distress at discharge, above and beyond other clinically relevant factors. While ACEs significantly predicted overall distress at admission (p = .026), there were no other significant associations between ACEs and outcomes at admission, nor ACEs and any outcomes at discharge. This suggests experiences of adversity may not hinder or influence outcomes over the course of treatment in this setting. Experiences of adversity were highly endorsed in this sample; thus, further understanding of experiences of trauma and resilience in acute treatment settings is a critical area for future research to improve interventions for adolescents.
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This research examines maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk for poorer executive function in siblings discordant for exposure. Data (N = 173 families) were drawn from the Missouri Mothers and Their Children study, a sample, identified using birth records (years 1998-2005), in which mothers changed smoking behavior between two pregnancies (Child 1 [older sibling]: M age = 12.99; Child 2 [younger sibling]: M age = 10.19). A sibling comparison approach was used, providing a robust test for the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and different aspects of executive function in early-mid adolescence. Results suggested within-family (i.e., potentially causal) associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and one working memory task (visual working memory) and one response inhibition task (color-word interference), with increased exposure associated with decreased performance. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was not associated with stop-signal reaction time, cognitive flexibility/set-shifting, or auditory working memory. Initial within-family associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and visual working memory as well as color-word interference were fully attenuated in a model including child and familial covariates. These findings indicate that exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy may be associated with poorer performance on some, but not all skills assessed; however, familial transmission of risk for low executive function appears more important.
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BACKGROUND: Although siblings are conceptualized as a salient social influence during adolescence, few studies have examined how adolescent siblings influence each other's substance use and risky sexual behavior. Objectives: In this study, we investigated the influence of alcohol use days, cannabis use days, and cannabis and alcohol co-use days on the sexual risk behavior of siblings while accounting for dyadic influence. METHODS: At the baseline visit for a randomized controlled trial for adolescents referred due to parents' concerns about their substance use ("referred adolescents"; n = 99; Mage=15.95; 38.38% female), we assessed alcohol and cannabis use days as well as sexual risk behavior of the referred adolescents and their sibling (Mage=15.03; 51.52% female). We computed the number of days in the 30 days prior to the baseline that alcohol and cannabis use occurred on the same day. Using a cross-sectional actor partner interdependence model, we tested two models of how adolescents' substance use is associated with their own ("actor effect") and their siblings' ("partner effect") sexual risk behavior-one model for alcohol and cannabis use, and one model for daily co-use. RESULTS: For referred adolescents and their siblings, within an individual, greater alcohol, cannabis, and daily co-use was significantly associated with sexual risk behavior (actor effects). Furthermore, more sibling co-use days was positively associated with referred adolescent sexual risk behavior (partner effect), representing interdependence. CONCLUSION: These findings confirm the influence siblings have on one another's risky behavior in adolescence and have implications for prevention and intervention efforts for adolescent substance use.
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Conducta del Adolescente , Cannabis , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Adolescente , Estudios Transversales , Etanol , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Asunción de Riesgos , Conducta Sexual , Hermanos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Although many women quit smoking while pregnant, rates of relapse after delivery are high. We examined the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) in maintaining postpartum abstinence from smoking among pregnant women who recently quit smoking (N = 382), randomized to receive five brief MI phone counseling calls or to a prenatal and postpartum care as usual control condition. Relapse to smoking was assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum based on self-report and urine cotinine. Cox regressions compared conditions on relapse outcomes and hazard ratio of total number of MI calls was examined to probe dose-response effects. Results revealed no difference in the hazard ratio of relapse between treatment condition and no dose-response effect of total number of MI calls. Phone counseling in the prenatal and postpartum period did not facilitate maintenance of abstinence among new mothers. Considerations for future intervention development studies on relapse prevention during the postpartum period are discussed.
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Entrevista Motivacional , Cese del Hábito de Fumar , Consejo/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Entrevista Motivacional/métodos , Periodo Posparto , Embarazo , Cese del Hábito de Fumar/métodos , Prevención del Hábito de Fumar , Teléfono , NicotianaRESUMEN
Cannabis refusal self-efficacy, defined as confidence in the ability to refuse cannabis or to avoid cannabis use, is associated with decreased cannabis use. Juvenile justice-involved youth are at high risk for cannabis use and may have lower refusal self-efficacy. While court-involved, non-incarcerated (CINI) and incarcerated youth are groups that are both at high-risk for cannabis use, the experience of incarceration may impact the measurement of refusal self-efficacy for cannabis. The factor structure, measurement invariance, and concurrent validity of the Brief Situational Confidence Questionnaire for Cannabis (BSCQ-M) was assessed among CINI (n = 148) and incarcerated (n = 199) youth (80.7% male, Mage = 16.3). Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a correlated 3-factor model including positive/good times, negative internal, and negative external situational factors best fit the data. Multigroup measurement invariance testing revealed that the BSCQ-M demonstrated configural, metric, scalar, and residual invariance across CINI and incarcerated samples, indicating measurement invariance across the two groups. Negative binomial regressions revealed that BSCQ-M scores were significantly negatively associated with concurrent cannabis use. Results suggest that the BSCQ-M is a brief, psychometrically sound measure of refusal self-efficacy for cannabis among juvenile justice-involved youth that can be utilized with both CINI and incarcerated youth.
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Cannabis , Adolescente , Análisis Factorial , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometría , Autoeficacia , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Increased parental monitoring is protective against cannabis use (CU) for justice involved youth, although discrepancies across parent/adolescent reports of monitoring may confer risk. Baseline data were drawn from two randomized clinical trials (152 adolescents; Mage= 15.9; 68% male). Adolescents reported on past 60-day CU and adolescents and parents completed a measure of parental knowledge, parental solicitation, parental control, and child disclosure. Multiple regression models that varied operationalization of discrepancies were performed, in which CU was predicted from each monitoring construct. Inclusion of main effects of parent and adolescent reports improved prediction of CU, particularly parental knowledge and child disclosure. When operationalized categorically, discrepancies improved prediction of CU for parental knowledge. Discrepancies did not improve prediction of CU for the other aspects of parental monitoring. Findings diverge from previous research on adolescent alcohol use; explanations of findings and implications for treatment are discussed.
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This research examines the relationship between smoking during pregnancy (SDP) and risk for reading related problems in siblings discordant for exposure to SDP. Data (N = 173 families) were drawn from the Missouri Mothers and Their Children study, a sample, identified using birth records (years 1998-2005), in which mothers changed her smoking behavior between two pregnancies (Child 1 [older sibling]: M = 12.99; Child 2 [younger sibling]: M = 10.19). A sibling comparison approach was used, providing a robust test for the association between SDP and reading related outcomes in school-aged children. Results suggested within-family (i.e., potentially causal) associations between SDP and reading and language/comprehension factor scores, as well as between SDP and specific reading-related skills, including reading accuracy and receptive language, with increased exposure to SDP associated with decreased performance. SDP was not associated with spelling, reading rate, or receptive vocabulary. Initial within-family associations between SDP and word-letter identification, phonetic/decoding skills, and reading comprehension were fully attenuated following partial control for genetic and environmental confounding of the associations. These findings indicate that exposure to SDP is associated with poorer performance on some, but not all skills assessed.
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Dislexia/psicología , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/psicología , Fumar Tabaco/efectos adversos , Adulto , Comprensión , Dislexia/etiología , Femenino , Humanos , Pruebas del Lenguaje , Masculino , Madres , Embarazo , Desempeño Psicomotor , Lectura , Hermanos , Cese del Hábito de Fumar , VocabularioRESUMEN
Theoretical models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder implicate neurocognitive dysfunction, yet neurocognitive functioning covers a range of abilities that may not all be linked with inattention. This study (a) investigated the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) heritability (h2SNP) of inattention and aspects of neurocognitive efficiency (memory, social cognition, executive function, and complex cognition) based on additive genome-wide effects; (b) examined if there were shared genetic effects among inattention and each aspect of neurocognitive efficiency; and (c) conducted an exploratory genome-wide association study to identify genetic regions associated with inattention. The sample included 3,563 participants of the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, a general population sample aged 8-21 years who completed the Penn Neurocognitive Battery. Data on inattention was obtained with the Kiddie Schedule of Affective Disorders (adapted). Genomic relatedness matrix restricted maximum likelihood was implemented in genome-wide complex trait analysis. Analyses revealed significant h2SNP for inattention (20%, SE = 0.08), social cognition (13%, SE = 0.08), memory (17%, SE = 0.08), executive function (25%, SE = 0.08), and complex cognition (24%, SE = 0.08). There was a positive genetic correlation (0.67, SE = 0.37) and a negative residual covariance (-0.23, SE = 0.06) between inattention and social cognition. No SNPs reached genome-wide significance for inattention. Results suggest specificity in genetic overlap among inattention and different aspects of neurocognitive efficiency.
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Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Adolescente , Adulto , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/genética , Niño , Cognición , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Humanos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Consistent with behaviour observed in prior crises, individuals are stockpiling supplies during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The goal of this study was to describe stockpiling behaviour in response to COVID-19 and investigate individual predictors of stockpiling. METHODS: Workers (N = 363, 54.72% male, 44.65% female, 0.63% other; Mage = 38.41, SD = 12.48, range = 18-78) were recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk and completed a survey about their stockpiling of 13 items, as well as behaviours and opinions surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic and their political affiliation. RESULTS: Participants stockpiled, on average, approximately 6 items, and toilet paper was the item most commonly procured. Approximately 25% of the sample acquired a gun or other weapon in response to the pandemic and approximately 20% of participants stockpiled gold or other precious metals. Stockpiling was more commonly observed among individuals who were more conservative, worried more about the pandemic, and social distanced less. CONCLUSIONS: Individual, societal, and ideological implications are discussed.
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COVID-19 , Pandemias , Adulto , Ansiedad , Actitud , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
We examined tobacco use changes in young adult college students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on smoking and vaping. First, we evaluated changes in tobacco use from pre to post campus closure focusing on smoking and electronic nicotine vaping frequency (days) and quantity (cigarettes/cartridges per day). Also, given the potential protective effects of pausing (temporarily or permanently discontinuing) smoking or vaping, we evaluated its predictors. We hypothesized that generalized anxiety and moving home would increase the odds of pausing. We also explored effects of COVID-related news exposure and seeking on tobacco use. We re-contacted young adults two years after they completed a study on alcohol and marijuana co-use. A subset (N = 83; 26.6% of the 312 respondents) were enrolled in college and reported use of cigarettes (n = 35) and/or e-cigarettes (n = 69) in the week prior to their campus closing (PC). Paired sample t-tests compared smoking and vaping frequency and quantity PC to past-week use since closing (SC). Multivariate logistic regression models were fit to examine predictors of pausing. Both smoking and vaping frequency decreased from PC to SC; however, decreased frequency did not correspond to reduced quantity. Twenty-four participants (28.9%) paused past-week use SC. Higher anxiety and moving home (versus living independently) were related to increased odds of pausing, whereas COVID-19 related news exposure and seeking were related to decreased odds of pausing. Characterizing COVID-19 related tobacco use change provides insights into how college students respond to novel health threats and informs potential interventions.
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COVID-19/psicología , Fumar Cigarrillos/epidemiología , Fumar Cigarrillos/psicología , Vapeo/epidemiología , Vapeo/psicología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Estudiantes/psicología , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Universidades , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Background: Adolescent cannabis misuse may be associated with serious academic, conduct, and health problems. Identifying factors associated with adolescent cannabis misuse over time may provide insight to address these factors in interventions. Parent-adolescent relationship characteristics (i.e., attachment, discipline) have been linked to adolescent cannabis misuse and may be important factors to study. Objectives: We investigated time-varying associations between parent-adolescent relationship domains and weekly adolescent-reported cannabis misuse. We hypothesized that during times when parents reported less positive aspects of their relationship with their adolescents, adolescents would report higher levels of cannabis misuse. Methods: Data were drawn from a community clinic treatment study for adolescents with substance use and co-occurring psychiatric disorders (n=110; average age=15.71; 57.3% male). Latent growth modeling with time-varying predictors (parent-adolescent relationship characteristics) was used to examine if the associations between adolescent cannabis misuse and relational frustration, discipline, and attachment varied across the study period (baseline, 3-, 6-, and 12-months). Results: Weekly cannabis misuse significantly increased over time, even after accounting for parental relationship characteristics. When parents rated higher levels of relational frustration relative to their average level of frustration, adolescents reported higher cannabis misuse at all study periods except 12-month follow-up. Conclusion: Results support the importance of considering how specific aspects of the parentadolescent relationship, in this case elevated parental frustration, are associated with adolescent cannabis misuse during treatment and after its completion. Findings suggest parental relationship frustration is a key factor to assess and address within individually tailored interventions for co-occurring cannabis misuse and psychiatric disorders.