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Background: Age and sex are the most significant risk of factors for advanced Fuchs dystrophy. Nevertheless, few data are available on the hormone's receptor pattern expressed in adult and advanced fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). We investigated the impact of gender, growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) regulatory proteins expressed by the dystrophic endothelia. Methods: Ten dystrophic endothelial tissues and 10 normal endothelial sheets (corneoscleral specimens; Eye Bank) were used for this characterization study. Hormones' receptors (ERα, AR, PR, SHBG), few growth factors (VEGFA, ßNGF, TGFß1), some ECM regulators (MMP1, MMP7) and few inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, IL10) were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Results: ERα transcripts were significantly increased, AR and SHBG transcripts were decreased in Fuchs endothelia from female patients, and no changes were detected for PR transcripts. VEGFA, ßNGF and TGFß1 transcripts were upregulated in Fuchs' endothelia, but not significantly linked to gender. High MMP1 and low MMP7 transcripts' expression were detected in Fuchs' specimens, mainly in males than females. An increased IFNγ (Th1) transcript expression was observed in females than males, and a trend to increase for IL10 (Th2) transcripts was detected in males than females. Conclusions: Our findings clearly indicate that hormone receptors, growth factors and matrix mediators as well as a Th1 pathway are predominant in Fuchs' dystrophy, displaying a pattern of expression specific for the female phenotype. The differential expression of hormones' receptors and the Th1/Th2 ratio might prompt to new theories to be tested in vitro and in vivo models, such as the use of hormonal substitute for counteracting this endothelial cell lost.
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Previous studies reported the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs), merely TLR2 and TLR4, and complement fragments (C3a, C5b9) in vitreoretinal disorders. Other than pathogens, TLRs can recognize endogenous products of tissue remodeling as damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs). The aim of this study was to confirm the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the fibrocellular membranes and vitreal fluids (soluble TLRs) of patients suffering of epiretinal membranes (ERMs) and assess their association with disease severity, complement fragments and inflammatory profiles. Twenty (n = 20) ERMs and twelve (n = 12) vitreous samples were collected at the time of the vitrectomy. Different severity-staged ERMs were processed for: immunolocalization (IF), transcriptomic (RT-PCR) and proteomics (ELISA, IP/WB, Protein Chip Array) analysis. The investigation of targets included TLR2, TLR4, C3a, C5b9, a few selected inflammatory biomarkers (Eotaxin-2, Rantes, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGFA), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor receptor (VEGFR2), Interferon-γ (IFNγ), Interleukin (IL1ß, IL12p40/p70)) and a restricted panel of matrix enzymes (Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)/Tissue Inhibitor of Metallo-Proteinases (TIMPs)). A reduced cellularity was observed as function of ERM severity. TLR2, TLR4 and myD88 transcripts/proteins were detected in membranes and decreased upon disease severity. The levels of soluble TLR2 and TLR4, as well as C3a, C5b9, Eotaxin-2, Rantes, VEGFA, VEGFR2, IFNγ, IL1ß, IL12p40/p70, MMP7 and TIMP2 levels were changed in vitreal samples. Significant correlations were observed between TLRs and complement fragments and between TLRs and some inflammatory mediators. Our findings pointed at TLR2 and TLR4 over-expression at early stages of ERM formation, suggesting the participation of the local immune response in the severity of disease. These activations at the early-stage of ERM formation suggest a potential persistence of innate immune response in the early phases of fibrocellular membrane formation.
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Membrana Epirretinal , Receptor Toll-Like 2 , Receptor Toll-Like 4 , Humanos , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 4/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 2/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 2/genética , Masculino , Femenino , Membrana Epirretinal/metabolismo , Membrana Epirretinal/patología , Anciano , Cuerpo Vítreo/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Mast cells (MCs), traditionally viewed as key players in IgE-mediated allergic responses, are increasingly recognized for their versatile roles. Situated at critical barrier sites such as the ocular surface, these sentinel cells participate in a broad array of physiological and pathological processes. This review presents a comprehensive update on the immune pathophysiology of MCs, with a particular focus on the mechanisms underlying innate immunity. It highlights their roles at the ocular surface, emphasizing their participation in allergic reactions, maintenance of corneal homeostasis, neovascularization, wound healing, and immune responses in corneal grafts. The review also explores the potential of MCs as therapeutic targets, given their significant contributions to disease pathogenesis and their capacity to modulate immunity. Through a thorough examination of current literature, we aim to elucidate the immune pathophysiology and multifaceted roles of MCs in ocular surface health and disease, suggesting directions for future research and therapeutic innovation.
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Mastocitos , Humanos , Mastocitos/fisiología , Córnea/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata/fisiología , Enfermedades de la Córnea/patología , Animales , Cicatrización de Heridas/fisiología , Conjuntiva/inmunología , Conjuntiva/patologíaRESUMEN
Background: To systematically review and meta-analyze the immunologic aspects and outcomes of various endothelial keratoplasty (EK) techniques, specifically comparing Descemet's Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSAEK), Ultra-Thin Descemet's Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (UT-DSAEK), and Descemet's Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK). Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Main outcomes were the proportion of patients achieving a best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) of 20/20 at 6 months after keratoplasty, rejection rate one year after surgery, BSCVA at last follow up, and postoperative immunomodulating regimen. Results: A higher proportion of DMEK patients achieved a BSCVA of 20/20 after 6 months. UT-DSAEK and DMEK showed similar rejection rates with a lower risk of re-bubbling for UT-DSAEK (4% vs. 20%). Conclusions: DMEK showed faster visual recovery than UT-DSAEK but a similar rejection rate and long-term visual acuity. One-year postoperative slow tapering steroid regimen has a positive but not (yet) significant effect on rejection risk and visual outcomes.
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Dupilumab-associated ocular surface disease is a common clinical sign appearing in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) just few months after dupilumab treatment start, developing in about 25% of patients. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) is a well-identified clinical entity, defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of eye that affects 25%-40% of patients with AD. Most clinical signs of ocular involvement in AD patients treated with dupilumab overlaps the AKC symptoms and signs. We supposed that Dupilumab-associated ocular surface disease and AKC represent the same disease but differently called by dermatologists and ophthalmologists. AKC-like disease may develop during dupilumab therapy as a consequence of alternative cytokines pathway activation (e.g. IL33) secondary to IL-4/13 pathway block. The novel upadacitinib drug may bypass ILs pathway through Janus Kinases selective inhibition, avoiding positive or negative ILs feedback at the ocular surface level. In this case report, molecular analysis on conjunctival samples showed a lower ocular surface inflammation (lower expression of HLADR) although higher levels of IL4 and IL13 in a patient with AD and AKC during upadacitinib therapy, compared to prior dupilumab treatment. Target therapies in patients suffering from AD may prevent ocular and dermatological comorbidities improving quality of life before quality of skin and vision.
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In this Special Issue, we focus on the complex mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders (as delineated in the DSM-5), which are a group of neurological disorders that begin in childhood but significantly impact adult life [...].
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Epigénesis Genética , Trastornos del Neurodesarrollo , Humanos , Trastornos del Neurodesarrollo/genética , Trastornos del Neurodesarrollo/terapiaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The cataract surgery dissatisfaction rate is 20% to 35% due to ocular surface discomfort. We investigate the ocular surface discomfort after surgical failure as a consequence of age-related parainflammation. We also aim to prevent it by immune-modulating prophylactic management. METHODS: Monocentric clinical trial realized in a teaching hospital. Prospective, randomized, open-label, unmasked clinical trial. One hundred patients diagnosed with cataracts underwent phacoemulsification surgery. Groups A (<65 years; n = 25) and B (>75 years; n = 25) received surgery only. Groups C and D (both >75 years and both n = 25) used cyclosporine A 0.1% cationic emulsion (CE) eye drops or CE lubricating eye drops (both twice daily), respectively, for 30 days before surgery. Patients were followed up 90 days after surgery. The primary outcome was postoperative ocular surface failure; secondary outcomes examined the influence of prophylactic cyclosporine A 0.1% CE therapy on ocular surface outcomes. RESULTS: Group B demonstrated greater severity regarding ocular surface signs and symptoms throughout the study period, versus all other groups. Signs/symptoms were typically lower in Group A. Group C achieved significant reductions in conjunctival Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye values ( P < 0.05), conjunctival hyperemia severity ( P < 0.01), and meibomian gland dysfunction ( P < 0.001) at Day 45, versus Group B, and tear break-up time was increased ( P < 0.001). Ocular surface inflammatory marker transcription (HLADR, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [ICAM-1], and interleukin 6 [IL-6]) was significantly downregulated in Group C, versus Group B, at 90 days ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Cataract surgery induced ocular surface system failure with a clinically significant persistent inflammatory status (InflammAging) in patients older than 75 years. Prophylactic cyclosporine A 0.1% CE eye drops were associated with improved ocular surface homeostasis and reductions in inflammatory markers.
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BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has been a health emergency with a significant impact on the world due to its high infectiousness. The disease, primarily identified in the lower respiratory tract, develops with numerous clinical symptoms affecting multiple organs and displays a clinical finding of anosmia. Several authors have investigated the pathogenetic mechanisms of the olfactory disturbances caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, proposing different hypotheses and showing contradictory results. Since uncertainties remain about possible virus neurotropism and direct damage to the olfactory bulb, we investigated the expression of SARS-CoV-2 as well as ACE2 receptor transcripts in autoptic lung and olfactory bulb tissues, with respect to the histopathological features. METHODS: Twenty-five COVID-19 olfactory bulbs and lung tissues were randomly collected from 200 initial autopsies performed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Routine diagnosis was based on clinical and radiological findings and were confirmed with post-mortem swabs. Real-time RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 receptor RNA was carried out on autoptic FFPE lung and olfactory bulb tissues. Histological staining was performed on tissue specimens and compared with the molecular data. RESULTS: While real-time RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 was positive in 23 out of 25 lung samples, the viral RNA expression was absent in olfactory bulbs. ACE2-receptor RNA was present in all tissues examined, being highly expressed in lung samples than olfactory bulbs. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding suggests that COVID-19 anosmia is not only due to neurotropism and the direct action of SARS-CoV-2 entering the olfactory bulb. The mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 neuropathogenesis in the olfactory bulb requires a better elucidation and further research studies to mitigate the olfactory bulb damage associated with virus action.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to quantify specific aqueous humor (AH) proteins in eyes affected by posterior uveal melanoma (UM). Methods: Thirty-six eyes affected by primary UM were included. Tumor thickness and largest basal diameter were specific clinical characteristics. Tumors were staged with the American Joint Commission on Cancer Eighth Edition (AJCC) classification. During the brachytherapy (Iodine-125) surgical procedure, both the AH sample collection and the 25-gauge transscleral fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) were performed. AH samples were analyzed by immunoprecipitation and SDS PAGE techniques to quantify GNAQ, BAP1, SF3B1, and EIF1AX proteins. Cytologic material underwent fluorescence in situ hybridization for chromosome 3. The AH of 36 healthy eyes was used as the control group. Cluster analysis of groups was also performed. Results: Compared with the control group, significantly higher protein levels of: GNAQ (P = 0.02), BAP1 (P = 0.01), and SF3B1 (P = 0.02) were detected in eyes with UM. Cluster analysis of UM group revealed 2 clusters, one showing higher expression of GNAQ and BAP1 protein and one of EIF1AX protein. Moreover, the 2 clusters corresponded with the chromosome 3 status of UM. Conclusions: Specific and selected proteins may be detected in the AH of eyes affected by UM. These findings confirm the possibilities provided by AH analysis in UM.
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Humor Acuoso , Neoplasias de la Úvea , Humanos , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Factores de Transcripción , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor , Ubiquitina Tiolesterasa , Factores de Empalme de ARN/genética , Fosfoproteínas , Subunidades alfa de la Proteína de Unión al GTP Gq-G11RESUMEN
PURPOSE: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) are common gastrointestinal disorders with extraesophageal manifestations (EGERD). Studies showed a correlation between GERD/LPR and ocular discomfort. Our aim was to report the prevalence of ocular involvement in patients with GERD/LPR, describe clinical and biomolecular manifestations, and provide a treatment strategy for this novel EGERD comorbidity. METHODS: Fifty-three patients with LPR and 25 healthy controls were enrolled in this masked randomized controlled study. Fifteen naive patients with LPR were treated with magnesium alginate eye drops and oral therapy (magnesium alginate and simethicone tablets) with a 1-month follow-up. Clinical ocular surface evaluation, Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, tear sampling, and conjunctival imprints were performed. Tear pepsin levels were quantified by ELISA. Imprints were processed for human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype (HLA-DR) immunodetection and for HLA-DR, IL8, mucin 5AC (MUC5AC), nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) transcript expression (PCR). RESULTS: Patients with LPR had significantly increased Ocular Surface Disease Index ( P < 0.05), reduced T-BUT ( P < 0.05), and higher meibomian gland dysfunction ( P < 0.001) compared with controls. After treatment, tear break-up time (T-BUT) and meibomian gland dysfunction scores improved to normal values. Pepsin concentration increased in patients with EGERD ( P = 0.01) and decreased with topical treatment ( P = 0.0025), significantly. HLA-DR, IL8, and NADPH transcripts were significantly increased in the untreated versus controls and comparable significant values were obtained after treatment ( P < 0.05). MUC5AC expression significantly increased with treatment ( P = 0.005). VIP transcripts were significantly higher in EGERD than in controls and decreased with the topical treatment ( P < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in NPY. CONCLUSIONS: We report an increase in prevalence of ocular discomfort in patients with GERD/LPR. The observations of VIP and NPY transcripts demonstrate the potential neurogenic nature of the inflammatory state. Restoration of the ocular surface parameters suggests the potential usefulness of topical alginate therapy.
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Oftalmopatías , Reflujo Laringofaríngeo , Disfunción de la Glándula de Meibomio , Humanos , Interleucina-8 , Magnesio , NADP , Pepsina A , Reflujo Laringofaríngeo/diagnóstico , Reflujo Laringofaríngeo/tratamiento farmacológico , Reflujo Laringofaríngeo/epidemiología , Antígenos HLA-DR , Alginatos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Purpose: Ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid (OcMMP) is a rare eye disease characterized by relapsing-remitting or persisting long-lasting inflammatory events associated with progressive scarring. Despite long-term immunomodulating therapy, abnormal fibrosis keeps worsening in patients with OcMMP. This study investigates the fibrotic process in patients with OcMMP, as well as the critical role of the epithelium in modulating the local fibrosis. Methods: In this prospective, observational pilot study, patients affected by long-lasting OcMMP were compared with age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Clinical grading was assessed, and conjunctival biopsy and impression cytology were performed. Conjunctival samples were used for quantifying the expression of transcripts regulating the inflammatory and fibrogenic processes. Results: Ocular surface clinical and functional markers worsened in patients with OcMMP with fibrotic disease progression. In more advanced disease stages, both impression cytologies and conjunctival biopsies revealed increased tissue remodeling and profibrotic markers (α-SMA and TGF-ß), and decreased levels of inflammatory markers (I-CAM1, IL-10, and IL-17). Increased epithelial expression of profibrotic markers and histological changes were detected. Conclusions: Chronic OcMMP is characterized by a progressive, aberrant self-sustaining fibrotic process that worsens clinical signs and symptoms. Conjunctival epithelial cells may transdifferentiate into myofibroblast-like phenotypes when chronically exposed to high levels of inflammation, as in the case of OcMMP. Tissue remodeling markers in OcMMP could be used as early diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers, harvested in a non-invasive and painless procedure such as impression cytologies.
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Penfigoide Benigno de la Membrana Mucosa , Penfigoide Ampolloso , Humanos , Conjuntiva/metabolismo , Fibrosis , Membrana Mucosa/metabolismo , Membrana Mucosa/patología , Penfigoide Benigno de la Membrana Mucosa/diagnóstico , Penfigoide Benigno de la Membrana Mucosa/patología , Penfigoide Benigno de la Membrana Mucosa/terapia , Penfigoide Ampolloso/metabolismo , Penfigoide Ampolloso/patología , Estudios Prospectivos , Cicatrización de HeridasRESUMEN
A growing body of evidence indicates that a neuropathological cross-talk takes place between the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) -the pandemic severe pneumonia that has had a tremendous impact on the global economy and health since three years after its outbreak in December 2019- and Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia among human beings, reaching 139 million by the year 2050. Even though COVID-19 is a primary respiratory disease, its causative agent, the so-called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is also endowed with high neuro-invasive potential (Neurocovid). The neurological complications of COVID-19, resulting from the direct viral entry into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and/or indirect systemic inflammation and dysregulated activation of immune response, encompass memory decline and anosmia which are typically associated with AD symptomatology. In addition, patients diagnosed with AD are more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection and are inclined to more severe clinical outcomes. In the present review, we better elucidate the intimate connection between COVID-19 and AD by summarizing the involved risk factors/targets and the underlying biological mechanisms shared by these two disorders with a particular focus on the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, APOlipoprotein E (APOE), aging, neuroinflammation and cellular pathways associated with the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)/Amyloid beta (Aß) and tau neuropathologies. Finally, the involvement of ophthalmological manifestations, including vitreo-retinal abnormalities and visual deficits, in both COVID-19 and AD are also discussed. Understanding the common physiopathological aspects linking COVID-19 and AD will pave the way to novel management and diagnostic/therapeutic approaches to cope with them in the post-pandemic future.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , COVID-19 , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso , Humanos , COVID-19/complicaciones , SARS-CoV-2 , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/epidemiología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/complicaciones , Pandemias , Péptidos beta-Amiloides , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/etiologíaRESUMEN
Inflammatory, vasculogenic, and profibrogenic factors have been previously reported in vitreous (VH) and aqueous (AH) humors in myopic patients who underwent cataract surgery. In light of this, we selected some mediators for AH and anterior-capsule-bearing lens epithelial cell (AC/LEC) analysis, and AH expression was correlated with LEC activation (epithelial-mesenchymal transition and EMT differentiation) and axial length (AL) elongation. In this study, AH (97; 41M/56F) and AC/LEC samples (78; 35M/43F) were collected from 102 patients who underwent surgery, and biosamples were grouped according to AL elongation. Biomolecular analyses were carried out for AH and LECs, while microscopical analyses were restricted to whole flattened AC/LECs. The results showed increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and angiopoietin-2 (ANG)-2 and decreased levels of vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF)-A were detected in AH depending on AL elongation. LECs showed EMT differentiation as confirmed by the expression of smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ßR1/TGFß isoforms. A differential expression of IL-6R/IL-6, IL-8R/IL-8, and VEGF-R1/VEGF was observed in the LECs, and this expression correlated with AL elongation. The higher VEGF-A and lower VEGF-D transcript expressions were detected in highly myopic LECs, while no significant changes were monitored for VEGF-R transcripts. In conclusion, these findings provide a strong link between the AH protein signature and the EMT phenotype. Furthermore, the low VEGF-A/ANG-2 and the high VEGF-A/VEGF-D ratios in myopic AH might suggest a specific inflammatory and profibrogenic pattern in high myopia. The highly myopic AH profile might be a potential candidate for rating anterior chamber inflammation and predicting retinal distress at the time of cataract surgery.
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Humor Acuoso , Catarata , Humanos , Factor D de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/genética , Interleucina-8 , Biomarcadores , Células Epiteliales , Interleucina-6 , Catarata/genéticaRESUMEN
Beyond deficits in hippocampal-dependent episodic memory, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) features sensory impairment in visual cognition consistent with extensive neuropathology in the retina. 12A12 is a monoclonal cleavage specific antibody (mAb) that in vivo selectively neutralizes the AD-relevant, harmful N-terminal 20-22 kDa tau fragment(s) (i.e., NH2htau) without affecting the full-length normal protein. When systemically injected into the Tg2576 mouse model overexpressing a mutant form of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), APPK670/671L linked to early onset familial AD, this conformation-specific tau mAb successfully reduces the NH2htau accumulating both in their brain and retina and, thus, markedly alleviates the phenotype-associated signs. By means of a combined biochemical and metabolic experimental approach, we report that 12A12mAb downregulates the steady state expression levels of APP and Beta-Secretase 1 (BACE-1) and, thus, limits the Amyloid beta (Aß) production both in the hippocampus and retina from this AD animal model. The local, antibody-mediated anti-amyloidogenic action is paralleled in vivo by coordinated modulation of the endocytic (BIN1, RIN3) and bioenergetic (glycolysis and L-Lactate) pathways. These findings indicate for the first time that similar molecular and metabolic retino-cerebral pathways are modulated in a coordinated fashion in response to 12A12mAb treatment to tackle the neurosensorial Aß accumulation in AD neurodegeneration.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Ratones , Animales , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/genética , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Secretasas de la Proteína Precursora del Amiloide/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Ratones TransgénicosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a common worldwide disease. LPR symptoms may involve distant organs and tissues including the ocular surface with manifestations of a Dry Eye-like disease. We evaluated the concomitant involvement of the ocular surface in patients with LPR. We also defined the clinical signs and the roles of chemical and neuro-inflammatory mediators in the tears of LPR patients. METHODS: Seventy-seven patients with LPR (mean age 65.8 ± 16.8 SD) and 25 healthy controls (mean age 56.5 ± 16.3 SD) were recruited from the otorhinolaryngology unit. Each subject was evaluated for the presence of concomitant ocular surface disease through clinical examination, including the measurement of tear break-up time (TBUT) and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire. Tears and conjunctival imprints were collected. The presence of pepsin in tears was detected by ELISA. HLA-DR in conjunctival imprints were imaged by immunofluorescence microscopy. RT-PCR quantified conjunctival mRNA transcripts of HLA-DR, IL-8, MUC5AC, NADPH, VIP, and NPY. RESULTS: Patients with LPR had significantly increased OSDI and reduced TBUT scores compared to control subjects (p < 0.05 each). Pepsin was detected in 51% of patient tears while it was not measurable in the controls (p < 0.01). Immunoreactivity for HLA-DR in the conjunctival impressions was greater than for the controls with an increased mRNA expression (p < 0.05). mRNA transcripts for IL-8, NADPH, and VIP were significantly increased in LPR patients (p < 0.05 each), but neither MUC5AC nor NPY was different from controls. CONCLUSIONS: LPR can adversely affect the ocular surface, leading to moderate signs and symptoms of dry eye. This study provides evidence that the presence of pepsin, HLA-DR immunoreactivity, and increased mRNA expression of neuro-inflammatory markers in the tears and conjunctival imprints of LPR patients suggests a potential link between LPR inflammation and ocular surface disease.
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Síndromes de Ojo Seco , Pepsina A , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Adulto , Pepsina A/metabolismo , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , NADP/metabolismo , Síndromes de Ojo Seco/diagnóstico , Síndromes de Ojo Seco/metabolismo , Antígenos HLA-DR/metabolismo , Lágrimas/metabolismo , Inflamación/metabolismoRESUMEN
Dry Eye Disease (DED) is an increasingly common condition that affects between 5% and 50% of the global population. Even though DED is most frequently diagnosed in older people, it has also been diagnosed in young adults and adolescents more frequently in recent years (employees, gamers). People can experience different types of symptoms and find it challenging to read, watch TV, cook, climb stairs, and meet friends. Mild and severe dry eye can reduce quality of life similarly to mild psoriasis and moderate-to-severe angina. Furthermore, DED patients experience serious difficulties driving vehicles, especially at night, and show a decrease in work productivity, which, when combined with the relevant indirect cost that this condition produces, poses a serious challenge in our days. In addition, DED patients are more likely to develop depression and suicidal ideations and experience frequent sleep disorders. Finally, it is discussed how lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity, blinking exercises, and a proper diet, have positive implications for the management of this condition. Our aim is to draw attention to the negative effects of dry eye in real life, which are unique to each patient, especially as they relate to the non-visual symptoms experienced by DED patients.
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Síndromes de Ojo Seco , Calidad de Vida , Adulto Joven , Humanos , Anciano , Adolescente , Síndromes de Ojo Seco/etiología , Síndromes de Ojo Seco/diagnóstico , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The study aims to evaluate the usefulness of lutein/trypan blue vital dye for the staining of corneal tissues and endothelium-Descemet membrane (EDM) for Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). METHODS: Sixteen human corneal tissues (Eye Bank, Rome, Italy) were used. Corneal endothelium was tested at 25 s (T0), 1 min (T1), 2 min (T2), and 4 min (T4) from dye addition. Staining intensity and cell counting were compared. Stripped EDM was analyzed for selected apoptotic (AP, caspases, BCL2, BAX) and differentiation (VEGF-A, TGF-ß1RI, SMAD3/7, SMA) targets and changes in target expression. Protein extracts were analyzed through SDS-PAGE/IB. RESULTS: Although trypan blue staining produced the same color intensity of lutein/trypan blue dye in half the time, lutein/trypan blue reached a good and adequate color intensity at T4, which persisted even on excised and washed EDM grafts. Lutein/trypan blue-stained EDM showed a reduced number of blue-stained cells and AP immunoreactivity was significantly reduced in the same samples. An increased BCL2 transcript and a reduced BAX transcript were detected in lutein/trypan blue-stained EDM. No significant changes were observed for the main effector caspases (3/9) upon both treatments and the target genes representative of endothelial cell trans-differentiation (TGF-ß1RI, SMAD3/7, SMA). A trend in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) regulation was observed in lutein/trypan blue-treated EDM grafts. CONCLUSION: Obtained results suggest that lutein/trypan blue dye deserves attention in the DMEK field and support the potential routine use of this dye as a valid alternative to trypan blue for all procedures devoted to the assessment of endothelial cell viability and visualization of EDM graft before DMEK grafting.
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Queratoplastia Endotelial de la Lámina Limitante Posterior , Endotelio Corneal , Humanos , Endotelio Corneal/trasplante , Azul de Tripano/farmacología , Luteína/farmacología , Proyectos Piloto , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/farmacología , Colorantes/farmacología , Proteína X Asociada a bcl-2 , Recolección de Tejidos y Órganos , Queratoplastia Endotelial de la Lámina Limitante Posterior/métodos , Donantes de Tejidos , Coloración y Etiquetado , Recuento de Células , Lámina Limitante Posterior/cirugíaRESUMEN
The neurosensory retina is an outgrowth of the Central Nervous System (CNS), and the eye is considered "a window to the brain." Reelin glycoprotein is directly involved in neurodevelopment, in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Consequently, abnormal Reelin signaling has been associated with brain neurodegeneration but its contributing role in ocular degeneration is still poorly explored. To this aim, experimental procedures were assayed on vitreous or retinas obtained from Reeler mice (knockout for Reelin protein) at different postnatal days (p) p14, p21 and p28. At p28, a significant increase in the expression of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and its amyloidogenic peptide (Aß1-42 along with truncated tau fragment (i.e., NH2htau)- three pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-were found in Reeler mice when compared to their age-matched wild-type controls. Likewise, several inflammatory mediators, such as Interleukins, or crucial biomarkers of oxidative stress were also found to be upregulated in Reeler mice by using different techniques such as ELLA assay, microchip array or real-time PCR. Taken together, these findings suggest that a dysfunctional Reelin signaling enables the expression of key pathological features which are classically associated with AD neurodegenerative processes. Thus, this work suggests that Reeler mouse might be a suitable animal model to study not only the pathophysiology of developmental processes but also several neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), characterized by accumulation of APP and/or Aß1-42, NH2htau and inflammatory markers.
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Background: A plethora of inflammatory, angiogenic, and tissue remodeling factors has been reported in idiopathic epiretinal membranes (ERMs). Herein we focused on the expression of a few mediators (oxidative, inflammatory, and angiogenic/vascular factors) by means of short-term vitreal cell cultures and biomolecular analysis. Methods: Thirty-nine (39) ERMs and vitreal samples were collected at the time of vitreoretinal surgery and biomolecular analyses were performed in clear vitreous, vitreal cell pellets, and ERMs. ROS products and iNOS were investigated in adherent vitreal cells and/or ERMs, and iNOS, VEGF, Ang-2, IFNγ, IL18, and IL22 were quantified in vitreous (ELISA/Ella, IF/WB); transcripts specific for iNOS, p65NFkB, KEAP1, NRF2, and NOX1/NOX4 were detected in ERMs (PCR). Biomolecular changes were analyzed and correlated with disease severity. Results: The higher ROS production was observed in vitreal cells at stage 4, and iNOS was found in ERMs and increased in the vitreous as early as at stage 3. Both iNOS and NOX4 were upregulated at all stages, while p65NFkB was increased at stage 3. iNOS and NOX1 were positively and inversely related with p65NFkB. While NOX4 transcripts were always upregulated, NRF2 was upregulated at stage 3 and inverted at stage 4. No significant changes occurred in the release of angiogenic (VEGF, Ang-2) and proinflammatory (IL18, IL22 and IFNγ) mediators between all stages investigated. Conclusions: ROS production was strictly associated with iNOS and NOX4 overexpression and increased depending on ERM stadiation. The higher iNOS expression occurred as early as stage 3, with respect to p65NFkB and NRF2. These last mediators might have potential prognostic values in ERMs as representative of an underneath retinal damage.