Congenital coronary artery anomalies in sports medicine. Why to know them.

The anomalous origin of a coronary artery (AOCA) is a challenging topic, due to its rarity, the complexity of the pathophysiological aspects, the clinical presentation (often silent), the difficulty of diagnosis, and the potential risk of causing acute cardiovascular events up to sudden cardiac death, particularly when triggered by heavy physical exercise or sport practice. Increasing interest in sport medical literature is being given to this topic. This paper reviews current knowledge of AOCAs in the specific context of the athletic setting addressing epidemiological and pathophysiological aspects, diagnostic work-up, sports participation, individual risk assessment, therapeutic options, and return to play decision after surgery.

Italian return to play protocol after COVID-19 in young competitive and professional athletes: diagnostic yield and cost-benefit analysis.

BACKGROUND: Return to play (RTP) protocols have been proposed to early detect cardiovascular involvement due to COVID-19 and reduce the risk of sports-related sudden cardiac death. However, uncertainties remain about the true prevalence of COVID-19 myopericarditis, the arrhythmic risk and the cost of this protocol. METHODS: We collected data from 217 competitive and professional athletes of both genders who underwent RTP protocol (clinical history, resting and exercise ECG, and echocardiography). Holter monitoring and/or cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) were performed in case of abnormalities. In 107 athletes, the RTP data were compared with those of preparticipation evaluation (PPE) performed prior to COVID-19 infection. RESULTS: Out of 217 consecutive athletes evaluated with the RTP protocol, 7 underwent CMR: among these we found alterations compatible with myopericarditis in 3 (1.4%), with a cost per person of € 223.93 and a cost per diagnosis of € 16,197.53. Of the 107 athletes previously evaluated with PPE, 4 underwent RMC: we made a final diagnosis of myocarditis in 1 athlete (0.9%), whereas another athlete (0.9%) showed moderate pericardial effusion. The clinical presentation of both these athletes was characterized by the presence of ventricular arrhythmias newly detected during RTP. Compared to PPE, during RTP higher values were observed for shortness of breath, weight, heart rate and corrected QT interval, whereas lower values for sinus bradycardia and the E/A ratio of mitral flow. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of myopericarditis was similar to that reported in previous cross-sectional and case-control studies. The availability of data recorded before COVID-19 was important in the evaluation of athletes with arrhythmias. The RTP protocol has proven to be less cost effective than normal PPE.

Bicuspid Aortic Valve and Premature Ventricular Beats in Athletes.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify a possible link between bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and premature ventricular beats (PVBs), particularly from left and right ventricular outflow tracts, and to investigate possible associations between these arrhythmias and echocardiographic abnormalities. METHODS: A comparison of sportspeople with and without BAV was performed to identify PVBs' occurrence in these two series. Then, subdividing the BAV group on the presence of cardiovascular complications due to BAV, we compared arrhythmic features between these two subgroups and echocardiographic findings between athletes with and without left and right outflow tract PVBs. RESULTS: PVBs in 343 athletes with BAV were compared with 309 athletes without BAV, showing an increased frequency (29% vs. 11.8%, p < 0.001; OR 3.1; CI 2.1-4.7) and origin from the left (18.4% vs. 3.2%, p < 0.001, OR 6.7; CI 3.4-13.4) and right (15.2% vs. 3.6%, p < 0.001, OR 4.8; CI 2.5-9.5) outflow tracts compared to other ventricular areas (fascicular PVBs p = 0.81, other morphologies p = 0.58). No difference in PVBs' occurrence was found between near normal valve BAV and pathological BAV, nor was a difference in echocardiographic characteristics found between patients with and without outflow tract arrhythmias. CONCLUSIONS: A possible causal link between BAV and PVBs was highlighted, but no association between PVBs and complicated BAV was emphasized.

Myocarditis in Athletes Recovering from COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: To assess the event rates of myocarditis detected by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) in athletes who recovered from COVID-19. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed to identify studies reporting abnormal CMR findings in athletes who recovered from COVID-19. Secondary analyses were performed considering increased serum high sensitivity troponin (hs-Tn) levels and electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiographic (ECHO) abnormalities. RESULTS: In total, 7988 athletes from 15 studies were included in the analysis. The pooled event rate of myocarditis was 1% (CI 1-2%), reaching 4% in the sub-group analysis. In addition, heterogeneity was observed (I2 43.8%). The pooled event rates of elevated serum hs-Tn levels, abnormal ECG and ECHO findings were 2% (CI 1-5%), 3% (CI 1-10%) and 2% (CI 1-6%), respectively. ECG, ECHO and serum hs-Tn level abnormalities did not show any correlation with myocarditis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of COVID-19-related myocarditis in the athletic population ranges from 1 to 4%. Even if the event rate is quite low, current screening protocols are helpful tools for a safe return to play to properly address CMR studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: the study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (registration number: CRD42022300819).

Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes in Italy during 2019: Internet-Based Epidemiological Research.

Background and objectives: An Italian nationwide pre-participation screening approach for prevention of sudden cardiac death in athletes (SCD-A) in competitive sportspeople showed promising results but did not achieve international consensus, due to cost-effectiveness and the shortfall of a monitoring plan. From this perspective, we tried to provide an epidemiological update of SCD-A in Italy through a year-long internet-based search. Materials and Methods: One year-long Google search was performed using mandatory and non-mandatory keywords. Data were collected according to prevalent SCD-A definition and matched with sport-related figures from Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) and Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI). Results: Ninety-eight cases of SCD-A in 2019 were identified (48.0% competitive, 52.0% non-competitive athletes). Male/female ratio was 13:1. The most common sports were soccer (33.7%), athletics (15.3%) and fitness (13.3%). A conclusive diagnosis was achieved only in 37 cases (33 of cardiac origin), with the leading diagnosis being coronary artery disease in 27 and a notably higher occurrence among master athletes. Combining these findings with ISTAT and CONI data, the SCD-A incidence rate in the whole Italian sport population was found to be 0.47/100,000 persons per year (1.00/100,000 in the competitive and 0.32/100,000 in the non-competitive population). The relative risk of SCD-A is 3.1 (CI 2.1-4.7; p < 0.0001) for competitive compared to non-competitive athletes; 9.9 for male (CI 4.6-21.4; p < 0.0001) with respect to female. Conclusions: We provided an updated incidence rate of SCD-A in both competitive and non-competitive sport in Italy. A higher risk of SCD-A among competitive and male athletes was confirmed, thus corroborating the value of Italian pre-participation screening in this population.