Emotional experiences and gender roles of men with fibromyalgia syndrome: a cross-cultural qualitative study.

Introduction: Gender roles may impact men with fibromyalgia, causing a high number of negative emotional states and affective disorders. There are few studies that detect men's high emotional suffering. This study examined the emotional experience of men with fibromyalgia. Methods: A qualitative cross-cultural study utilized inductive thematic analysis was performed at the Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Unit Santa Maria University Hospital in Spain, the Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Clinic at Mayo Clinic in the US, and volunteers from the Winneshiek County in the US A total of 17 participants, 10 men from Spain and 7 men from the US were included. Results: Three themes related to feelings/emotions emerged: (1) psychological level; (2) social level; and (3) physical level. Men with fibromyalgia from Spain and the US experienced many negative emotions. Men often experience negative emotions that are worsened by common misunderstandings and social biases/stigma about their condition. Conclusion/implications: A proper assessment of emotions when evaluating the global health of men with fibromyalgia as well as the provision of emotional support would improve their mental health and therefore their overall physical health. Emotional management should be incorporated into all treatment protocols for fibromyalgia, especially for men given the gender stigma. Health policies designed by legislators, policymakers, and support agencies must be accompanied by education in gender role concepts to improve the emotions of men with FMS. The mass media will be essential for the disclosure of the emotional suffering of male patients so that society might better understand them.

A Cross-Sectional Survey Study of Cannabis Use for Fibromyalgia Symptom Management.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of cannabis as a symptom management strategy for patients with fibromyalgia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An electronic, cross-sectional survey was conducted among patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia and treated in Integrative Medicine & Health at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. The survey was constructed with the Symptom Management Theory tool and was sent anonymously via web-based software to patients with a diagnosis of fibromyalgia. RESULTS: Of 5234 patients with fibromyalgia sent the online survey, 1336 (25.5%) responded and met the inclusion criteria. Survey respondents had a median age of 48 (Q1-Q3: 37.5-58.0) years, and most identified as female. Nearly half of respondents (49.5%, n=661) reported cannabis use since their fibromyalgia diagnosis. The most common symptoms for which respondents reported using cannabis were pain (98.9%, n=654); fatigue (96.2%; n=636); stress, anxiety, or depression (93.9%; n=621); and insomnia (93.6%; n=619). Improvement in pain symptoms with cannabis use was reported by 82.0% (n=536). Most cannabis-using respondents reported that cannabis also improved symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression and of insomnia. CONCLUSION: Considering that cannabis is a popular choice among patients for managing fibromyalgia symptoms, clinicians should have adequate knowledge of cannabis when discussing therapeutic options for fibromyalgia with their patients.

In-Person or Virtual Educational Preferences in Patients With Fibromyalgia: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study at an Academic Medical Center.

PURPOSE: Patient education is a core component of treating fibromyalgia and central sensitization disorders. We sought to evaluate whether patients with fibromyalgia prefer virtual or in-person educational classes as part of their treatment program, identify underlying factors with their educational modality choice, and highlight benefits or barriers associated with in-person or online educational sessions. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey with a qualitative feedback component was utilized. METHODS: A voluntary, anonymous survey was distributed to all participants (in-person and virtual) of the fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue clinic treatment program from October 2021 through March 2022. RESULTS: In total 90 participants completed the survey. Nearly all (94%) agreed that the pathophysiologic education was relevant and valuable and (98%) agreed to feeling confident with implementing management strategies. Perceived connection between the participants varied between groups (85% of in-person vs 48% of online; p < .001), as did perceived engagement (100% of in-person vs 71% of online; p = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients value education and find it useful in treating fibromyalgia, regardless of the educational modality. The online group reported more limitations including less engagement, class participation, and connection with peers. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: As virtual education platforms become more widely available and may be easier to access than in-person options, it is important to understand patient preferences, benefits, and disadvantages of educational modalities to ensure education and patient outcomes remain equitable.

Robotics in Massage: A Systematic Review.

Background: Over the past few years, a growing number of studies have explored massage robots. However, to date, a dedicated systematic review focused solely on robot-assisted massage has not been conducted. Objective: To systematically identify and summarize evidence from studies concerning robot-assisted massage in healthcare settings. Methods: An extensive literature search, involving electronic databases Ovid and Scopus, was conducted from the inception of the databases up to March 2023. This systematic review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, and relevant papers were chosen based on the predefined inclusion criteria. Given the substantial methodological diversity among the included studies, a qualitative analysis was conducted. Results: Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 15 preliminary trials, one quasi-experimental study, and one randomized controlled trial. Approximately 29% of the studies focused on the application of robotic massage for patients, 24% targeted both healthy volunteers and patients, and the remaining 47% were preclinical trials assessing the effectiveness of robotic massage solely on healthy volunteers. Primary interventions included robotic massage for oral rehabilitation, scalp massage, low back massage, shoulder massage, and full-body massage. All studies provided evidence that robotic massage interventions can enhance health and well-being, indicating a promising future for the integration of robotics in the field of massage therapy. Conclusions: In general, robotic massage interventions offer physical and mental health benefits. Robot-assisted massage may be integrated into care provision as an adjunct to enhance human well-being. Nonetheless, further research is needed to confirm these findings.

Continuing Medical Education in the Post COVID-19 Pandemic Era.

Continuing medical education (CME) is a requirement for medical professionals to stay current in their ever-changing fields. The recent significant changes that have occurred due to the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly impacted the process of providing and obtaining CME. In this paper, an updated approach to successfully creating and administering CME is offered. Recommendations regarding various aspects of CME development are covered, including competitive assessment, marketing, budgeting, property sourcing, program development, and speaker and topic selection. Strategies for traditional and hybrid CME formats are also explored. Readers and institutions interested in developing CME, especially in the setting of the ongoing pandemic, will be able to use these strategies as a solid framework for producing CME. The recommendations and strategies presented within this paper are based on the authors' opinions, expert opinions, and experiences over 13 years of creating CME events and challenges brought about due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Implementation of eLearning solutions for patients with chronic pain conditions.

Background: Digital and mobile (mHealth) solutions are online or application-based services intended to support individuals with health needs. Despite evidence supporting the use of mHealth for patients with chronic pain, and the increasing desire of these types of solutions by both patients and providers, adoption of mHealth solutions remains limited. Implementation mapping can serve as a practical method to facilitate implementation and adoption of mHealth solutions within healthcare settings. Methods: Implementation mapping was used to develop implementation strategies based on contextual determinants organized within the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) for mHealth eLearning solutions across an integrated, multi-site healthcare system. We describe our experience identifying stakeholders, delineating implementation facilitators and barriers, defining implementation outcomes using RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) framework, outlining initial implementation strategies, and iterating on implementation strategies. Results: A total of 30 implementation strategies were identified and implemented. Over the first year, primary and specialty care providers across all the clinical sites (n = 70) placed 2559 orders for the mHealth solution. Most patients reported receiving the mHealth eLearning module (74%), and most patients felt that the tool improved their knowledge regarding their condition (82%) and their ability to provide self-care related to the condition (73%). Conclusion: Practical applications of implementation science methods can help enable change within healthcare settings. Implementation mapping is an exercise that can engage stakeholders to facilitate the incorporation of new methods of care delivery, including mHealth solutions.

Complementary and alternative medicine for long COVID: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Background: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) interventions are growing in popularity as possible treatments for long COVID symptoms. However, comprehensive analysis of current evidence in this setting is still lacking. Objective: This study aims to review existing published studies on the use of CAM interventions for patients experiencing long COVID through a systematic review. Design: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: A comprehensive electronic literature search was performed in multiple databases and clinical trial registries from September 2019 to January 2023. RCTs evaluating efficacy and safety of CAM for long COVID were included. Methodological quality of each included trial was appraised with the Cochrane 'risk of bias' tool. A qualitative analysis was conducted due to heterogeneity of included studies. Results: A total of 14 RCTs with 1195 participants were included in this review. Study findings demonstrated that CAM interventions could benefit patients with long COVID, especially those suffering from neuropsychiatric disorders, olfactory dysfunction, cognitive impairment, fatigue, breathlessness, and mild-to-moderate lung fibrosis. The main interventions reported were self-administered transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation, neuro-meditation, dietary supplements, olfactory training, aromatherapy, inspiratory muscle training, concurrent training, and an online breathing and well-being program. Conclusion: CAM interventions may be effective, safe, and acceptable to patients with symptoms of long COVID. However, the findings from this systematic review should be interpreted with caution due to various methodological limitations. More rigorous trials focused on CAM for long COVID are warranted in the future.

Physical Activity and Exercise Experience in Spanish and US Men with Fibromyalgia: A Qualitative Cross-Cultural Study.

Physical exercise is an indispensable element in the multidisciplinary treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). The present study examined if men diagnosed with FMS engaged in any type of physical activity or exercise, the perceived effects from exercise, and who specifically recommended exercise. A qualitative cross-cultural study was performed in fibromyalgia clinical units in Spain and the United States. A total of 17 participants, 10 men from Spain and 7 men from the US, were included. In Spain, a focus group was completed in two parts, one month apart in 2018. In the US, five individual interviews and one joint interview with two men were completed in 2018. Three central themes appeared in the qualitative data: (1) Understanding what constitutes physical activity or exercise, (2) Facilitating or discouraging the performance of physical exercise, and (3) Effects of physical activity or exercise on psychological and social symptoms. The actual practice of exercise by patients with FMS is often perceived as leading to pain and fatigue, rather than a treatment facilitator. Physical activity and exercise can provide benefits, including relaxation, socialization, and increased muscle tone. However, minor opioids limit physical activity as they cause addiction, drowsiness, and decrease physical activity in Spanish men. Recommendations in a clinical setting should incorporate exercise as well as physical activity via daily life activities.

Central sensitization, chronic pain, and other symptoms: Better understanding, better management.

Central sensitization, a pathophysiologic process in which the central nervous system undergoes changes that alter its processing of pain and other sensory stimuli, may be the mechanism underlying various conditions in which patients have unexplained pain and fatigue. Patients frequently misunderstand the cause of their symptoms and pursue unnecessary evaluations and treatments. Clinicians have a pivotal role in decreasing this misunderstanding by providing patient education, which can affect perception, management, functional status, and quality of life.

Clinical outcome measures reporting in randomized trials evaluating Tuina therapy for chronic nonspecific low back pain: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Tuina has gained widespread attention and utilization for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNLBP). However, evidence-based guidance for choosing accurate and appropriate outcome measures of Tuina is lacking. The objective of this study is to systematically synthesize the existing outcome measures reported in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating Tuina therapy in CNLBP. METHODS: Electronic literature searches were conducted in multiple English and Chinese databases from their inception to May 2022. RCTs were included if they involved clinical outcome measures in Tuina treatment for patients with CNLBP. Outcome instruments for each study were extracted and analyzed. Evidence from included studies were assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. RESULTS: Of the 735 identified articles, 17 articles with 1628 participants were included. Measurement domains in these RCTs were mainly reported in terms of pain (94%) and physical activity (71%), followed by safety (41%), Chinese medicine outcome (35%), and quality of life (12%). Moreover, several limitations with existing outcomes were reported, including lack of emphasis on the evaluation of quality of life, inadequate safety monitoring, as well as insufficient and vague Chinese medicine outcome measures. All trials were deemed to be of poor methodological quality. CONCLUSION: Pain and physical disability were the most frequently studied outcome domains in CNLBP treated by Tuina therapy. More rigorous and high-quality trials with appropriately selected outcome measures are needed in the future.

Efficacy and safety of Tuina for chronic nonspecific low back pain: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNLBP) is a serious medical and social problem resulting in functional decline and decreased work ability. Tuina, a form of manual therapy, has been sparsely used to treat patients with CNLBP. To systematically assess the efficacy and safety of Tuina for patients with CNLBP. METHODS: Multiple English and Chinese literature databases were searched until September 2022 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Tuina in the treatment of CNLBP. The methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool, and certainty of the evidence was determined with the online Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation tool. RESULTS: Fifteen RCTs with 1390 patients were included. Tuina demonstrated a significant effect on pain (SMD: -0.82; 95% CI -1.12 to -0.53; P < .001; I2 = 81%) and physical function (SMD: -0.91; 95% CI -1.55 to -0.27; P = .005; I2 = 90%) when compared to control. However, Tuina resulted in no significant improvement for quality of life (QoL) (SMD: 0.58; 95% CI -0.04 to 1.21; P = .07; I2 = 73%;) compared to control. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation evidence quality was determined to be low level for pain relief, physical function, and QoL measurements. Only six studies reported adverse events; none were serious. CONCLUSION: Tuina might be an effective and safe strategy for treating CNLBP in terms of pain and physical function, but not for QoL. The study results should be interpreted with caution for their low-level evidence. More multicenter, large-scale RCTs with a rigorous design are required to further confirm our findings.

The Safety and Efficacy of Low-Dose Naltrexone in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain sensitivity syndrome characterized by diffuse musculoskeletal pain and many other systemic manifestations. Low-dose naltrexone (LDN) has been increasingly used as an off-label treatment option in FM. However, current evidence on the safety and efficacy of LDN in patients with FM is not well known. To systematically assess the current evidence on the safety and efficacy of LDN use in the treatment of FM. A comprehensive bibliographic search was conducted on EBM Reviews - Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EBM Reviews - Cochrane Database of Systematic, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE(R) and Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process, In-Data-Review & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Daily and Versions and Scopus databases in September 2022. Inclusion criteria were articles that were published in English, focusing on clinical trials involving LDN for the treatment of FM. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted the data. A qualitative analysis was used due to the high methodological heterogeneity between studies. The electronic search produced 805 articles. After applying the inclusion criteria, 9 articles (one RCT, two case reports, two case series, and four pilot trials) were selected for evaluation. LDN intervention protocols, study designs, and follow-up periods were different among the included studies. Overall, LDN was found to be effective in the symptomatic management of FM, and of the 78% of included studies that evaluated for safety, no severe adverse events were reported. Proving the efficacy and safety of low-dose naltrexone is a future possibility based on current study data, but the level of scientific evidence is limited. Future well-designed trials with large sample sizes are required.

Preoperative Evaluation and Management of Patients With Select Chronic Gastrointestinal, Liver, and Renal Diseases.

Patients with chronic gastrointestinal, hepatic, and renal disease are frequently encountered in clinical practice. This is due in part to the rising prevalence of risk factors associated with these conditions. These patients are increasingly being considered for surgical intervention and are at higher risk for multiple perioperative complications. Many are able to safely undergo surgery but require unique considerations to ensure optimal perioperative care. In this review, we highlight relevant perioperative physiology and outline our approach to the evaluation and management of patients with select chronic gastrointestinal, hepatic, and renal diseases. A comprehensive preoperative evaluation with a multidisciplinary approach is often beneficial, and specialist involvement should be considered. Intraoperative and postoperative plans should be individualized based on the unique medical and surgical characteristics of each patient.

Dietary Supplements for Pain Relief in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Pain is the most frequently encountered symptom by patients with fibromyalgia (FM). Dietary supplements (DSs) in particular have a proven impact as a possible adjunctive therapy for symptom management in FM. However, there is currently no conclusive review outlining the evidence for DSs in pain management in FM. This study aims to assess currently available studies evaluating the use of DSs for pain relief in FM. Randomized controlled trials regarding the use of DSs on adult FM patients were included for evidence synthesis. Study results indicated that DSs significantly relieved pain in FM (SMD 1.23; 95% CI 0.02-2.43, P = 0.046) but did not improve quality of life (QoL) (SMD 0.73; 95% CI -0.07-1.53, P = 0.075) in the data. Adverse events of DSs varied from mild to severe, with the most common being gastrointestinal symptoms and androgenic side effects in 5.7% and 3.9% of patients, respectively. More well-designed RCTs are required in the future. The protocol for this review has been published on PROSPERO (CRD42020149941).

Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health of children and adolescents: A systematic review of survey studies.

Objective: Mental health problems among children and adolescents are increasingly observed during the outbreak of COVID-19, leading to significant healthcare concerns. Survey studies provide unique opportunities for research during this pandemic, while there are no existing systematic reviews in this setting. The objective was to summarize existing survey studies addressing the effects of the current COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents. Methods: For this systematic review, we performed an electronic search in multiple databases from December 2019 to December 2020. The quality appraisal of the included studies was performed with the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Qualitative Checklist. Because of the high methodological heterogeneity between studies, a narrative synthesis of the qualitative data was used. Results: In total, 35 survey studies with 65,508 participants, ranging from 4 to 19 years of age, are included in this review. Anxiety (28%), depression (23%), loneliness (5%), stress (5%), fear (5%), tension (3%), anger (3%), fatigue (3%), confusion (3%), and worry (3%) were the most common mental health issues reported. Children and adolescents with psychiatric and/or developmental disorders, such as severe obesity, chronic lung disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cystic fibrosis, and obsessive-compulsive disorders, were especially vulnerable to the mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Age, gender, psychological quality, and negative coping strategies were identified as risk factors for the development of mental health problems. Social and family support, along with a positive coping style, was associated with better outcomes. Conclusion: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health of children and adolescents is multifaceted and substantial. Survey studies regarding child and adolescent mental health amid COVID-19 indicated that anxiety, depression, loneliness, stress, and tension are the most observed symptoms. Positive coping strategies with family and social support may be important to achieving better outcomes. Due to limited available evidence, more well-designed studies in this area are urgently needed.

Ginseng for the Treatment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies.

BACKGROUND: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complex and often disabling chronic condition emerging worldwide, with no curative or definitive therapy yet identified. Ginseng has been widely used to treat fatigue in other patient groups and conditions; however, a systematic review focusing solely on the impact of ginseng on fatigue in patients with CFS has not been performed. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the current state of evidence regarding ginseng for CFS. METHODS: Multiple databases were searched from inception to October 2020. All data was extracted independently and in duplicates. Outcomes of interest included the effectiveness and safety of ginseng in patients with CFS. RESULTS: 2 studies enrolling 68 patients were deemed eligible, including one randomized clinical trial and one prospective observational study. The certainty of evidence in the effectiveness outcome was low and moderate from both studies, while the safety evidence was very low as reported from one study. CONCLUSION: Study findings highlight a potential benefit of ginseng therapy in the treatment of CFS. However, we are not able to draw firm conclusions due to limited clinical studies. The paucity of data warrants limited confidence. There is a need for future rigorous studies to provide further evidence.

Creation of a Multispecialty Clinic for Patients with Central Sensitization-Based Chronic Pain Conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To design and evaluate, through a human-centered design approach, a multispeciality clinic for patients with central sensitization syndromes that combined virtual previsit consultations, traditional face-to-face appointments, and technology-enabled educational programming. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with suspected fibromyalgia and chronic abdominal pain were seen in a multispecialty practice, and the performance of the clinic was evaluated against a contemporary cohort. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation measures included team estimates of time spent on care-related tasks, physician rank of alignment of patient need with clinic design, major appointment changes, and nonvisit care tasks. Members of the care team also evaluated strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the success of the clinic. RESULTS: The pilot clinic was operated from April 1, 2020, to April 30, 2021, and included 34 patients with suspected fibromyalgia/chronic abdominal pain. During the pilot period, physicians ranked the value of the virtual previsit consultations in providing care as 7.5 on a scale of 0 to 10 and reported an average of 50 minutes in preparation for the appointment, execution of the appointment, and postvisit documentation. We did not observe substantial differences in the number of added appointments or messages received within the patient portal when compared with a comparison cohort. Patients who participated in the combination nurse educator-led and digital education program provided positive feedback about their experience. CONCLUSION: Our clinic model provides a framework for the treatment of patients with debilitating centrally sensitized conditions and future expansion of virtual care delivery models to better meet patient care and educational needs.

Fibromyalgia Pain and Fatigue Symptoms in Spanish and U.S. Men.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is a chronic centralized pain disorder characterized by widespread pain and fatigue. Of those affected by FMS, the majority are women, and minimal research exists involving men. The purpose of this paper is to describe the pain and fatigue experiences of men with FMS from two Western countries, Spain and the United States, in order to support more accurate and earlier recognition and diagnosis in men. DESIGN AND METHODS: We used individual and focus group interviews with qualitative and quantitative assessments. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS/SUBJECTS: Ten men in Spain and seven men in the United States provided information about their symptoms, psychosocial and health-seeking behaviors, and gender experiences with FMS. RESULTS: Men articulated types, trends, and triggers of pain and fatigue that enrich an understanding of their symptoms. For example, men report more localized pain than generalized pain. Employment status and activities, among other contextual factors, impacted men's pain and fatigue experiences. CONCLUSIONS: Men experience distinct facets of pain and fatigue compared with women, with notable similarities and differences across the Spanish and U.S. SAMPLES: Cross-cultural comparisons highlight contextual factors that may inspire future inquiries about determinants of men's experiences with FMS. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The present study could be useful for anyone treating men suffering from FMS, especially care providers in nursing, medical, and psychology fields. These initial findings may prompt a closer examination of recommendations for assessment and diagnostic criteria used internationally for patients with FMS with better recognition of men's experience.

Sex-Related Differences in Symptoms and Psychosocial Outcomes in Patients With Fibromyalgia: A Prospective Questionnaire Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate sex-related differences in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) in terms of demographic characteristics and clinical features, including tender point count (TPC), mood disorders, sleep problems, FM symptom severity, fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and quality of life (QOL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 668 consecutive patients with FM (606 women) from May 1, 2012, to November 30, 2013. Validated questionnaires assessed outcomes of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7), sleep problems (Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale), FM symptom severity (Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire), fatigue (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory), cognitive dysfunction (Multiple Ability Self-report Questionnaire), and QOL (36-Item Short Form Health Survey). Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U and Pearson χ2 tests were used to compare continuous and categorical outcome measures, respectively, between men and women. Linear regression models were performed for all continuous dependent variables, adjusting for age, body mass index, ethnicity, marital status, and highest education level completed. P<.05 was considered statistically significant. The Benjamini-Hochberg procedure was used to adjust for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant association of female sex and greater TPC (P<.001), lower overall FM symptom severity (lower overall Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire score; P=.03), and higher QOL subscale score for vitality (36-Item Short Form Health Survey vitality subscale score; P=.02). After adjustment for multiple comparisons, only the association between female sex and greater TPC remained significant. There were no sex-related differences in demographic characteristics, depression, anxiety, sleep problems, FM symptom severity, cognitive dysfunction, and QOL. CONCLUSION: A higher TPC may be associated with female sex in patients with FM. The assumption of other sex-based differences in the clinical presentation of FM was not supported in our study.