Spatio-temporal patterns of dengue in Bangladesh during 2019 to 2023: Implications for targeted control strategies.

BACKGROUND: Dengue, a viral infection transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes, presents a substantial global public health concern, particularly in tropical regions. In Bangladesh, where dengue prevalence is noteworthy, accurately mapping the distribution of high-risk and low-risk areas and comprehending the clustering of dengue cases throughout the year is essential for the development of effective risk-based prevention and control strategies. Our objective was to identify dengue hotspots and temporal patterns over the years across Bangladesh in the years 2019-2023 excluding year 2020. METHODS: A sequential spatial analysis was employed for each year to identify high-risk areas for dengue cases. Choropleth graphs were used to visualize the geographic distribution of dengue incidence rates per million population across the areas. Monthly distribution analysis was performed to identify temporal trends over the year 2022 and 2023. Additionally, the global Moran's I test was used to assess the overall geographical pattern. Subsequently, Anselin local Moran's I test was employed to identified clustering and hotspots of dengue incidences. RESULTS: Dengue cases in Bangladesh exhibited a significant increase from 2019 to 2023 (excluding 2020 data), with a cumulative total of 513,344 reported cases. Dhaka city initially bore substantial burden, accounting for over half (51%) of the 101,354 cases in 2019. The case fatality rate also demonstrated a steadily rise, reaching 0.5% in 2023 with 321,179 cases (a five-fold increase compare to 2022). Interestingly, the proportion of cases in Dhaka decreased from 51% in 2019 to 34% in 2023. Notably, the southeast and central regions of Bangladesh showed the highest dengue rates, persisting throughout the study period. Cases were concentrated in urban regions, with Dhaka City exhibiting the highest caseload in most years, followed by Manikganj in 2023. A distinct temporal shift in dengue transmission was observed in 2023, when the peak incidence occurred three months earlier in July with complete geographic coverage (all the 64 districts) compared to the peak in October 2022 (covering 95%, 61 districts). Positive global autocorrelation analysis revealed spatial dependence, with more stable trends in 2023 compared to previous years. Several districts like, Bagerhat, Barisal, and Faridpur remained persistent hotspots or emerged as new hotspots in 2023. Conversely, districts like Dinajpur, Gaibandha, Nilphamari, Rangpur and Sylhet consistently exhibited low caseloads, categorized as dengue coldspots throughout most of the years. Jhalokati in 2019 and Gopalganj in 2022, both initially classified as low-incidence district surrounded by high-incidence districts, emerged as hotspots in 2023. CONCLUSION: This study sheds light on the spatiotemporal dynamics of dengue transmission in Bangladesh, particularly by identifying hotspots and clustering patterns. These insights offer valuable information for designing and implementing targeted public health interventions and control strategies. Furthermore, the observed trends highlight the need for adaptable strategies to address the region's evolving nature of dengue transmission effectively.

Integrated pest management adoption among citrus growers in Iran: an application of the protection motivation theory.

BACKGROUND: Integrated pest management (IPM) is recognized as a sustainable approach to pest control. However, adoption rates among farmers in Iran have been observed to be low. This study investigates the adoption of IPM practices among citrus farmers in Iran and assesses the applicability of the protection motivation theory (PMT) in explaining farmers' behavior towards IPM. RESULTS: Overall, farmers reported poor levels of IPM use, paying attention only to monitoring practices among the three groups of IPM practices examined (prevention, monitoring, and suppression). The perceived severity of the consequences of chemical pest control (ß = 0.389, P < 0.001), the response efficacy of IPM practices (ß = 0.254, P < 0.001), and the perceived self-efficacy of using IPM practices (ß = 0.199, P < 0.001) positively predicted adoption of IPM practices, while response cost/barriers of IPM practices (ß = -0.355, P < 0.001) negatively predicted adoption of IPM practices. CONCLUSION: The PMT model presents a unique and interesting perspective to understand if and how IPM practices against the threat of pests are motivated. The perceived severity of the consequences of chemical pest control showed the strongest positive effect, whereas the response cost/barriers of IPM practices showed the strongest negative effect on IPM adoption. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Meta-Analytical and Meta-Regression Evaluation of Subclinical Hyperthyroidism's Effect on Male Reproductive Health: Hormonal and Seminal Perspectives.

Subclinical hyperthyroidism (SCH) is a subtle thyroid dysfunction marked by decreased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels while maintaining a normal thyroid hormone profile. Despite its mild nature, SCH can significantly impact various physiological functions, including male reproductive health. However, the effects of SCH on reproductive hormones and semen quality are less understood compared to overt thyroid disorders. This study employed extensive search methods across various databases from January 2000 to February 2024 to explore the relationship between SCH and Hormonal and Seminal Perspectives. Effect sizes, estimated using the standardized mean difference (SMD) and pooled with a Random-effect model, provided significant insights from 748 participants. Included studies adhered to the following criteria: Patients (male individuals with SCH), Intervention (assessment of reproductive hormones and semen quality), Comparison (SCH patients versus healthy controls), and Outcome (changes in reproductive factors). Significant alterations in reproductive hormones were observed in SCH patients, including reduced LH levels (SMD = - 0.20; p = 0.007), elevated FSH levels (SMD = 0.25; p = 0.002), and stable testosterone levels (SMD = - 0.05; p = 0.50). Regarding thyroid profile, SCH was associated with increased FT3 (SMD = 0.15; p < 0.001) and FT4 (SMD = 0.08; p = 0.002) levels, along with decreased TSH levels (SMD = - 2.00; p < 0.001). Adverse effects on semen quality were also observed. These findings underscore the need to incorporate thyroid health assessments in the evaluation of male infertility, recognizing the impact of minor thyroid hormone deviations on reproductive outcomes.

An innovative fractional-order evolutionary game theoretical study of personal protection, quarantine, and isolation policies for combating epidemic diseases.

This study uses imposed control techniques and vaccination game theory to study disease dynamics with transitory or diminishing immunity. Our model uses the ABC fractional-order derivative mechanism to show the effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions such as personal protection or awareness, quarantine, and isolation to simulate the essential control strategies against an infectious disease spread in an infinite and uniformly distributed population. A comprehensive evolutionary game theory study quantified the significant influence of people's vaccination choices, with government forces participating in vaccination programs to improve obligatory control measures to reduce epidemic spread. This model uses the intervention options described above as a control strategy to reduce disease prevalence in human societies. Again, our simulated results show that a combined control strategy works exquisitely when the disease spreads even faster. A sluggish dissemination rate slows an epidemic outbreak, but modest control techniques can reestablish a disease-free equilibrium. Preventive vaccination regulates the border between the three phases, while personal protection, quarantine, and isolation methods reduce disease transmission in existing places. Thus, successfully combining these three intervention measures reduces epidemic or pandemic size, as represented by line graphs and 3D surface diagrams. For the first time, we use a fractional-order derivate to display the phase-portrayed trajectory graph to show the model's dynamics if immunity wanes at a specific pace, considering various vaccination cost and effectiveness settings.

Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory, and Wound Healing Properties of Myrtus communis Leaf Methanolic Extract Ointment on Burn Wound Infection Induced by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Rats.

Materials and Methods: In a research experiment, 48 male Wistar rats were anesthetized and second-degree burns were induced on their backs. The rats' wounds were then uniformly inoculated with MRSA. Various treatments were applied to the burn wounds daily, including Myrtus ointment, silver nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles-Myrtus ointment, silver sulfadiazine-Myrtus ointment, silver sulfadiazine 1%, mupirocin ointment, and a positive control. The study measured the antimicrobial effects, wound area, percentage of wound healing, antioxidant capacities, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide concentrations in the serum of the rats. Data analysis was performed using GraphPad software, with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests used to determine the statistical significance of the results. Results: Rats treated with Myrtus ointment, silver nanoparticles-Myrtus ointment, and mupirocin had reduced bacterial growth compared to the positive control group, nanoparticle ointment, and silver sulfadiazine (P < 0.05). The wound area of the Myrtus ointment group decreased significantly on the seventh and fourteenth days, as well as the level of MDA and nitric oxide, compared to the other groups. In Myrtus and silver sulfadiazine-Myrtus ointment increased the thickness of the epidermis and dermis compared to the other groups. Conclusion: Based on the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound healing properties of Myrtus, with further studies, an ointment of this plant may be used as a main or complementary treatment for burn wound infections caused by MRSA.

Color, antioxidant and nutritional composition of dehydrated country bean (Lablab purpureus) seeds using solar drying techniques and pretreatments in Bangladesh.

The country bean (Lablab purpureus), is a significant contributor of dietary protein and other essential components in human nutrition. Because of its elevated moisture content, it is susceptible to rapid decay, leading to losses after harvesting. The utilization of solar drying has attracted significant attention as a tactic to minimize nutrient depletion in dried goods and enhance their longevity. This study employed four solar drying techniques, namely long chimney, short chimney, box solar drying and open sun drying, along with pretreatments such as potassium metabisulfite, potassium-sodium tartrate, citric acid and ascorbic acid. The objective was to determine an effective solar drying method, combined with pretreatment, that can maintain the color and nutritional qualities of dried country bean seeds. The treatment combinations were organized in a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was conducted at a significance level of 5 % (p < 0.05). Results revealed that box solar dryer having the highest drying efficiency, retained the highest ß-carotene (82.94 %), vitamin C (90.15 %), protein (96.48 %), fat (11.63 %), and ash (90.50 %) with maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity (lowest IC50 209.49 µg/ml) compared to other driers. Besides, country bean seeds have noteworthy proximate compositions, antioxidant activity, and bioactive components treated with 1 % potassium metabisulfite. Furthermore, the country bean seeds dehydrated in box solar dryer after 1 % potassium metabisulfite treatment received the highest acceptance score on the five-point Hedonic scale (4.83-4.89 out of 5.00) and color appearance and the similar trend was further supported by principal component analysis. Thus, it can be inferred that using a box solar dryer with a 1 % potassium metabisulfite pretreatment is a feasible method for preserving the color and nutritional value of country bean seeds and reducing postharvest losses.

Do typologies of pesticide risk knowledge influence the adoption of IPM strategies? Evidence from rice farmers' behavior in northern Iran.

BACKGROUND: The active participation of farmers in adopting eco-friendly practices is vital to mitigate the environmental and health risks linked to pesticide usage. Farmers' awareness of these risks significantly influences their adoption of integrated pest management (IPM) methods over traditional pesticide applications. This study sought to explore the range of understanding on pesticide effects, categorize IPM strategies employed in pest management, and examine the correlation between knowledge levels and IPM strategy choices. Data was gathered through structured questionnaires from 391 rice farmers in Sari County, Mazandaran province, Northern Iran. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis revealed three distinct dimensions of pesticide risk knowledge: personal risk of pesticide, environmental risk of pesticide, and community risk of pesticide. Furthermore, the study identified three primary categories of IPM strategies: high familiarity, intermediate familiarity, and low familiarity. The results of the regression analysis indicated that the personal risk of pesticides (ß = 0.556; P < 0.01) and the environmental risk of pesticides (ß = 0.262; P < 0.01) are significantly correlated with the adoption of high familiarity IPM strategies. Furthermore, the study revealed that there was no significant statistical evidence to support the notion that different types of pesticide risk knowledge had any influence on the adoption of intermediate and low familiarity strategies. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study imply the critical importance for agricultural extension programs to focus on enhancing farmers' knowledge of pesticide risks and various IPM strategies. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Genome-wide association studies of salinity tolerance in local aman rice.

The present study aimed to identify and characterize new sources of salt tolerance among 94 rice varieties from varied geographic origins. The genotypes were divided into five groups based on their morphological characteristics at both vegetative and reproductive stages using salinity scores from the Standard Evaluation System (SES). The experiment was designed as per CRD (Completely Randomized Design) with 2 sets of salinity treatments for 8 dS/meter and 12 dS/meter, respectively compared with one non-salinized control set. Using a Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) meter, assessments of the apparent chlorophyll content (greenness) of the genotypes were done to comprehend the mechanism underlying their salt tolerance.  To evaluate molecular genetic diversity, a panel of 1 K RiCA SNP markers was employed. Utilizing TASSEL 5.0 software, 598 filtered SNPs were used for molecular analysis. Whole-genome association studies (GWAS) were also used to investigate panicle number per plant (pn, tiller number per plant (till), SPAD value (spad), sterility (percent) (str), plant height (ph) and panicle length (pl. It is noteworthy that these characteristics oversee conveying the visible signs of salt damage in rice. Based on genotype data, diversity analysis divided the germplasm groups into four distinct clusters (I, II, III and IV). For the traits studied, thirteen significant marker-trait associations were discovered. According to the phenotypic screening, seven germplasm genotypes namely Koijuri, Asha, Kajal, Kaliboro, Hanumanjata, Akundi and Dular, are highly tolerant to salinity stress. The greenness of these genotypes was found to be more stable over time, indicating that these genotypes are more resistant to stress. Regarding their tolerance levels, the GWAS analysis produced comparable results, supporting that salinity-tolerant genotypes having minor alleles in significant SNP positions showed more greenness during the stress period. The Manhattan plot demonstrated that at the designated significant SNP position, the highly tolerant genotypes shared common alleles. These genotypes could therefore be seen as important genomic resources for accelerating the development and release of rice varieties that are tolerant to salinity.

Behavioral game of quarantine during the monkeypox epidemic: Analysis of deterministic and fractional order approach.

This work concerns the epidemiology of infectious diseases like monkeypox (mpox) in humans and animals. Our models examine transmission scenarios, including transmission dynamics between humans, animals, and both. We approach this using evolutionary game theory, specifically the intervention game-theoretical (IGT) framework, to study how human behavior can mitigate disease transmission without perfect vaccines and treatments. To do this, we use non-pharmaceutical intervention, namely the quarantine policy, which demonstrates the delayed effect of the epidemic. Additionally, we contemplate quarantine-based behavioral intervention policies in deterministic and fractional-order models to show behavioral impact in the context of the memory effect. Firstly, we extensively analyzed the model's positivity and boundness of the solution, reproduction number, disease-free and endemic equilibrium, possible stability, existence, concavity, and Ulam-Hyers stability for the fractional order. Subsequently, we proceeded to present a numerical analysis that effectively illustrates the repercussions of varying quarantine-related factors, information probability, and protection probability. We aimed to comprehensively examine the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on disease control, which we conveyed through line graphs and 2D heat maps. Our findings underscored the significant influence of strict quarantine measures and the protection of both humans and animals in mitigating disease outbreaks. These measures not only significantly curtailed the spread of the disease but also delayed the occurrence of the epidemic's peak. Conversely, when quarantine maintenance policies were implemented at lower rates and protection levels diminished, we observed contrasting outcomes that exacerbated the situation. Eventually, our analysis revealed the emergence of animal reservoirs in cases involving disease transmission between humans and animals.

Understanding the relationship between stay-at-home measures and vaccine shortages: a conventional, heterogeneous, and fractional dynamic approach.

In light of the global prevalence of a highly contagious respiratory disease, this study presents a novel approach to address the pressing and unanticipated issues by introducing a modified vaccination and lockdown-centered epidemic model. The rapid spread of the disease is attributed to viral transmissibility, the emergence of new strains (variants), lack of immunization, and human unawareness. This study aims to provide policymakers with crucial insights for making informed decisions regarding lockdown strategies, vaccine availability, and other control measures. The research adopts three types of models: deterministic, heterogeneous, and fractional-order dynamics, on both theoretical and numerical approaches. The heterogeneous network considers varying connectivity and interaction patterns among individuals, while the ABC fractional-order derivatives analyze the impact of integer-order control in different semi-groups. An extensive theoretical analysis is conducted to validate the proposed model. A comprehensive numerical investigation encompasses deterministic, stochastic, and ABC fractional-order derivatives, considering the combined effects of an effective vaccination program and non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as lockdowns and shutdowns. The findings of this research are expected to be valuable for policymakers in different countries, helping them implement dynamic strategies to control and eradicate the epidemic effectively.

Adherence to Anti-Malarial Treatment in Malaria Endemic Areas of Bangladesh.

Ensuring adherence to antimalarial treatment is crucial for achieving a radical cure and elimination of malaria, especially in hard-to-reach areas. We conducted this study to assess the current scenario of drug adherence in four endemic sub-districts of Bangladesh. Among 110 enrolled participants, 70% were mono-infected with Plasmodium falciparum and the remaining 30% with P. vivax. The overall treatment adherence frequency was 92.7% (95% CI: 83.0-96.3%). A total of eight participants were found to be nonadherent to treatment and all of them were from Bandarban. Level of nonadherence was equally observed in two age groups: 11-17 and 18+ years. However, male participants (n = 6) were found to be more nonadherent than females (n = 2). Among 7.3% with nonadherence to treatment, a single participant with P. falciparum mono-infection refused to take medication and became nonadherent. Remaining participants stated that they were feeling well and going to work, thus leaving treatment course uncompleted. Although overall compliance with malaria medication seems good, a gradual increase in noncompliance to P. vivax malaria treatment suggests that the National Malaria Elimination Program must be enhanced and monitored to fulfil the projected malaria elimination goal before 2030 from Bangladesh.

Congenital duodenal web causing partial obstruction with recurrent vomiting and abdominal distention in a toddler boy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: The duodenal web is a thin, elongated, web-like structure that is one of the factors contributing to duodenal obstruction. Only 100 cases have been reported in the literature. We present a 2.5-year-old cachectic Afghan child who did not have any overt signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction, like recurrent vomiting, abdominal distention, and weight loss. The web was discovered near the intersection of the third and fourth portions, which is an uncommon location for the duodenal web. The late presentation of congenital duodenal web with partial obstruction is rare but well-known and has been reported in this case. CASE PRESENTATION: A 2.5-year-old cachectic Afghan child who had recurrent vomiting and experienced abdominal distention was brought to Maiwand Teaching Hospital from the Jabelsuraj region of Parwan province. The patient was suffering from unusual signs and symptoms like recurrent vomiting, abdominal distention, weight loss, and constipation. The diagnosis of these anomalies was established by a detailed history, clinical features, and abdominal CT scan. In the computerized tomography scanning (CT-Scan) image reported, there was a web with stenosis and partial obstruction in the distal aspect of the third-to-fourth portion of the duodenum. After preoperative stabilization, the child was taken for surgery. The abdomen was opened by a right upper abdominal transverse incision. After web resection and duodenoplasty, the patient was shifted to the recovery room in satisfactory condition. The child was allowed to feed after 8 days, which he tolerated well. CONCLUSION: Congenital duodenal web with partial obstruction is typically observed in the second and third years of life. It is suspected in patients with recurrent vomiting, abdominal distention, weight loss, and constipation. Partial obstruction may not have an overt presentation, making it a challenging diagnosis for general practitioners. Abdomen X-ray and CT scan usually confirm the diagnosis, and successful surgical intervention is recommended.

A non-singular fractional-order logistic growth model with multi-scaling effects to analyze and forecast population growth in Bangladesh.

This paper is primarily concerned with data analysis employing the nonlinear least squares curve fitting method and the mathematical prediction of future population growth in Bangladesh. Available actual and adjusted census data (1974-2022) of the Bangladesh population were applied in the well-known autonomous logistic population growth model and found that all data sets of the logistic (exact), Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo (ABC) fractional-order derivative approach, and logistic multi-scaling approximation fit with good agreement. Again, the existence and uniqueness of the solution for fractional-order and Hyers-Ulam stability have been studied. Generally, the growth rate and maximum environmental support of the population of any country slowly fluctuate with time. Including an approximate closed-form solution in this analysis confers several advantages in assessing population models for single species. Prior studies predominantly employed constant growth rates and carrying capacity, neglecting the investigation of fractional-order methods. Thus, the current study fills a crucial gap in the literature by introducing a more formal approach to analyzing population dynamics. Therefore, we bank on the findings of this article to contribute to accurate population forecasting and planning, national development, and national progress.

Primaquine radical cure in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in areas co-endemic for P falciparum and Plasmodium vivax (PRIMA): a multicentre, open-label, superiority randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: In areas co-endemic for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum there is an increased risk of P vivax parasitaemia following P falciparum malaria. Radical cure is currently only recommended for patients presenting with P vivax malaria. Expanding the indication for radical cure to patients presenting with P falciparum malaria could reduce their risk of subsequent P vivax parasitaemia. METHODS: We did a multicentre, open-label, superiority randomised controlled trial in five health clinics in Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Ethiopia. In Bangladesh and Indonesia, patients were excluded if they were younger than 1 year, whereas in Ethiopia patients were excluded if they were younger than 18 years. Patients with uncomplicated P falciparum monoinfection who had fever or a history of fever in the 48 h preceding clinic visit were eligible for enrolment and were required to have a glucose-6-dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity of 70% or greater. Patients received blood schizontocidal treatment (artemether-lumefantrine in Ethiopia and Bangladesh and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in Indonesia) and were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either high-dose short-course oral primaquine (intervention arm; total dose 7 mg/kg over 7 days) or standard care (standard care arm; single dose oral primaquine of 0·25 mg/kg). Random assignment was done by an independent statistician in blocks of eight by use of sealed envelopes. All randomly assigned and eligible patients were included in the primary and safety analyses. The per-protocol analysis excluded those who did not complete treatment or had substantial protocol violations. The primary endpoint was the incidence risk of P vivax parasitaemia on day 63. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03916003. FINDINGS: Between Aug 18, 2019, and March 14, 2022, a total of 500 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned, and 495 eligible patients were included in the intention-to-treat analysis (246 intervention and 249 control). The incidence risk of P vivax parasitaemia at day 63 was 11·0% (95% CI 7·5-15·9) in the standard care arm compared with 2·5% (1·0-5·9) in the intervention arm (hazard ratio 0·20, 95% CI 0·08-0·51; p=0·0009). The effect size differed with blood schizontocidal treatment and site. Routine symptom reporting on day 2 and day 7 were similar between groups. In the first 42 days, there were a total of four primaquine-related adverse events reported in the standard care arm and 26 in the intervention arm; 132 (92%) of all 143 adverse events were mild. There were two serious adverse events in the intervention arm, which were considered unrelated to the study drug. None of the patients developed severe anaemia (defined as haemoglobin <5 g/dL). INTERPRETATION: In patients with a G6PD activity of 70% or greater, high-dose short-course primaquine was safe and relatively well tolerated and reduced the risk of subsequent P vivax parasitaemia within 63 days by five fold. Universal radical cure therefore potentially offers substantial clinical, public health, and operational benefits, but these benefits will vary with endemic setting. FUNDING: Australian Academy of Science Regional Collaborations Program, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and National Health and Medical Research Council.

Prevalence of pediatric sepsis in hospitalized children of Maiwand Teaching Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a clinical syndrome associated with a systemic reaction to infection that is seen as a bacteremia with systemic symptoms. Sepsis is one of the most important problems in children and is associated with many deaths, so recognizing this disease and it's causing factors and identifying the predisposing factors for it is of great importance. Globally, the prevalence and occurrences of sepsis and septic shock are increasing, while the incidence of deaths from them has decreased with the improvement of diagnostic and treatment facilities. According to a 2015 World Health Organization report, approximately 5.9 million children under 5 years old have lost their lives due to sepsis worldwide, the majority of which have occurred in developing countries. METHODS: This study was conducted in the pediatric department of Maiwand Teaching Hospital (MTH) in 2020 as a descriptive cross-sectional study. All children who were admitted to the pediatric department of Maiwand Teaching Hospital during 2020 were included in the research. Among them, the prevalence of sepsis in children with respect to age and sex was studied. The study included children over the age of 28 days who were admitted to the Maiwand Teaching Hospital pediatrics department in 2020. However, in this study, patients have been categorized into five categories according to age: less than two months, two months to one year, one to three years, three to five years old, and older than five years old. RESULTS: This study was conducted in the pediatric department of Maiwand Teaching Hospital in 2020 as a descriptive cross-sectional study, and it was found that the prevalence of sepsis in children who were admitted to the pediatric department at this year was 50.5%, including the highest prevalence in males (65.75%) and at the age of two months to one year (37.9%). In this study, it was found that the prevalence of sepsis was higher (88.46%) among urban children than children who were living in villages (11.53%). In this study, the mortality rate was 2.44% for patients admitted to Maiwand Teaching Hospital. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, it was found that the prevalence of sepsis was 50.5% in children admitted to the pediatrics department of Maiwand Teaching Hospital, of whom 67.75% were boys, 37.94% were aged two months to three years old, and it was more prevalent (88.46%) among children living in cities. The mortality rate was 2.44%.

Influence of Food Type on Human Psychological-Behavioral Responses and Crime Reduction.

The purpose of this narrative review is to emphasize the importance of food consumption and meal selection on mental health and brain function, including psychological and behavioral reactions such as mood, loving relationships, violence, and criminal activity. Additionally, by being aware of the link between food and mental health, the community can be encouraged to make informed food choices in order to avoid unfavorable outcomes like criminality. Food behaviors are shifting significantly over the world. There are also significant changes in mood, sadness, happiness, and violence, as well as the spread of the variety and severity of mental diseases that lead to violent acts. Food intake and meal selection have evolved over the last ten years as the variety and accessibility of food options have become easier and more diverse. These modifications might have both beneficial and bad consequences. This article examines the relationship between food intake and its impact on marital satisfaction. The goal of this review is to support or refute the claim that food influences mood, love, or criminal behavior, or vice versa. Various diets can have an impact on one's mental health and brain, influencing psychological reactions and behavioral responses such as mood, loving relationships, violence, and even criminal activity. Food insecurity has been demonstrated in various studies to have a negative impact on health and psychological well-being, leading to despair, loss of happiness, marital conflict, and violence. For example, herbal extracts and flavonoids have the potential to improve gut microbiota and treat mood disorders. Understanding how the gut-brain axis communicates might help guide interventions for mood and cognitive function. Since the root of most diseases and behaviors is significantly related to the type of food consumed, this research addresses this issue in order to reduce the cost of treatment and prevention of crime and delinquency at the community level by consciously choosing the food consumed by the society. In other words, prevention is always better than cure.

Analyzing the Costs and Benefits of Utilizing a Mixed-Strategy Approach in Infectious Disease Control under a Voluntary Vaccination Policy.

Infectious diseases pose significant public health risks, necessitating effective control strategies. One such strategy is implementing a voluntary vaccination policy, which grants individuals the autonomy to make their own decisions regarding vaccination. However, exploring different approaches to optimize disease control outcomes is imperative, and involves assessing their associated costs and benefits. This study analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of employing a mixed-strategy approach under a voluntary vaccination policy in infectious disease control. We examine the potential benefits of such an approach by utilizing a vaccination game model that incorporates cost and benefit factors, where lower costs and higher benefits lead to reduced infection rates. Here, we introduce a mixed-strategy framework that combines individual-based risk assessment (IB-RA) and society-based risk assessment (SB-RA) strategies. A novel dynamical equation is proposed that captures the decision-making process of individuals as they choose their strategy based on personal or communal considerations. In addition, we explore the implications of the mixed-strategy approach within the context of social dilemmas. We examine deviations from expected behavior and the concept of social efficiency deficit (SED) by allowing for the evolution of vaccine strategy preferences alongside risk perception. By comprehensively evaluating the financial implications and societal advantages associated with the mixed-strategy approach, decision-makers can allocate resources and implement measures to combat infectious diseases within the framework of a voluntary vaccination policy.

A cyclic behavioral modeling aspect to understand the effects of vaccination and treatment on epidemic transmission dynamics.

Evolutionary epidemiological models have played an active part in analyzing various contagious diseases and intervention policies in the biological sciences. The design in this effort is the addition of compartments for treatment and vaccination, so the system is designated as susceptible, vaccinated, infected, treated, and recovered (SVITR) epidemic dynamic. The contact of a susceptible individual with a vaccinated or an infected individual makes the individual either immunized or infected. Inventively, the assumption that infected individuals enter the treatment and recover state at different rates after a time interval is also deliberated through the presence of behavioral aspects. The rate of change from susceptible to vaccinated and infected to treatment is studied in a comprehensive evolutionary game theory with a cyclic epidemic model. We theoretically investigate the cyclic SVITR epidemic model framework for disease-free and endemic equilibrium to show stable conditions. Then, the embedded vaccination and treatment strategies are present using extensive evolutionary game theory aspects among the individuals in society through a ridiculous phase diagram. Extensive numerical simulation suggests that effective vaccination and treatment may implicitly reduce the community risk of infection when reliable and cheap. The results exhibited the dilemma and benefitted situation, in which the interplay between vaccination and treatment evolution and coexistence are investigated by the indicators of social efficiency deficit and socially benefited individuals.

Coupled simultaneous analysis of vaccine and self-awareness strategies on evolutionary dilemma aspect with various immunity.

On evolutionary game theory (EGT), two intervention policies: vaccination and self-awareness, are considered to account for how human attitude impacts disease spreading. Although these interventions can impose, their implementation may depend on the various immunity systems such as shield immunity, innate immunity, waning immunity, natural immunity, and artificial immunity. This framework provides an epidemic SEIRVA (susceptible-exposed-infected-removed-vaccinated-aware) model and two EGT dynamics to analyze the interplay between the immunity system and social learning interventions. The prospect of exploring the individual's strategy and social dilemma for removing a disease could assist design an effective vaccine program and self-awareness policy. Also, we evaluated the indicator of social efficiency deficit (SED) for a social dual-dilemma to measure the presence of a dilemma situation. Extensive theoretical analysis displays that stability includes the reproduction number, conditions for positivity and uniqueness, and the strength number analyzed in the equilibria, including fundamental properties validated by numerical simulation of the discretization method that appraises a variety of graphs at adjusting parameters. We present extensive numerical studies investigating the affect of controlling parameters, individual vulnerability, optimal policies, and individual costs. It turns out that, even with the affordable vaccine, individuals may have very different behaviors; self-awareness strategy plays a vital role in controlling diseases.