OBJECTIVE: This study addressed a COVID-19 outbreak in a nursing home, where the residents were vaccinated with two doses of Comirnaty® and thirty of them had previously had the infection. Outbreaks in closed communities are opportunities to study the entire clinical spectrum of the disease and, as in this case, the effect of hybrid immunity on transmission, infection progression and viral load. METHODS: A descriptive and retrospective cohort study in the resident population was carried out. Attack rates were calculated for one of four stages of the disease: infection, symptomatic infection, hospitalization, and death. Relative risks (RR) were then estimated using simple and multivariate Poisson regression for each of these stages. RESULTS: The attack rate was 59% (56/95). The clinical spectrum was the same in both sexes. There was a notable protective effect of hybrid immunity against transmission (67%). In terms of progression, those with hybrid immunity had a lower risk of symptomatic infection. Nasopharyngeal viral load was significantly lower in individuals with hybrid immunity and asymptomatic individuals, supporting the idea of lower transmissibility in this group. Age was identified as a risk factor for disease progression. Molecular analysis identified the Delta B.1.617.2 variant in the patients and an air sample, supporting aerosol transmission in closed, poorly ventilated environments. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a comprehensive view of an outbreak in a vaccinated nursing home, highlighting the importance of hybrid immunity. The results support the individual consideration of previous infection history when assessing the risk of COVID-19, contributing to the understanding of the evolution of the pandemic in the future.
OBJECTIVE: Este estudio abordó un brote de la COVID-19 en una residencia de ancianos, donde los residentes estaban vacunados con dos dosis de Comirnaty® y treinta de ellos habían pasado anteriormente la infección. Los brotes en colectivos cerrados son oportunidades para estudiar todo el espectro clínico de la enfermedad y, como en este caso, el efecto de la inmunidad híbrida sobre la transmisión, la progresión de la infección y la carga viral. METHODS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y de cohortes retrospectivo en la población de residentes. Se calcularon las tasas de ataque para uno de cuatro estadios de la enfermedad: infección, infección sintomática, hospitalización y defunción. Después se estimaron los riesgos relativos (RR) mediante regresión de Poisson simple y multivariante para cada uno de esos estadios. RESULTS: La tasa de ataque fue del 59% (56/95). El espectro clínico fue igual en ambos sexos. Hubo un notable efecto protector de la inmunidad híbrida contra la transmisión (67%). En términos de progresión, aquellos con inmunidad híbrida presentaron un riesgo menor de infección sintomática. La carga viral nasofaríngea fue significativamente menor en individuos con inmunidad híbrida y asintomáticos, respaldando la idea de una menor transmisibilidad en este grupo. La edad se identificó como un factor de riesgo para la progresión de la enfermedad. El análisis molecular identificó la variante Delta B.1.617.2 en los pacientes y una muestra de aire, lo que respaldó la transmisión por aerosol en entornos cerrados y mal ventilados. CONCLUSIONS: Este estudio proporciona una visión integral de un brote en una residencia de ancianos vacunados, destacando la importancia de la inmunidad híbrida. Los resultados respaldan la consideración individual de la historia de infección previa al evaluar el riesgo de la COVID-19, contribuyendo a la comprensión de la evolución de la pandemia en el futuro.
COVID-19 , Nursing Homes , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , Male , Female , Retrospective Studies , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Spain/epidemiology , Middle Aged , BNT162 Vaccine , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , Viral Load , Cohort Studies , COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage , Disease Outbreaks , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
INTRODUCTION: The limited prior research examining the association between academic performance and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in youth did not explore the reciprocal association between these constructs, and analyzed CVD risk factors individually. Thus, the aim of the present study was to explore the bidirectional longitudinal association between clustered CVD risk score and academic performance in adolescents over a 24-month interval. METHODS: A total of 237 adolescents (45.6% girls), aged 13.9 ± 0.3 years old at baseline, from DADOS (Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud) study were included in this study. A clustered CVD risk score was created by calculating the mean age- and gender-standardized z-scores of waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and cardiorespiratory fitness (inversed). Academic performance was assessed through the final academic grades and the test of educational abilities. RESULTS: Our results showed that the clustered CVD risk score at baseline was not associated with academic performance 24 months later (all p > .05). Nevertheless, except for physical education, academic grades at baseline were inversely associated with clustered CVD risk score at follow-up in adolescents (ß ranged from -0.140 to -0.102; all p < .05). No associations were found between academic abilities at baseline and clustered CVD risk score at follow-up (all p > .05). CONCLUSION: Academic grades could help predict CVD risk 24 months later during adolescence. Education professionals should foster adolescents' academic performance not only to improve academic results but also to maximize future cardiovascular health benefits.
BACKGROUND: The dual-factor model of mental health (i.e., the presence of psychological well-being along with the absence of distress) and its association with academic performance over time has been barely studied in the adolescent population, as most of the prior research focuses on psychological well-being or distress indicators in isolation. The current study analyzed the bidirectional longitudinal association between the dual-factor model of mental health and academic performance in adolescents, comprising a longitudinal assessment 2 years apart. METHODS: A total of 266 secondary school students (13.9 ± 0.3 years at baseline) from Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud study were assessed. Mental health was assessed through the Behavior Assessment System for Children and Adolescents. Academic performance was assessed through academic grades and the Test of Educational Abilities. A cross-lagged modeling approach was used to examine the bidirectional longitudinal association between mental health and academic performance. RESULTS: Higher academic performance at baseline was associated with better mental health over time, but not vice versa, since this association was not bidirectional. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that academic performance is an important target for developing educational interventions, as it shapes adolescents' mental health at 2 years of follow-up. IMPACT: The overall picture of students' mental health and academic performance was analyzed. Academic performance may be a predictor of adolescents' mental health status. Mental health may not be a predictor of adolescents' academic performance. Good mental health should be promoted among youth with low academic performance.
This study aimed to examine the impact of reallocating time spent in waking movement behaviours at baseline on indicators of psychological distress at 24-month follow-up using isotemporal substitution regression models among a sample of Spanish adolescents. The DADOS (Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud) study is a 3-year longitudinal observational research project carried out between years 2015-2017. The analyses included 197 adolescents (91 girls) aged 13.9 ± 0.3 years at baseline. Waking movement behaviours were assessed by a wrist-worn GENEActiv triaxial accelerometer and expressed as minutes/day of light physical activity (LPA), moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and time spent in sedentary behaviour (SB). The Behaviour Assessment System for Children and Adolescents (level 3 for adolescents) was used to assess psychological distress indicators (i.e., anxiety, social stress, and risk of depression). Results showed significant associations only for girls. The substitution of 10 min/day of SB or LPA at baseline with 10 min/day of MVPA was associated with lower levels of anxiety (both p ≤ 0.01) and social stress (both p < 0.05) at follow-up. The substitution of 10 min/day of SB with 10 min/day of LPA was associated with higher levels of anxiety at follow-up (p = 0.01). These findings highlight the need of specific physical activity recommendations for mental health paying special attention to sex-differences.
Exercise , Sedentary Behavior , Child , Female , Humans , Adolescent , Mental Health , Anxiety , Accelerometry/methods
BACKGROUND: The effect of physical activity (PA) and physical fitness (PF) on self-confidence and interpersonal relations in adolescents is uncertain. AIM: To analyzed the associations of PA and PF with self-confidence and interpersonal relations in adolescents. SAMPLE: A total of 268 (138 boys) adolescents (13.9 ± 0.3 years) from the DADOS study were included in the analysis. METHODS: PA was evaluated using GENEActiv accelerometers and the health-related PF components by the ALPHA health-related fitness test battery. The levels of self-confidence and interpersonal relations were determined by the Behavior Assessment System for Children Level 3. RESULTS: The associations of PA levels and PF components with self-confidence reported positive associations of moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA), standing long jump, and 20-m shuttle run (shuttle run test) tests (all p < 0.05), and negative association of 4 × 10-m shuttle run test (4 × 10-m test), but only the 4 × 10-m test remained significant in the adjusted model for the whole sample and only in boys (p ≤ 0.01) when analyzed by sex. Regarding interpersonal relations, positive associations of standing long jump and shuttle run test (all p < 0.05), and negative association of 4 × 10-m test were found in all the adolescents. The shuttle run test was associated with interpersonal relations in boys independently of confounders. PA levels were not associated with interpersonal relations. CONCLUSION: A higher level of lower-limb muscle strength, speed-agility, and cardiorespiratory fitness might improve self-confidence and interpersonal relations in adolescents, but these relationships seem to be influenced by sex, body mass index, and pubertal status. Speed-agility and cardiorespiratory fitness seem to have a stronger impact on boys. MVPA may improve self-confidence in adolescents.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness , Exercise , Male , Child , Humans , Adolescent , Physical Fitness/physiology , Exercise Test , Schools
OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations of self-perceived and objectively-measured physical fitness with psychological well-being and distress indicators in young pediatric cancer survivors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 116 participants (12.1 ± 3.3 years, 56.9% boys) from the iBoneFIT project participated in this cross-sectional study. Objectively-measured physical fitness (muscular fitness) was obtained by handgrip strength and standing long jump tests for the upper and lower body, respectively. Self-perceived physical fitness was obtained by the International Fitness Scale (IFIS). Positive and negative affect were assessed by the positive affect schedule for children (PANAS-C), happiness by Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), optimism by Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), self-esteem by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), anxiety by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC-R), and depression by Children Depression Inventory (CDI). Multiple linear regressions adjusted by key covariates were performed to analyze associations. RESULTS: No associations were found between objectively-measured muscular fitness and any of the psychological well-being and distress indicators (p > 0.05). Self-perceived overall fitness and flexibility were positively associated with positive affect (ß ≥ 0.258, p < 0.05). Self-perceived cardiorespiratory fitness, speed/agility, and flexibility were negatively associated with depression (ß ≥ -0.222, p < 0.05). Finally, self-perceived cardiorespiratory fitness was also negatively associated with anxiety and negative affect (ß ≥ -0.264, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Perceived physical fitness, but not objectively physical fitness, seems to be inversely related to psychological distress variables and to less extent positively related to psychological well-being. The findings from this study highlight the importance of promoting self-perceived fitness in the pediatric oncology population.
Cancer Survivors , Cardiorespiratory Fitness , Neoplasms , Male , Humans , Child , Female , Cross-Sectional Studies , Hand Strength , Muscle Strength , Physical Fitness
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the individual and combined impact of physical fitness components at baseline on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) at 24-month follow-up in adolescents. This longitudinal research included 199 adolescents (13.9 ± 0.3 years at baseline) from the DADOS study. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using the 20-m shuttle run test. Muscular strength was assessed using the standing broad jump test. Motor competence was assessed using the 4 × 10-m shuttle run test. A physical fitness z-score was calculated as the mean of the z-scores values of each fitness test. A fitness index ranging from 0 to 3 was created according to the number of physical fitness components in which participants achieved high levels according to normative values. HRQoL was evaluated by the KIDSCREEN-10 questionnaire. Linear regression analyses showed that cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and the physical fitness z-score at baseline were individually associated with HRQoL at follow-up (ß ranging from 0.123 to 0.183; all p < 0.05). Moreover, logistic regression analysis revealed that adolescents with a fitness index ≥1 at baseline were more likely to achieve high HRQoL at 24-month follow-up, compared with their peers with an index of 0 (OR ranging from 3.554 to 9.087; all p < 0.05). Our results revealed an individual and cumulative positive impact of physical fitness at baseline on HRQoL at 24-month follow-up. These findings underline the key role of promoting the enhancement of overall physical fitness components in order to improve adolescents' health and well-being.Highlights Adolescents with high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and motor competence will benefit from a greater physical and mental well-being over the time.The more physical fitness components with optimal levels, the greater likelihood of reaching better HRQoL over the time.Public health authorities should focus on the promotion of multiple physical fitness components to increase adolescent's likelihood of achieving greater HRQoL over the time.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness , Quality of Life , Adolescent , Humans , Physical Fitness , Muscle Strength , Exercise
Objectives: Examine the validity and reliability of parent-reported International FItness Scale (IFIS) in preschoolers. Method: A cross-sectional study of 3051 Spanish preschoolers (3-5 years). Fitness was measured by PREFIT battery and reported by parents using an adapted version of the IFIS. Waist circumference was evaluated, and the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was calculated. Seventy-six parents of randomly selected schoolchildren completed the IFIS twice for a reliability assessment. Results: ANCOVA, adjusted for sex, age and WHtR, showed that preschoolers who were scored by their parents as having average-to-very good fitness had better levels of measured physical fitness than those preschoolers who were classified as having "very poor/poor" fitness levels (18.1laps to 22.1laps vs 15.6laps for cardiorespiratory fitness; 6.6 kg to 7.5 kg vs 5.3 kg for muscular fitness-handgrip-; 71.7 cm to 76.4 cm vs 62.0 cm for muscular fitness-standing long jump-; 17.2s to 16.2s vs 18.2s for speed/agility; and 11.2s to 15.6s vs 8.7s for balance; p < 0.001). The weighted kappa for concordance between parent-reported fitness levels and objective assessment was poor (κ ≤ 0.18 for all fitness measures). Overall, the mean values of the abdominal adiposity indicators were significantly lower in high-level fitness categories reported by parents than in low-level fitness categories (p < 0.05). The test-retest reliability ranged from 0.46 to 0.62. Conclusions: The reliability of the parent-reported IFIS are acceptable, but the concordance between parents reported and objectively measures fitness levels is poor, suggesting that parents' responses may not be able to correctly classify preschoolers according to their fitness level.HighlightsThe convergent validity and reliability (test-retest) values of the IFIS parent scale are moderately acceptable for assessing physical fitness in children aged 3-5 years.However, the results of concordance show that criterion validity is poor suggesting that parents' responses may not be able to correctly classify preschoolers according to their fitness level.Considering that the fitness level at these ages is fairly homogeneous, it seems difficult for parents to discriminate between the fitness levels of their children. Therefore, it seems necessary to recalibrate the scale in future work.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness , Exercise Test , Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Exercise Test/methods , Hand Strength , Reproducibility of Results , Cross-Sectional Studies , Physical Fitness/physiology
PURPOSE: Although previous evidence has suggested a relationship between health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and academic performance, the directionality of this association is understudied and remains to be clarified. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to explore the bidirectional association between HRQoL and academic performance in adolescents between two timepoints with a 24-month interval. A secondary aim was to analyze whether this association varies between boys and girls. METHODS: This is a bidirectional longitudinal analysis with 257 adolescents (13.9 ± 0.3 years at baseline) from the DADOS study. HRQoL was measured using the KIDSCREEN-10 questionnaire. Academic performance was assessed through academic grades and the Spanish version of the Science Research Associates Test of Educational Ability. RESULTS: Cross-lagged analyses revealed that HRQoL at baseline was not associated with academic performance 24 months later, while all the academic grades and the overall score of academic abilities at baseline were positively associated with HRQoL at follow-up in adolescents. Results of the stratified analyses by sex were largely similar. Specifically, in girls, math, language, physical education, and grade point average at baseline were positively associated with HRQoL 24 months later, while in boys, all the academic grades indicators (except physical education), numeric ability, and the overall score of academic abilities at baseline were positively associated with HRQoL at follow-up. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that academic performance in early adolescence may predict HRQoL 24 months later. Health and education professionals could benefit from collaborating to achieve both improved academic performance and HRQoL in youth.
Academic Performance , Quality of Life , Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Language , Quality of Life/psychology
AIM: To examine the association between physical activity and the cause of death with the greatest risk related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a large population-based cohort representative of the general US adult population. METHODS: A total of 41,726 adults suffering from T2DM (age 62 ± 14 years) and 459,660 adults without diabetes (age 46 ± 18 years) who participated in the National Health Interview Survey from 1997 to 2014 were included in this prospective cohort study. Self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was categorized into inactive, insufficiently active, active and very active. Mortality data was obtained from the National Death Index. Cox regression models adjusted for potential confounders were performed to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Diabetes mortality cause showed the highest relative risk of death among adults with T2DM compared to adults without diabetes (HR 5.72 [3.15;10.39]). There was a non-linear inverse dose-response association between MVPA and diabetes mortality among adults with T2DM, up to a plateau in risk reduction at approximately 500 min/week. Any level of activity was inversely associated with a significantly lower risk of diabetes mortality compared with being inactive (insufficiently active HR 0.71[0.54;0.97], active HR 0.68 [0.49;0.95], very active HR 0.44 [0.32;0.60]). Compared to adults without diabetes, the risk of diabetes mortality decreased from HR 7.38 [4.00;13.58] for inactive people with T2DM to HR 3.34 [1.76;6.32] for very active people with T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of MVPA were associated with lower risk of diabetes mortality among adults with T2DM.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Adult , Humans , Middle Aged , Aged , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Prospective Studies , Exercise , Risk , Proportional Hazards Models , Risk Factors
This study aims to analyze the mediating role of risk of depression in the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and academic performance in a sample of adolescents and to test the moderation effect of sex. A total of 263 adolescents (125 girls, 13.9 ± 0.3 years) from the DADOS (Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud) study were included in the analysis. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the 20-m shuttle run test. Academic performance was assessed through the final academic grades and the test of educational abilities. Risk of depression was evaluated through the Behavior Assessment System for Children and Adolescents. Mediation analyses were performed to determine the direct and indirect associations between cardiorespiratory fitness, risk of depression, and academic performance. Indirect effects with confidence intervals not including zero were interpreted as statistically significant, and percentages of mediation were calculated in order to know how much of the association was explained by the mediation. Our findings indicated a significant mediating effect of risk of depression in the association between cardiorespiratory fitness with final grades in math, language, and grade point average (percentages of mediation: 26%, 53%, and 29%, respectively). These analyses were not moderated by sex (all confidence intervals included 0). CONCLUSION: Risk of depression acts as a possible underlying mechanism in the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and academic grades in adolescents. Educational and health institutions could benefit from our findings since the promotion of higher cardiorespiratory fitness levels might reduce the risk of depression with potential benefits on adolescents' academic performance. WHAT IS KNOWN: ⢠Cardiorespiratory fitness is positively associated with academic performance in adolescents. Nevertheless, the psychological mechanisms underlying this association are poorly understood. WHAT IS NEW: ⢠Risk of depression mediates the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and academic performance in adolescents, independently of sex. ⢠Our findings may improve the efficacy of mental health and educational programs by promoting the enhancement of cardiorespiratory fitness levels, which may reduce risk of depression with potential benefits on academic performance.
Academic Performance , Cardiorespiratory Fitness , Male , Female , Child , Humans , Adolescent , Depression/epidemiology , Physical Fitness
The aims of this study were to describe patterns of active commuting to school (ACS) of preschool children, and to analyse the relationship between ACS and family socio-economic factors. A total of 2636 families of preschoolers (3-to-5 years old) were asked to complete a questionnaire at home about the mode of commuting to school of their children and marital status, educational level, and profession of both father and mother. Chi-square analyses were applied to compare ACS between school grades and gender of the children. To analyse the association of ACS with socio-economic factors, logistic regression analyses were performed. Almost 50% of participants reported ACS of their offspring, with a higher rate in 3rd preprimary grade (5 years old) than in 1st and 2nd preprimary grades (3- and 4-years old. All, p < 0.05). Those preschool children who had parents with lower educational level and no managerial work had higher odds to ACS than those who had parents with higher educational level and managerial work (all, p ≤ 0.001). Around half of the Spanish preschool children included in this study commuted actively to school and families with lower educational levels or worse employment situation were related to active commuting to school.
Economic Factors , Walking , Bicycling , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Schools , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , Transportation
INTRODUCTION: This study aims to investigate the individual and combined associations of physical activity, sedentary time, diet, and sleep at baseline on cardiorespiratory fitness at 24-month follow-up in adolescents. METHODS: The DADOS (Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud) prospective cohort study was performed between 2015 and 2017. Analyses were conducted in 2020 and included 189 adolescents aged 13.9 (SD=0.3) years at baseline. Vigorous physical activity, total sedentary time, and sleep duration were evaluated by GENEActiv accelerometer. Sleep quality and adherence to a Mediterranean diet were evaluated by questionnaires. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the 20-meter shuttle run test. A healthy lifestyle index was created by including positive scores for each individual behavior, and 3 categories of achievement (≤1, 2, ≥3) were established. RESULTS: Performing high vigorous physical activity and low screen time at baseline were individually associated with the likelihood of achieving high cardiorespiratory fitness at follow-up (OR=3.33 and 3.09, respectively). ANCOVA indicated that adolescents with a healthy lifestyle index ≥3 at baseline showed higher cardiorespiratory fitness at follow-up than those with a healthy lifestyle index of 2 and ≤1 (74.4 [SE=1.5] vs 68.9 [SE=1.4] and 67.8 [SE=1.5] laps, respectively; p<0.01). Adolescents with a healthy lifestyle index ≥3 at baseline were more likely to have high cardiorespiratory fitness at follow-up (OR=3.10) than their peers with ≤1. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed a cumulative impact of baseline health-related behaviors on cardiorespiratory fitness at 24-month follow-up in adolescents. These findings underline the key role of promoting a healthy lifestyle to improve adolescents' health.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness , Exercise , Adolescent , Cross-Sectional Studies , Health Behavior , Humans , Physical Fitness , Prospective Studies , Sedentary Behavior
BACKGROUND: The early identification of emotional and psychological problems during adolescence seems helpful to improve academic performance (AP). However, the association between risk of depression and AP, as well as the role of health-related factors in this association remain to be elucidated. Therefore, the aims of this study were to analyze the association between risk of depression and AP in adolescents; to examine this association according to weight status; and to test the mediating role of weight status in this association. METHODS: A sample of 265 adolescents (125 girls) aged 13.9 ± 0.3 years old from the DADOS (Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud) study was included in the analyses. Risk of depression was self-reported through the Behavior Assessment System for Children and Adolescents. AP was assessed through academic grades and the Spanish version of the Science Research Associates Test of Educational Ability. Weight status was assessed by body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) and dichotomized according to the international age- and sex-specific BMI cut-offs (non-overweight vs. overweight). RESULTS: Linear regression analyses showed an inverse association between risk of depression and academic grades (all p<0.05). Further linear regressions analyzing risk of depression and AP (dependent variable) stratified by weight status showed stronger associations among overweight adolescents. Additionally, mediation analyses revealed that weight status acted as a mediator of this association. LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional design prevents from interfering causal relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Educational institutions should promote the early identification of depression as well as the promotion of healthy weight status as strategies to enhance AP in adolescents.
Academic Performance , Depression , Adolescent , Aged , Body Mass Index , Body Weight , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depression/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Overweight/epidemiology
This study examines trends in the rates of active commuting to school (ACS) in Spanish children (n = 18 343; 8.93 ± 1.68) and adolescents (n = 18 438; 14.11 ± 1.58) aged 6-18 years from 2010 to 2017. Given the study period included the economic crisis in Spain (2008-2013), the second aim of this study was to compare ACS rates during and after the economic crisis. Data were obtained from 28 studies conducted across Spain. The overall trends in ACS were evaluated using multilevel logistic regression analysis. Among Spanish children and adolescents, the rates of ACS to school ranged around 60% between 2010 and 2017. The rates of ACS in Spanish youth did not change significantly during the 2010-2017 period, except a sporadic increase in the rate of ACS in adolescents in 2012-2013. No significant association between the ACS and the economic crisis time period in youth was found. As conclusion, the ACS remains stable in Spain during the last decade, which is a promising result regarding the evidenced decreasing trend in many countries. Further educational and policy strategies are important to continue promoting this behavior in children and adolescents in the long term.
Bicycling , Schools , Transportation/statistics & numerical data , Walking , Adolescent , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Spain
During the COVID-19 pandemic, entire populations were instructed to live in home-confinement to prevent the expansion of the disease. Spain was one of the countries with the strictest conditions, as outdoor physical activity was banned for nearly two months. This study aimed to analyse the changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours in Spanish university students before and during the confinement by COVID-19 with special focus on gender. We also analysed enjoyment, the tools used and motivation and impediments for doing physical activity. An online questionnaire, which included the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form and certain "ad hoc" questions, was designed. Students were recruited by distributing an invitation through the administrative channels of 16 universities and a total of 13,754 valid surveys were collected. Overall, university students reduced moderate (-29.5%) and vigorous (-18.3%) physical activity during the confinement and increased sedentary time (+52.7%). However, they spent more time on high intensity interval training (HIIT) (+18.2%) and mind-body activities (e.g., yoga) (+80.0%). Adaptation to the confinement, in terms of physical activity, was handled better by women than by men. These results will help design strategies for each gender to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour during confinement periods.
COVID-19/epidemiology , Exercise , Pandemics , Sedentary Behavior , Adolescent , Adult , Female , High-Intensity Interval Training , Humans , Male , Sex Factors , Spain/epidemiology , Students , Surveys and Questionnaires , Universities , Yoga , Young Adult
PURPOSE: To investigate the individual and combined effect of physical activity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, sleep quality, sleep duration, and screen time on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adolescents. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analysis with 262 adolescents (13.9 ± 0.3 years) from DADOS (Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud) study. Physical activity was assessed with a wrist-worn GENEActiv triaxial accelerometer. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated by the KIDMED questionnaire. Sleep patterns were self-reported through the Spanish version of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. Screen time was assessed through the HELENA sedentary behavior questionnaire. HRQoL was measured using the KIDSCREEN-10 questionnaire. Scores were categorized into low and high using a normative cut-off used to identify factors associated with being in a high HRQoL group. A healthy lifestyle index was created including positive scores for each individual behavior, and five categories of achievement were established (0, 1, 2, 3, ≥ 4). RESULTS: Sleep patterns and screen time revealed a significant individual relationship with HRQoL (p < 0.05). Adolescents achieving ≥ 3 positive health-related behaviors showed higher HRQoL levels compared to those fulfilling none (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed an increased likelihood of high HRQoL according to the number of positive health-related behaviors achieved (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal higher levels of HRQoL in those adolescents achieving ≥ 3 health-related behaviors compared to their peers achieving none. Moreover, our findings show a cumulative effect of health-related behaviors on HRQoL. These findings underline the key role of promoting a healthy lifestyle in order to improve adolescents' health and well-being.
Exercise/physiology , Health Behavior/physiology , Quality of Life/psychology , Adolescent , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Surveys and Questionnaires
BACKGROUND: Self-esteem is a common indicator of psychological well-being, but its relationship with physical fitness components during adolescence is not fully understood. AIMS: The aims of this study were to analyse the association of physical fitness components (low vs. high) with self-esteem in adolescents, and to examine the combined influence of physical fitness on self-esteem. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 225 participants (44% girls), aged 13.9 ± 0.3 years, from the DADOS (Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud) study were included in the analyses. ALPHA-Fitness Test Battery was used to evaluate physical fitness components. The Spanish version of the Behaviour Assessment System for Children-3 questionnaire was used to assess self-esteem. RESULTS: Our results showed differences on self-esteem between groups of cardiorespiratory fitness (low = 49.51 ± 12.03 vs. high = 55.01 ± 4.46; p < 0.05) and upper limb muscular strength (low = 53.87 ± 7.38 vs. high = 54.29 ± 5.99; p < 0.05). Lower limb muscular strength and speed-agility groups did not show statistical differences. Significant differences on self-esteem were found when comparing adolescents with a physical fitness index of ≤1 vs. 4 (52.66 vs. 55.28; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness and upper limb muscular strength are positively related with self-esteem. Moreover, our results revealed a combined influence of physical fitness on the self-esteem of adolescents.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness , Physical Fitness , Adolescent , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Exercise , Female , Humans , Male , Muscle Strength , Self Concept
OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed (1) to examine the association between circulating inflammatory biomarkers and academic performance in adolescents, and (2) to identify the ability of circulating inflammatory biomarkers to predict low academic performance. METHODS: A total of 244 adolescents (13.9±0.3 years, 112 girls) from the DADOS study were included in the analysis. Four inflammatory biomarkers were quantified: white blood cell (WBC) count, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Academic performance was assessed through academic grades and the Spanish version of the Science Research Associates Test of Educational Abilities. RESULTS: TNF-α was inversely associated with math, Spanish and grade point average (ß ranging from -0.166 to -0.124; all p<0.05), while CRP was inversely associated with verbal ability (ß = -0.128; p<0.05). Overall, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analyses showed discriminatory ability of WBC and TNF-α in identifying low academic performance (all p<0.05). Moreover, logistic regression analyses indicated that students with levels of WBC and TNF-α above the ROC cut-offs values showed between 78% to 87% increased likelihood of lower academic performance (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that some circulating inflammatory biomarkers were associated with academic performance in adolescents. Further larger longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to clarify the short-term and long-term relationship between inflammation and academic performance in youths.
Biomarkers/metabolism , Inflammation/metabolism , Academic Performance , Adolescent , C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , Female , Humans , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Leukocyte Count/methods , Male , ROC Curve , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
