Oxidative stability in raw, cooked, and frozen ground beef using Epazote (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.).

This study investigated the potential of aqueous epazote (AE) and ethanolic extract of epazote (ETHE) as inhibitors of lipid oxidation in raw and cooked ground beef stored at 4 °C for 9 days as well as frozen beef patties stored at -18 °C for 90 days. Organic acids were identified in AE and ETHE using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight (UHPLC-qTOF). Chemical composition, TBARS, pH, colour, sensory acceptability and intensity of oxidised flavour were analysed in the three different meat products. ETHE showed higher values in organic acid content than AE. In raw ground beef, ETHE inhibited lipid oxidation and received the highest score in the three sensorial attributes evaluated at the end of the storage period, whereas in cooked ground beef it showed the highest intensity of oxidised flavour. Regarding CTL, AE reduced lipid oxidation in the cooked ground beef as well as the frozen patties, with improved colour. Therefore, epazote may be a promising natural antioxidant source for use in meat.

Geant4-based electromagnetic background model for the CRESST dark matter experiment.

The CRESST (Cryogenic Rare Event Search with Superconducting Thermometers) dark matter search experiment aims for the detection of dark matter particles via elastic scattering off nuclei in CaWO 4 crystals. To understand the CRESST electromagnetic background due to the bulk contamination in the employed materials, a model based on Monte Carlo simulations was developed using the Geant4 simulation toolkit. The results of the simulation are applied to the TUM40 detector module of CRESST-II phase 2. We are able to explain up to ( 68 ± 16 ) % of the electromagnetic background in the energy range between 1 and 40 keV .

Utilidad de un esquema combinado de FSH + LH recombinantes versus FSH recombinante sola en ciclos de fertilización in vitro / Recombinant FSH versus recombinant FSH + LH during GnRH antagonist ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization

Resumen OBJETIVO: comparar el efecto de añadir LH recombinante a ciclos de estimulación para reproducción asistida versus ciclos solo estimulados con FSH recombinante (FSHr). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: estudio retrospectivo, comparativo, observacional y transversal de ciclos de fertilización in vitro efectuados en el Centro Mexicano de Fertilidad del CEPAM divididos en dos grupos, según el tipo de gonadotropina administrada. RESULTADOS: se estudiaron 529 ciclos en los que el desarrollo folicular y la cantidad de ovocitos fueron mayores en el grupo estimulado solo con FSHr. Sin embargo, el porcentaje de ovocitos en metafase II fue mayor en el grupo con LHr. La tasa de embarazo fue mayor en el grupo estimulado con LHr. CONCLUSION: la ventaja de añadir LHr a ciclos de estimulación en reproducción asistida se refleja en mayores tasas de embarazo.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of adding recombinant LH to IVF GnRH cycles compared to recombinant FSH stimulated cycles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study of 486 cycles of in vitro fertilization was done in the Centro Mexicano de Fertilidad of CEPAM (Hospital Angeles Lomas). We included 529 cases where it was used a stimulation protocol GnRH antagonist flexible scheme and analyzed depending on the utilized gonadotropin scheme. RESULTS: 529 cycles were studied in which the follicular development and the number of oocytes were higher in the group stimulated with FSHr alone. However, the percentage of oocytes in metaphase II was higher in the group with LHr. The pregnancy rate was higher in the group stimulated with LHr. CONCLUSION: There is a benefit of adding rLH to IVF GnRH antagonist stimulation protocols resulting in higher pregnancy rates.

Percepción de la fertilidad en mujeres en edad reproductiva, según su edad / Fertility perception in reproductive women´s according to their age

Resumen OBJETIVO: evaluar la percepción de fertilidad, los factores de riesgo asociados con la infertilidad y el deseo de tener hijos en un grupo de mujeres en edad reproductiva. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: encuesta de características demográficas, salud reproductiva, estilo de vida y creencias de conductas de riesgo asociadas con la infertilidad. Los resultados se tabularon en una tabla de Excel y se analizaron las variables según la edad. RESULTADOS: se obtuvieron 245 respuestas pero se excluyeron dos por datos incompletos. La población de estudio se dividió en 7 grupos, según su edad. El 67% de quienes respondieron la encuesta fueron mujeres de 25-34 años, que abarcó el periodo más fértil. La escolaridad promedio fue de licenciatura y 55% eran casadas. El 69.1% de las encuestadas tenía un empleo y el nivel socioeconómico predominante fue clase media. El 65% de las mujeres utilizó algún método anticonceptivo; 91% de las mujeres desea tener hijos y 88.4% que no tienen se visualizan con ellos. Se consideró la mejor edad para iniciar la maternidad entre 25-29 años y una edad límite para poder embarazarse sin dificultad entre 30-34 años. A mejor y mayor conocimiento de la fertilidad femenina de las encuestadas, éstas consideraron la menor edad como la opción óptima para lograr el embarazo. CONCLUSION: el conocimiento de la fertilidad favorece una toma de decisiones adecuada acerca del futuro reproductivo y evita conductas que llevan a la disminución de la posibilidad de embarazo.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate self-perception of women about fertility, risk factors for infertility and reproductive desire of a group of women in reproductive age MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a transversal study including 245 women of reproductive age. Data were collected by a survey asking about demographic factors, reproductive health, lifestyle and beliefs about fertility. Data were analyzed by age group. RESULTS: Age group with the most answers were 30-34 years, 91% desires motherhood and 65% has a method for family planning. There was an inverse relation between the best age considered to have children and the age of the surveyed women. Older women considered age as a prognostic factor for pregnancy. Informed women considered a younger age to have babies than non-informed. CONCLUSION: Fertility knowledge favours an adequate decision taking about reproductive future.

Factores de riesgo asociados con el aumento de progesterona el día de la aplicación de hCG en protocolos de estimulación con un antagonista para fertilización in vitro / Risk factors associated with increased progesterone on the day of hCG application in stimulation protocols with an antagonist for in vitro fertilization

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: se ha reportado el efecto adverso de la elevación prematura de las concentraciones de progesterona durante la fase folicular de un ciclo de fertilización in vitro. Hasta el momento no existen estudios que evalúen los factores de riesgo asociados con esta elevación. OBJETIVO: evaluar los factores de riesgo asociados con la elevación prematura de las concentraciones de progesterona durante la fase folicular en ciclos de estimulación ovárica para fertilización in vitro con un fármaco antagonista en esquema flexible. MATERIALES Y METODOS: estudio retrospectivo, observacional y transversal de ciclos de fertilización in vitro, efectuado en el Centro Mexicano de Fertilidad del CEPAM, de enero de 2009 a febrero de 2014. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes que recibieron un protocolo de estimulación ovárica con un antagonista de GnRH en esquema flexible. RESULTADOS: se analizaron 469 ciclos de fertilización in vitro. Las principales variables relacionadas con las concentraciones de progesterona el día de la aplicación de hCG fueron: IMC (r=-0.96), estradiol basal (r=0.94), edad de la mujer (r= -0.7) y pico máximo de estradiol (r=0.89). No se encontró correlación con las concentraciones de FSH y LH basales, ni con la dosis total de gonadotropinas. CONCLUSION: las pacientes de menor edad e IMC, además de concentraciones basales elevadas y pico máximo de estradiol suelen tener concentraciones altas de progesterona el día de la aplicación de hCG.

Abstract BACKGROUND: It is well known that premature luteinization has a deletereous efecto on the outcome of IVF cycles however there are no reports that evaluate associated risk factor. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate factors associated to premature luteinization during folicular phase of IVF cycles under antagonist stimulation protocol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a comparative, retrospective, observational study. 469 IVF flexible-antagonist protocol cycles were included from January 2009 to February 2014. RESULTS: We registered 469 IVF cycles. The IMC, basal estradiol, age and estradiol on trigger date showed correlation with premature luteinization. There were no association with basal FSH and LH nor total gonadotropin dose. CONCLUSION: Lowe age and IMC and higher estradio levels are associated to a higer level of progesterone on trigger date.

Comparación de la tasa de embarazo con embriones desvitrificados transferidos por ciclo natural vs ciclo con preparación endometrial / Comparison of pregnancy rate for embryos transferred in natural cycle vs cycles with endometrial preparation

Resumen OBJETIVO: comparar la tasa de embarazo en ciclos de transferencia de embriones vitrificados versus ciclos naturales y con preparación endometrial. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: estudio comparativo, observacional y retrospectivo efectuado mediante la revisión de expedientes clínicos de procedimientos de fertilización in vitro efectuados entre enero de 2010 y diciembre de 2013. Los casos se dividieron en dos grupos: ciclo natural y preparación endometrial. Se analizaron las variables de edad, IMC, FSH, LH y estradiol al inicio del ciclo, progesterona el día del inicio del soporte lúteo, LH, y estradiol el día de transferencia, supervivencia embrionaria, número de embriones transferidos, calidad embrionaria y tasa de embarazo. Posterior al análisis principal los grupos se dividieron, nuevamente, de acuerdo con la calidad embrionaria. RESULTADOS: se revisaron 951 expedientes clínicos en los que se identificaron y analizaron 75 ciclos que reunieron los criterios de inclusión. No se encontraron diferencias en porcentaje de supervivencia embrionaria o número de embriones transferidos, ni en la tasa de embarazo entre los grupos. En el grupo con embriones de calidad regular se observó una diferencia significativa en las tasas de embarazo en transferencia en ciclo natural (15%) versus ciclos con preparación endometrial (33.3%) con una p significativa de 0.02. CONCLUSIONES: cuando la calidad embrionaria es regular, la tasa de embarazo es mayor que cuando la transferencia se efectúa en un ciclo con preparación endometrial.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Compare pregnancy rates of thawed embryo transfer between natural cycle and endometrial preparation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a comparative, retrospective, observational study. 951 medical files where reviewed in the from January 2010 to January 2014. 75 files met with the inclusion criteria. The cycle where divided into two groups. The first group, thawed embryos where transferred during a natural cycle without any hormonal therapy. The second group, thawed embryos where transferred to a prepared endometrium with GnRH agonist and exogenous estrogen. Two embryos where transferred if the patient had two or more viable thawed embryos and one in all other cases. Variables analyzed in both groups where, age, body mass index, FSH, LH, and estrogen at the beginning of the cycle, progesterone on the day of initiating luteal support, LH and estradiol the day of embryo transfer, post-thaw embryo survival rate, number of embryos transferred, embryo quality and pregnancy rate. Groups where then divided according to the embryo quality forming a good quality cohort and a regular quality cohort. In both groups transfers during a natural cycle where compared with embryo transfer to a prepared endometrium. RESULTS: There was no difference observed in embryo survival or number of embryos transferred between both groups. Embryo quality was statistically better in the group with prepared endometrium. There was no statistical significant difference in pregnancy rate between the two groups. In cycles with good quality embryos there was no statistical difference in pregnancy rate when embryos where transferred during a natural cycle versus those transferred to a prepared endometrium. In cycles with regular quality embryos there was a statistical significant difference in pregnancy rate. Pregnancy rate for thawed-embryo transfer during a natural cycle was 15% and 33.3% when the transfer was to a prepared endometrium (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Endometrial preparation increases de pregnancy rate when regular quality thawed-embryos are transferred.

[Evaluation of semen parameters in long term cryopreserved samples for over 10 years]. / Evaluación de los parámetros seminales en muestras criopreservadas por más de 10 años.

BACKGROUND: Sperm samples subjected to cryopreservation are vulnerable, reflecting changes in membrane integrity, mobility and DNA. OBJECTIVE: To assess the rate of DNA fragmentation, sperm mobility and recovery viability in capacitated semen samples after cryopreservation for over 10 years. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Longitudinal, prospective, observational study of 19 seminal samples cryopreserved for more than 10 years, in a mexican fertility center. The sample was divided into 4 groups: Group CX (Surgery), Group IVF (in vitro fertilization), OAT Group (Oligo- astheno-teratozoospermia) and QX Group (Chemotherapy), in order to compare variables such as: recovery in mobility, DNA fragmentation index and sperm viability. Continuous variables were designated as means ± SD, and categorical variables as frequencies and percentages. JMP-V9 program was used. RESULTS: There is no difference in storage time and initial volume. The concentration, total mobility, total motile cells and morphology in OAT group are different from the rest. There is difference in initial morphology of the tail, showing more altered parameters in CX and IVF groups. In the CX, FIV and OAT Groups was achieving a mobility recovery of 27.34%, 30.02% and 55.24% respectively. The QX group presented no change. By analyzing the viability only OAT group presented < 50% intact sperm. For DNA fragmentation CX Groups and IVF showed the lowest rate (3.5.± 2.5 and 3.5 ± 3.01 respectively) compared with OAT Groups and QX (9.8 ± 0.2 and 12, 17 ± 3.9). CONCLUSION: It is possible to store semen samples for a long period of time, retrieving suitable viability sperm useful for assisted reproduction techniques.

Cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease related to the R1441G mutation in LRRK2.

OBJECTIVE: The neuropsychological characteristics of patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) associated with R1441G mutation in the LRRK2 gene (R1441G-PD) are not well known. The aim of this study was to examine the cognitive status and mood of R1441G-PD patients. METHODS: Thirty patients with R1441G-PD were compared with thirty idiopathic PD (i-PD) patients who were matched by age, sex, education, disease onset age and duration, using a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological test, and considering the Movement Disorder Society (MDS) criteria for the diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment (PD-MCI) and dementia (PD-Dementia). RESULTS: The mean scores in the depression and anxiety scales were similar in the two groups. Depressive symptoms were detected in 31.8% of R1441G-PD and 25% of i-PD patients and anxiety symptoms were evident in 4.5% and 15%, respectively, but the differences were not significant. The only neuropsychological test on which there was a significantly worse performance in the R1441G-PD group was the Boston naming test but the difference became not significant when Bonferroni's correction was applied. The prevalence of PD-MCI was 30% in both R1441G-PD and i-PD, with no differences in the number and type of domains altered given that executive function, memory and attention were mainly affected. PD-Dementia was diagnosed in 13.3% (n = 4) of R1441G-PD and 26.7% (n = 8) of i-PD patients (difference was not significant). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, significant differences were not detected between R1441G-PD and i-PD in cognitive, depression and anxiety scales, or PD-MCI and PD-Dementia prevalence, and the cognitive profile was identical in the two groups.

Determinants of anti-hepatitis A antibody seroprevalence in 2- to 19-year-olds in the USA using NHANES 2007-2008.

The aim of the study was to describe the epidemiology and determinants of anti-hepatitis A seroprevalence in 2- to 19-year-olds in the USA for 2007-2008. This study was conducted in a sample of 2621 individuals aged 2-19 years in the USA using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2008. The overall seroprevalence of anti- hepatitis A virus (HAV) in this population was 39% (95% confidence interval 32·6-45·3). HAV seroprevalence was higher in Mexican Americans than other ethnic groups, in younger persons, and in those who reported previous vaccination compared to those who did not. We concluded that anti-hepatitis A seroprevalence rates are increasing in younger individuals in the USA, indicating a shift of seroprevalence over time due to vaccination status. Findings are consistent with a persistent influx of infection through international travel and migration and highlight the need to discern hepatitis A infection from vaccination status when assessing the effectiveness of vaccination using seroprevalence data.

[Gamete laboratory. Determining factors of success in in-vitro fertilization]. / Laboratorio de gametos. Factores determinantes de éxito en fertilización in vitro.

The objective was to evaluate the gamete laboratory parameters that can to determine the possibility of achieving pregnancy in in vitro fertilization (IVF). A prospective study was carried in 196 patients undergone to conventional and oocyte donation IVF. After the evaluation of oocytes, embryos and the pregnancies was established that postmature oocytes were more frequently retrieved from patients that did not get pregnant. A good embryo morphology and principally the transfer of 4-cell embryos are common events in IVF. However, there were not significant difference in embryo parameters, number of blastomeres and embryo quality, between pregnant and not pregnant patients. In conclusion, it appear that bad oocyte quality has a negative effect over the possibility of achieving pregnancy. The number of blastomeres and embryo quality were not predictive of the possibility to get pregnant.

[Ovarian volume as a predictive factor of ovarian reserve in response to exogenous stimulation with gonadotropins and its correlation with ovum/embryo development in FIVTE/ICSI results]. / Estudio del volumen ovárico como factor predictivo de reserva ovular en respuesta a la estimulación exógena con gonadotropinas y su correlación con el desarrollo óvulo/embrionario en los resultados de FIVTE/ICSI.

UNLABELLED: The evaluation of ovarian reserve in regard to the exogenous response elicited by gonadotropines is directly related to the interconnection of diverse intrafollicular factors involved in ovum components, and thus, to a better embryonic development, which will be reflected in the pregnancy ratios of assisted reproduction programs. A series of markers have been proposed in order to dynamically evaluate the ovarian response: hormone determinations (FSH, E2, FSH:LH index), biochemical factors (inhibine-B), intrafolicular (cytokines, leptin), neuromodulators (GNRH test), and so forth. However, none has shown a specific sensitivity in order to accurately determine the best treatment depending on the values they provide. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the capacity of ovarian response on the basis of ovarian volume determination. Two groups of patients were studied: group 1 (n = 19) with a basal ovarian volume smaller than 3 cm3, and group 2 (n = 21), those with a volume greater than 3 cm3. Patients in group 2 showed a better response to ovarian stimulation, as well as the collection of better quality ovarian, increased fertilization, segmentation and pregnancy ratios and a lower cancellation index as compared to group 1. It can be concluded that patients with an ovarian volume lower than 3 cm3 on the day before the stimulation will present a poor response to exogenous gonadotropins, thus, this variable must be considered as a marker of ovarian follicular response.

Shear strength of dentin and dentin bonded composites.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to compare the shear strength of dentin with the shear strength of dentin bonded composites, and to determine how variables such as composite strength and blade width used during shear testing influence shear strength values. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dentin test samples (n = 36) were made by milling the anatomical molar crowns to a shape similar to a composite rod bonded to a flat dentin surface. Dentin bonding was accomplished by bonding composites to flat dentin surfaces (n = 72) using Scotchbond MP and Z100 (n = 36) or Silux Plus (n = 36) composites. Shear testing was conducted using a guillotine-like device with a flat blade embracing half the dentin or composite cylinders. The blade thickness was either 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, or 1.50 mm. Six samples per material and blade thickness were tested. In addition to the above study, the bond strength of Z100 (n = 6) and Silux (n = 6) bonded with Scotchbond MP and tested with an orthodontic edgewire loop were also tested and compared with the bond strength of the Z100 and Silux samples tested with the 0.5 thick blade. All shear testing was done at a load rate of 0.5 mm/min. The results were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. RESULTS: The shear strength values when tested with the blades were: dentin = 39.7 +/- 13.0 MPa, Z100 = 29.3 +/- 7.2 MPa, and Silux = 21.1 +/- 4.9 MPa; each group had significantly different values (p < 0.05). The blade thickness had no significant effect on strength (p = 0.471). Comparing the 0.5-mm-wide blade with the edge wire (width = 0.45 mm) revealed a significant difference (p = 0.0014) favoring the blade. Z100 performed better than Silux (p = 0.0014). CONCLUSION: The shear strength of the tested bonding agent is significantly lower than the shear strength of dentin. The shear strength depends on testing method (blade vs loop) and composite material.

Calcium leaching from dentin and shear bond strength after etching with phosphoric acid of different concentrations.

Based on the H2O-P2O5-CaO phase diagram, we hypothesize that a phosphoric acid concentration around 27 wt% leaches most calcium from dentin. We also hypothesize that bond strength is affected by resin infiltration, and that resin infiltration becomes incomplete when calcium leakage exceeds a certain value. Dentin disks were cut from human molars. Eight phosphoric acid concentrations were prepared (15.7-51.2 wt%). For each acid group, there were four etch time subgroups (15, 30, 60 and 120 s). The dentin disks were etched in acid and rinsed in water for times corresponding to 15 s, 30 s, 60 s and 120 s. The calcium concentrations were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Composite cylinders were bonded to the remaining parts of the teeth using the same etching protocol, and shear bond strength was determined. The 29.2 wt% group demonstrated the highest and the 15.7 wt% group the lowest calcium leaching value. Even though there were trends towards lower bond strength for longer etch times, a statistically significant difference was only found between 30 and 120 s. There was no significant correlation between calcium leaching and bond strength. The results support the tested hypothesis that the highest leaching value would be around 27 wt% phosphoric acid.

[From theory to clinical practice: recombinant FSH in daily practice]. / De la teoría a la clínica: la FSH recombinante en la práctica cotidiana.

The purpose of the present study is to determine the efficacy of induction ovulation with recombinant FSH in patients treated with in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) and basic assisted reproductive techniques (ART). One hundred seven cycles were analyzed. The patients were divided in two groups: Group 1, treated with IVF (n = 12) and group 2, treated with basic ART (n = 95). Only recombinant FSH was utilized for ovulation induction; human corionic gonadotropin (hCG), 10,000 IU, were administered when one or more dominant follicles with diameter > or = 18 mm were presents; oocyte retrieval was performed 34 hour, while intrauterine insemination was practiced at 36 hours after the hCG injection. The pregnancy rate per IVF cycle was 25.0%, and 16.4% for basic ART. It is concluded that ovulation induction with recombinant FSH is a good and efficient alternative for both variations of ART.

["Initial results of the first ambulatory program for in vitro fertilization in Mexico"]. / "Resultados iniciales del primer programa ambulatorio de fertilización in vitro en México".

Infertile couples treated with in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) seeking highest standards of case. The new programmes of IVF-ET are under pressure to generate as quickly as possible acceptable pregnancy rates. We report our experiences at a new IVF clinic, performing conventional IVF-ET and oocyte donation. Patients were treated in groups, their menstrual cycles were previously synchronized with luteal phase noretisterone. Both variants of IVF produced clinical pregnancies since the start of activity. In this paper the logistic and methodology are discussed. Today the aim of the programme is increasing the efficiency and efficacy of same.

[Methods of sex selection. A new method for preventing genetic diseases]. / Métodos de selección del sexo. Una nueva forma de prevención de enfermedades genéticas.

Determining sex of offspring has been a subject of intense interest for the public and professional community. Although methods of selecting sex before concepts are not entirely reliable, couples could satisfy their wishes for the size and composition of their family and the children might benefit by being wanted. On the other hand, the ability to selectively separate X from Y chromosome-bearing spermatozoa and use the X spermatozoa to preferentially produce female offspring; could be reduce, or may even eliminate, the probability of conceiving affected males of X-linked diseases.

Estudio comparativo entre biopsia pulmonar a cielo abierto y toracoscópica, como método diagnóstico en neumopatía intersticial difusa / Comparative study between open and thorascopic pulmonar biopsy, as diagnostic method in diffuse interstitial pneumophaty

Se estudiaron 15 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico, funcional y radiológico de neumopatía intersticial difusa, 11 mujeres y 4 hombres de 15 a 40 años. A todos los pacienes se les praticó en el mismo tiempo operatorio, toracoscopia y biopsia pulmonar a cielo abierto (pequeña incisión submamaria). El tejido pulmonar obtenido por biopsia pulmonar se envió a estudio histológico inmediatamente. La biopsia por toracoscopia se colocó en formol y se guardó por dos meses con etiquetas sólo conocidas por un investigador y no por el patólogo. Cuando el patólogo estudió la biopsia por toracoscopia lo hizó en forma ciega e independiente. Se concluyó que la toracoscopia y la biopsia pulmonar a cielo abierto brindan la misma sensibilidad y especificidad

Glomerular lesions and final outcome in children with glomerulonephritis of acute onset.

131 children with nephritic syndrome of acute onset were studied by renal biopsy and were followed clinically from 2 to 13 years. 87 patients (66%) with proliferative endocapillary glomerulonephritis all recovered. 21 (16%) had focal extracapillary and diffuse endocapillary glomerulonephritis. Eleven (52%) of these recovered. Six patients (5%) had diffuse extra and endocapillary glomerulonephritis, 13 (10%) had membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis and four had diffuse glomerular fibrosis. All 23 patients of the latter groups progressed to renal insufficiency. A correlation between morphology and prognosis was apparent in this study.