The Fabaceae in Northeastern Mexico (Subfamily Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae Clade, Tribes Mimoseae, Acacieae, and Ingeae).

A synoptic compendium of the legumes of the Mimosoideae clade in northeastern Mexico is presented for the first time, including changes in their botanical nomenclature and retypification of genera. Furthermore, based on new information recently published, the taxonomic limits of several new genera segregated from Acacia (Acaciella, Mariosousa, Senegalia, and Vachellia) and Prosopis (Neltuma and Strombocarpa) are clarified and included. Based on field work, collection of botanical samples over the past 30 years, and reviewing botanical materials in national and international herbaria, we have completed the diversity of legumes of the Mimosoideae clade of northeastern Mexico. Three tribes (Acacieae, Ingeae, and Mimosaeae), 22 genera, 92 species, and 19 infraspecific categories were recorded. Only the genus Painteria is endemic to Mexico. Eighty-eight species are native to Mexico, and four are exotic: Acacia salicina, Neptunia prostrata, Neltuma chilensis and Albizia lebbeck. Twenty-eight species are endemic to Mexico, nine species are endemic to northeastern Mexico, and four species are endemic to only one state in Mexico. The 22 registered genera represent 44% and 65% of the generic flora of the Mimosoideae clade for Mexico and the planet, respectively, while the 92 species registered represent 3% and 18% of the species of the clade Mimosoideae for the planet and Mexico, respectively. According to the new nomenclature of legumes, the number of genera in the Mimosoideae clade in northern Mexico has increased from 19 to 24.

Underlying and proximate drivers of biodiversity changes in Mesoamerican biosphere reserves.

Protected areas are of paramount relevance to conserving wildlife and ecosystem contributions to people. Yet, their conservation success is increasingly threatened by human activities including habitat loss, climate change, pollution, and species overexploitation. Thus, understanding the underlying and proximate drivers of anthropogenic threats is urgently needed to improve protected areas' effectiveness, especially in the biodiversity-rich tropics. We addressed this issue by analyzing expert-provided data on long-term biodiversity change (last three decades) over 14 biosphere reserves from the Mesoamerican Biodiversity Hotspot. Using multivariate analyses and structural equation modeling, we tested the influence of major socioeconomic drivers (demographic, economic, and political factors), spatial indicators of human activities (agriculture expansion and road extension), and forest landscape modifications (forest loss and isolation) as drivers of biodiversity change. We uncovered a significant proliferation of disturbance-tolerant guilds and the loss or decline of disturbance-sensitive guilds within reserves causing a "winner and loser" species replacement over time. Guild change was directly related to forest spatial changes promoted by the expansion of agriculture and roads within reserves. High human population density and low nonfarming occupation were identified as the main underlying drivers of biodiversity change. Our findings suggest that to mitigate anthropogenic threats to biodiversity within biosphere reserves, fostering human population well-being via sustainable, nonfarming livelihood opportunities around reserves is imperative.

Composición de especies vegetales en un matorral desértico rosetófilo del norte de Coahuila, México / Plant species composition in a rosetophyllous desert scrub of northern Coahuila, Mexico

RESUMEN El Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna (APFF) Maderas del Carmen, ubicada en el estado de Coahuila, se considera un reservorio natural para el matorral rosetófilo, el cual ha sido afectado por el cambio de uso de suelo en el norte de México. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir el estado actual del matorral desértico rosetófilo del Área Protegida de Flora y Fauna Maderas del Carmen, con base en su estructura, composición florística y diversidad. Se evaluó la vegetación mediante 35 parcelas de 5 m x 5 m en 7 transectos lineales. Se midió altura (m), diámetro (cm) y área de copa (m2). Se determinó abundancia, dominancia y frecuencia de cada especie para obtener el índice de valor de importancia (IVI), además del índice de entropía de Shannon (H´) para conocer la diversidad, y la diversidad verdadera de Shannon (1D). Se registraron 31 familias, 61 géneros y 70 especies de plantas vasculares, incluyendo una endémica de México (Galactia brachystachys) y a 20 bajo estatus de protección, como Agave havardiana, que además, es especie vulnerable. Las familias con mayor riqueza fueron Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Asparagaceae y Cactaceae. Las formas biológicas y de vida fueron árboles y arbustos (48 %), hierbas (36 %), suculentas (13 %) y trepadoras (3 %). El H´ fue de 3.13 y la 1D de 22.87. El matorral rosetófilo del APFF Maderas del Carmen tiene una diversidad media-alta, está dominado por Agave lechuguilla Torr., con mayor abundancia e IVI. La composición florística y la diversidad encontrada permite una línea base para estudios posteriores que determinen el estatus ecológico de la zona. Especialmente para conocer con mayor detalle la dinámica poblacional de las especies endémicas y bajo estatus de protección, además del hábitat para la fauna silvestre presente en el APFF Maderas del Carmen.

ABSTRACT The Maderas del Carmen Flora and Fauna Protection Area (APFF), located in the state of Coahuila, is considered a natural reservoir for rosetophyllous scrub, which has been affected by land use change in northern Mexico. The objective of this work was to describe the current state of the rosetophilous desert scrub in the Maderas del Carmen Flora and Fauna Protected Area, based on its structure, floristic composition, and diversity. Vegetation was evaluated using 35 plots of 5 m x 5 m in 7 linear transects. Height (m), diameter (cm) and crown area (m2) were measured. Abundance, dominance and frequency of each species were determined to obtain the importance value index (IVI), in addition to the Shannon entropy index (H´) to know the diversity, and the true diversity of Shannon (1D). 31 families, 61 genera and 70 species of vascular plants were recorded, including one endemic to Mexico (Galactia brachystachys) and 20 under protection status, such as Agave havardiana, which is also a vulnerable species. The richest families were Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Asparagaceae and Cactaceae. Biological and life forms were trees and shrubs (48 %), herbs (36 %), succulents (13 %), and climbers (3 %). The H' was 3.13 and the 1D was 22.87. The rosetophilous scrub of the APFF Maderas del Carmen has a medium-high diversity, it is dominated by Agave lechuguilla Torr., with greater abundance and IVI. The floristic composition and the diversity found allow a baseline for subsequent studies that determine the ecological status of the area. Especially, they allow us to know in greater detail the population dynamics of endemic species and under protection status, in addition to the habitat for wildlife present in the APFF Maderas del Carmen.

Reassessment of the extinction risk status of the ponytail palm Beaucarnea inermis / Reevaluación del riesgo de extinción de la pata de elefante Beaucarnea inermis

Abstract Beaucarnea inermis is an endemic species from Northeast Mexico, in the states of San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas. It is appreciated as an ornamental plant, so its populations are subject to the poaching of individuals for illegal trade. Previous studies determined that their populations have been affected due to the disturbance since the incidence of anthropogenic activities affects the viability of the species. Here we determine the current conservation status of B. inermis and identify their main risk factor by performing an extinction risk assessment based on the Annex II "Method for Evaluation of Risk of Extinction of Plants in Mexico". We studied 10 populations of B. inermis from protected and non-protected areas in San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas. We considered the MER criteria: A) geographical distribution characteristics, B) habitat characteristics, C) intrinsic biological vulnerability, and D) impact of human activity. Using field and analyzed data, the MER assessment gives 1.91 points that confirm B. inermis is correctly classified as an Endangered species. The natural protected areas where the species occurs represent cores for its protection; however, the surface of these areas may not be sufficient without biological corridors that connect them.

Resumen Beaucarnea inermis es una especie endémica del Noroeste de México distribuida en los estados de San Luis Potosí y Tamaulipas. Es apreciada como planta ornamental, por lo que sus poblaciones están sujetas al saqueo de individuos para su comercialización ilegal. En trabajos anteriores se determinó que sus poblaciones han sido afectadas debido al disturbio por la incidencia de actividades antrópicas que afectan su viabilidad. En la presente contribución se determina el nivel de riesgo de B. inermis con base en el Anexo Normativo II "Método de Evaluación de Riesgo de Extinción de Plantas en México". Se estudiaron 10 poblaciones de B. inermis en San Luis Potosí y Tamaulipas, tanto en áreas naturales protegidas como en sitios no protegidos. Los criterios MER considerados fueron: A) características de la distribución geográfica, B) características del hábitat, C) vulnerabilidad biológica intrínseca y D) impacto de la actividad humana. El análisis MER arroja un valor de 1.91 que, confirma a B. inermis dentro de la categoría de Amenazada. Las áreas naturales protegidas donde se distribuye la especie funcionan como núcleos de protección, sin embargo, su superficie puede no ser suficiente sin la presencia de corredores biológicos que las conecten.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of a standardized fraction of Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton and its possible mechanism of action in mice.

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Oenothera rosea (EAOr) and the mechanism involved, in mice. Materials and Methods: The antinociceptive activity was tested using chemical- and heat-induced nociception models. The anti-inflammatory activity was tested using carrageenan-induced edema and inflammatory cytokines were measured. Results: EAOr reduced the licking time on the second phase of the formalin test (100 and 177 mg/kg). The antinociception of EAOr was prevented by L-NAME (10 mg/kg), 1H-[1, 2, 4]-oxadiazolo [4, 3-a]-quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 0.1 mg/kg), glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) and bicuculline (1 mg/kg), but not by naloxone (2 mg/kg). Also, EAOr decreased licking time in capsaicin induced-nociception. EAOr did not have effect on withdrawal latency in tail-flick test. Carrageenan-induced paw edema was reduced by EAOr, and TNF-α and IL-1ß levels were reduced in mice treated with EAOr by 72.2 and 32.8%, respectively. Furthermore, EAOr did not present side effects as sedation nor gastric injury. Chemical analysis of this fraction showed the presence of glycosylated quercetin derivatives such as quercetin glucoside and quercetin rhamnoside in a 2.5% concentration. Conclusion: This study demonstrates antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of an organic fraction of O. rosea and its possible interaction with the NO-cGMP-K+ channels and GABAergic system and thus, it could be considered a therapeutic alternative.

Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activity of The Ethanolic Extract of Equisetum Myriochaetum and Molecular Docking of Its Main Metabolites (Apigenin, Kaempferol, and Quercetin) on ß-Tubulin.

Equisetum myriochaetum is a semi-aquatic plant found on riverbanks that is commonly used in traditional medicine as a diuretic agent. Additionally, the genus Equisetum stands out for its content of the flavonoid kaempferol, a well-known antiproliferative agent. Therefore, in this study, E. myriochaetum ethanolic extract was tested in vitro against a cervical cancer cell line (SiHa). Additionally, the antioxidative activity was evaluated through a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) assay. Finally, a molecular docking analysis of apigenin, kaempferol, and quercetin on the active site of ß-tubulin was performed to investigate their potential mechanism of action. All fractions of E. myriochaetum ethanolic extract showed antioxidative activity. Fraction 14 displayed an antiproliferative capacity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 6.78 µg/mL against SiHa cells.

High phylogeographic and genetic diversity of Tidestromia lanuginosa supports full-glacial refugia for arid-adapted plants in southern and central Coahuila, Mexico.

PREMISE: Recent phylogeographic work suggests the existence of latitudinal gradients in genetic diversity in northern Mexican plants, but very few studies have examined plants of the Chihuahuan Desert. Tidestromia lanuginosa is a morphologically variable annual species whose distribution includes the Chihuahuan Desert Region. Here we undertook phylogeographic analyses of chloroplast loci in this species to test whether genetic diversity and differentiation of Mexican populations of T. lanuginosa change along a latitudinal gradient and whether diversity is higher in Coahuila, consistent with ideas of lower plant community turnover during the Pleistocene. METHODS: Haplotype network, maximum likelihood tree, and Bayesian phylogenetic haplotype were reconstructed, and genetic diversity was assessed among 26 populations. Barrier analysis was used to explore barriers to gene flow. RESULTS: Four major population groups were identified, corresponding with physiographic provinces in Mexico. Each population group displayed high levels of genetic structure, haplotype, and nucleotide diversity. Diversity was highest in southern populations across the species as a whole and among the Chihuahuan Desert populations. CONCLUSIONS: Tidestromia lanuginosa provides an important example of high phylogeographic and genetic diversity in plants of northern Mexico. Barriers to gene flow among the major population groups have most likely been due to a combination of orographic, climatic, and edaphic variables. The high genetic diversity of T. lanuginosa in southern and central Coahuila is consistent with the hypothesis of full-glacial refugia for arid-adapted plants in this area, and highlights the importance of this region as a center of diversity for the Chihuahuan Desert flora.

Riqueza, composición y abundancia de especies en una comunidad vegetal ribereña en el río Santa Catarina, Monterrey, Nuevo León / Richness, composition and abundance of species in a riparian plant community in the Santa Catarina river, Monterrey, Nuevo León

Resumen La vegetación ribereña constituye un elemento clave para el mantenimiento de los ecosistemas fluviales, en especial, en aquellos que se encuentran circundados por zonas urbanas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la variación espacial de la riqueza, la composición y la estructura de la vegetación ribereña en un tramo del río Santa Catarina sobre dos municipios de la Zona Metropolitana de Monterrey. Para el análisis de la vegetación, se establecieron transectos de muestreo, en un tramo de 15.65 km. El estrato alto (plantas arbustivas y arbóreas), se analizó mediante un modelo de ordenación Bray-Curtis y una gráfica de dominancia-diversidad. Para el estrato bajo (plantas herbáceas), se utilizó el coeficiente de similitud de Jaccard. En el estrato alto, se registraron 16 familias pertenecientes a 25 géneros y 28 especies. Las especies con mayor número de individuos fueron Salix nigra, Leucaena leucocephala, Ricinus communis y Parkinsonia aculeata. La composición de la vegetación tiene una similitud de intermedia a alta, ya que los grupos variaron con valores de 60 % a 71.53 %. En el estrato bajo, se registraron 25 familias, 53 géneros y 60 especies, con una similitud de baja a intermedia, debido a que los primeros tres grupos variaron entre 23 % a 47 %. Las especies que se reportaron con mayor distribución en el estrato bajo, fueron Cyperus involucratus y Phragmites australis en 7 sitios cada una, Eragrostis mexicana, Heliantus annuus, Melinis repens, Polygonum pensylvanicum y Typha domingensis, en 6 sitios cada una. La composición de la vegetación se encuentra en un estado sucesional secundario, debido a que las especies con mayor presencia son introducidas, como Leucaena leucocephala y Ricinus communis para el estrato alto, y Cypereus involucratus y Melinis repens, para el estrato bajo.

Abstract Riparian vegetation constitutes a key element for the maintenance of fluvial ecosystems, especially for those that are surrounded by urban zones. The aim of this study was to evaluate the composition and variation of riparian vegetation in a stretch of the Santa Catarina river, over two cities of the Monterrey Metropolitan Area. For the analysis of the vegetation, sampling transects were established in a section of 15.65 km. The high stratum (shrub and tree plants) was analyzed using a Bray-Curtis ordering model and a dominance-diversity plot. The Jaccard similarity coefficient was used for the low stratum (herbaceous plants). In the high stratum, 16 families belonging to 25 genera and 28 species were recorded. The species with the highest number of individuals were Salix nigra, Leucaena leucocephala , Ricinus communis and Parkinsonia aculeata. The composition of the vegetation has a similarity level of intermediate to high, because the groups vary between 60 % to 71.53 %. In thelow stratum, 25 families, 53 genera and 60 species were recorded with a similarity level of low to intermediate, because the groups vary between 23 to 47 %. The species that were mostly registered in the low stratum were Cyperus involucratus in 7 sites, and Eragrostis mexicana , Heliantus annuus, Melinis repens, Polygonum pensylvanicum and Typha domingensis in six sites each one. The composition of the vegetation is in a secondary successional state, because the species with greater presence are exotic or invasive, such as Leucaena leucocephala and Ricinus communis for the high stratum and Cyperus involucratus, Typha domingensis and Melinis repens for the low stratum.

Análisis multitemporal de cambios de uso de la tierra en San Fernando, Tamaulipas, durante el periodo 1987 a 2017 / Multitemporal land use change analysis in San Fernando, Tamaulipas for the Period 1987 to 2017

Resumen El cambio de uso de la tierra (CUT) tiende a impactar de manera negativa los procesos atmosféricos y climáticos globales. El presente artículo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el CUT en el municipio de San Fernando, Tamaulipas, México, durante el periodo 1987 a 2017. Se utilizó el método de clasificación por segmentación de imágenes satelitales, de los años 1987, 1997, 2007 y 2017, el cual, permitió reducir el ruido característico de la clasificación basada en pixeles. Sin embargo, fue necesario editar los resultados, para recuperar los asentamientos humanos, eliminar nubes y sombras, y reducir los efectos de confusión entre cobertura vegetal y zonas agrícolas con cultivos presentes, para evitar introducir CUT artificiales en las estadísticas obtenidas. El análisis multitemporal mostró una clara tendencia en la reducción de la cobertura vegetal (-6.53 %) y del área sin vegetación aparente (-1.71 %). También se observó un importante incremento en el uso agrícola (+7.61 %), que no pareció estar asociado a un incremento en asentamientos humanos (+0.08 %). La metodología desarrollada parece ser adecuada y fácil de implementar para el análisis de CUT en regiones de interés.

Abstract Land Use Change (LUC) tends to have a negative effect on global atmospheric and climate processes. The objective of this paper was to assess the LUC for the San Fernando, Tamaulipas, Mexico municipality, during the period comprehended between 1987 and 2017. The classification by segmentation method was applied to satellite images obtained from 1987, 1997, 2007 and 2017, which allowed for a reduction in the noise that is characteristic of pixel-based classification. However, it was necessary to edit the results in order to recover human settlements, eliminate clouds and shadows, and reduce the confusion between vegetation cover and cultivated agricultural land in order to avoid introducing artificial LUC in the statistics produced. The multitemporal analysis showed a clear trend in the reduction of vegetation cover (-6.53 %) and of areas devoid of vegetation (-1.71 %). Likewise, the results also highlight a significant increase of agricultural land (+7.61 %), which seems to be unassociated with the increase of human settlements (+0.08 %). The developed methodology seems to be appropriate and of easy implementation to carry out the LUC analysis in other regions of interest.

Estructura y diversidad de la vegetación leñosa en un área de matorral espinoso tamaulipeco con actividad pecuaria en Nuevo León, México / Structure and diversity of the woody vegetation in a Tamaulipas thornscrub with livestock activity in Nuevo León, Mexico

Resumen En el noreste de México existe un incremento en el establecimiento de pastizales para la ganadería, lo cual ha ocasionado cambios en la estructura y diversidad florística. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar algunos parámetros dasométricos y de diversidad de los elementos leñosos presentes en un área de matorral espinoso tamaulipeco (MET), con actividad pecuaria, en el estado de Nuevo León, México, para establecer si las modificaciones realizadas contribuyen o no a la conservación de la diversidad vegetal. La actividad pecuaria que se realizaba en el área de estudio era un aprovechamiento mixto de moderada intensidad, con aclareos por lo bajo (d ˂ 5 cm). Se seleccionaron cuatro sitios de muestreo de 1 600 m2 cada uno. Se recolectaron datos sobre variables dasométricas y se obtuvieron índices ecológicos. Los resultados permitieron un registro de 8 familias, 16 géneros y 17 especies arbóreas y arbustivas. La densidad absoluta reportada fue de 309 individuos/ha, mientras que el área de copa estimada fue de 9 521.83 m2/ha. La riqueza (Da = 3.03) y diversidad (H´ = 2.31) específicas, resultaron en valores similares a matorrales sin actividad productiva. Las especies con mayor importancia dentro del área de estudio fueron características del MET: Prosopis laevigata (IVI = 28.59), Havardia pallens (IVI = 13.41) y Cordia boissieri (IVI = 8.89), de las cuales, Prosopis laevigata tiene antecedentes de uso forrajero. Se concluye que la composición de especies arbóreas y arbustivas en este sistema pecuario conserva atributos deseables de las comunidades vegetales nativas, como la riqueza de especies, diversidad, densidad y área de copa.

Abstract In the northeastern region of Mexico, there is an increase in the establishment of grasslands for livestock, which has created changes in the structure and floristic diversity of ecosystem. The aim of this study was to determine the structure and diversity of the woody species vegetation of an area of Tamaulipas thorn-scrub (MET) which was modified for livestock rising in Nuevo Leon, Mexico, to establish whether or not the changes have contributed to the conservation of plant diversity. The livestock activity practiced in the researched area is mixed purpose use at a moderate intensity, with a thinning treatment at the lower vegetation layer (d ˂ 5 cm) to create open areas for cattle grazing in the study area. Four sampling plots of 1 600 m2 each were selected. Dasometric measures were recorded and ecological indexes were estimated. The results are a record of 8 families, 16 genus and 17 species of trees and shrubs. The absolute density was 309/ha, while the estimated canopy area was 9 521.83 m2/ha. Richness (Da = 3.03) and species diversity (H' = 2.31) resulted in similar values to scrubs with nonproductive activity. Species with the greatest IVI are characteristic of the MET: Prosopis laevigata (IVI = 28.59), Havardia pallens (IVI = 13.41) and Cordia boissieri (IVI = 8.89), from which, Prosopis laevigata is considered as a species for forage use. We conclude that the composition of the tree and shrub species in this livestock rising system contributes to preserving the desirable attributes of the native vegetation communities, such as richness and species diversity, density and canopy area.

Drying Effects on Phenolics and Free Radical-Scavenging Capacity of Rhus pachyrrhachis and Rhus virens Used in Traditional Medicine.

Rhus pachyrrhachis and Rhus virens are medicinal plant species with important uses in northeastern Mexico. They belong to a complex of Rhus species called "lantriscos", which are used for medicinal applications. The medicinal effects of these species are based on traditional use, however, they require phytochemical research to validate their medicinal properties, as well as structural characterization for their correct identification during the collecting practice and uses. The phytochemical potential of aqueous extracts from R. pachyrrhachis and R. virens was analyzed by the quantification of total phenolic content (TPC), free radical-scavenging potential, and total flavonoids, with a comparison of four drying methods, and some phenolic compounds were identified. Furthermore, the stems and leaves of both species were anatomically characterized to establish a differentiation. R. pachyrrhachis and R. virens showed similar values of phytochemical contents, although the TPC content (0.17 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight, GAE/g DW) was higher in R. virens. The drying method used affected the metabolite contents, and this behavior was related to the species. Regarding the phenolic compounds, shikimic acid, galloylquinic acid, and gallic acid were identified in both species, however, quinic acid was only found in Rhus pachyrrhachis, while vanillic acid O-hexoside was identified only in Rhus virens. At the anatomical level, the pubescence associated with trichomes on the leaves of Rhus pachyrrhachis was highlighted as the main differential characteristic.