Exposure of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fingerlings to a Saxitoxin-Producing Strain of Raphidiopsis (Cylindrospermopsis) raciborskii (Cyanobacterium) Reduces Growth Performance and Increases Mortality Rate.

Blooms of toxin-producing cyanobacteria have been more frequent and lasting because of the eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems, including those used for aquaculture. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of chronic exposure to a saxitoxin-producing strain of Raphidiopsis (Cylindrospermopsis) raciborskii on the performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings over a 60-d period. The fingerlings were cultivated under the following conditions: 1) water without cyanobacterium (WATER), 2) R. raciborskii in ASM-1 culture medium (CYANO), and 3) ASM-1 culture medium without cyanobacterium (ASM). Exposure to the CYANO treatment led to a significant increase in the mortality rate (p < 0.05) and a significant reduction in growth (p < 0.05) compared to fingerlings submitted to the ASM and WATER treatments, in which similar survival and growth were found (p > 0.05). Saxitoxin toxicity was dependent on the weight of the fingerling (p < 0.05), with maximum mortality caused by the ingestion of 13.66 µg saxitoxin equivalent L-1 g-1 . The present results clearly show the harm caused by saxitoxins to the production of Nile tilapia fingerlings in the early growth phase. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining adequate water quality in aquaculture activities to minimize the risk of saxitoxin-producing cyanobacterial blooms and avoid economic losses among producers. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1409-1420. © 2020 SETAC.

Nutritional and performance viability of cactus Opuntia-based diets added to concentrate levels for Girolando lactating dairy cows.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of different concentrate levels in diets based on cactus Opuntia Stricta (Haw.) Haw cladodes over the performance of lactating Girolando cows. METHODS: The experiment involved 10 Girolando multiparous dairy cows (512.6 kg of body weight and producing 13.2kg milk/day), allocated into two 5 x 5 Latin squares. The experimental treatments consisted of control diet composed by cactus Nopalea cochenillifera. Salm-Dyck. cladodes (Nopalea), forage sorghum silage and concentrate (20% at DM basis), and four concentrate levels diets (20, 24, 28 and 32%) plus cactus Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. cladodes (Opuntia) and forage sorghum silage. RESULTS: Regarding cows fed control diet, the nutrients intake were greater than for cows fed with cactus Opuntia and concentrate. Regarding concentrate levels, intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of cows increased linearly. The OM, CP and NDF digestibilities were similar in between to control diet and cactus Opuntia-based diets. The digestibility of NFC increased linearly when the concentrate was inserted. The N balance was the same for control diet and cactus Opuntia-based diets, irrespective the concentrate levels. CONCLUSION: For cows producing 14 kg/day with 3.5% of fat, it is recommended 32% of concentrate inclusion in cactus Opuntia-based diets, and the increase in concentrate level promotes a linear increase in milk yield.

Effect of association of fresh cassava root with corn silage in replacement for cactus cladodes on dairy cow performance.

The aim of this study was to investigate the replacement effect of cactus cladodes with cassava root and corn silage (CRCS) (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%, dry matter basis) in diets of lactating dairy cows on nutrients intake and digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, nitrogen balance, and milk yield. Ten Holstein cows with an average milk yield of 16 kg/day, an initial body weight (BW) of 670 ± 35 kg, and an average of 17 weeks in milking were assigned to an experiment using a double 5 × 5 Latin square design. The ratio of forage/concentrate was 82:18, and the ingredients used were cactus cladodes, cassava root, corn silage, soybean meal, wheat meal, urea, and mineral premix. The intake of dry matter, organic matter, and total digestible nutrients were not influenced by the replacement levels. On the other hand, the intake of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber increased while the intake of non-fiber carbohydrates decreased with addition of CRCS. The digestibility of the nutrients was not changed as the milk yield as fat-corrected milk production and milk content of fat, protein, lactose, and total solids. The microbial protein synthesis, microbial protein efficiency, nitrogen balance, and efficiency of N in milk were not changed. Therefore, we recommend the complete replacement of cactus cladodes by cassava root and corn silage in the diets of lactating cows with an average milk yield of 16 kg/day.

Evolução da mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório e do Produto Interno Bruto per capita nos municípios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Evolution of mortality from diseases of the circulatory system and of gross domestic product per capita in the Rio de Janeiro state municipalities

Background: Diseases of the circulatory system are the leading cause of death in Brazil and the world, falling progressively during the twentieth century, preceded by an increase in Gross Domestic Product. Objective: To correlate balanced and adjusted mortality rates from circulatory system diseases in the municipalities of Rio de Janeiro state between 1979 and 2010 with the gross domestic product per capita (GDPpc) beginning in 1950. Methods: Population and death data were obtained from the Department of Information and Computer Services at the National Health System/Brazilian Ministry of Health (Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde - Ministério da Saúde - DATASUS-MS). Mortality rates were calculated for Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), Cerebrovascular Disease (CBVD), and Circulatory System Disease (CSD); adjusted by the direct method; and balanced for ill-defined causes. The GDPpc data were obtained from the Institute of Applied Economic Research (Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas Aplicadas - IPEA). Mortality rates were correlated with socioeconomic indicators using Pearson's linear correlation coefficient to determine the annual optimized lag time. Regression slope coefficients between the dependent disease and independent socioeconomic indicator were estimated. Results: In recent decades, there has been a reduction in mortality from CSD in all Rio de Janeiro state municipalities, mainly due to a decline in mortality from CBVD. The decline in mortality from CSD was preceded by an increase in the GDPpc, and a strong correlation was observed between this index and mortality rates. Conclusion: The evolution of the variation in GDPpc demonstrated a strong correlation with the reduction in CSD mortality. This relationship demonstrates the importance of improving the living conditions of the population to reduce cardiovascular mortality

Fundamentos: As doenças do aparelho circulatório são a primeira causa de morte no Brasil e no mundo, apresentando progressiva queda durante o século XX, precedida por elevação no Produto Interno Bruto. Objetivo: Correlacionar taxas de mortalidade compensadas e ajustadas por doenças do aparelho circulatório nos Municípios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ) entre 1979 e 2010, com o Produto Interno Bruto per capita (PIBpc) a partir de 1950. Métodos: Populações e óbitos obtidos no DATASUS/MS. Calcularam-se taxas de mortalidade por Doenças Isquêmicas do Coração (DIC), Doenças Cerebrovasculares (DCBV), e Doenças do Aparelho Circulatório (DAC), e compensadas por causas mal definidas e ajustadas pelo método direto. Dados de PIBpc foram obtidos no Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas Aplicadas (IPEA). As taxas de mortalidade e o indicador socioeconômico foram correlacionados, pela estimação de coeficientes lineares de Pearson, para determinar a defasagem anual otimizada. Foram estimados os coeficientes de inclinação da regressão entre a dependente doença e a independente indicador socioeconômico. Resultados: Nas últimas décadas houve redução da mortalidade por DAC em todos os municípios do ERJ, esta ocorreu principalmente por queda da mortalidade por DCBV. A queda da mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório foi precedida por elevação do PIBpc, com forte correlação entre o indicador e as taxas de mortalidade. Conclusão: A variação evolutiva do PIBpc demonstrou elevada correlação com a redução da mortalidade por DAC. Essas relações sinalizam a importância na melhoria das condições de vida da população para reduzir a mortalidade cardiovascular

Total replacement of corn by mesquite pod meal considering nutritional value, performance, feeding behavior, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis of Holstein-Zebu crossbred dairy steers.

The objective of the present study to assess the effects of mesquite pod addition replacing corn (0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 g/kg in the dry matter basis) on nutrient intake, animal performance, feeding behavior, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis. Twenty-five Holstein-Zebu crossbred dairy steers at 219 ± 22 kg initial body weight and 18 months of age were used. The experiment lasted 84 days, divided into three periods of 28 days. A completely randomized design was used, and data were submitted to analysis using PROC GLM for analysis of variance and PROC REG for regression analysis using the software Statistical Analysis Systems version 9.1. Experimental diets were composed of Tifton 85 hay, soybean meal, ground corn, mesquite pod meal, and mineral salt. Samples of food offered were collected during the last 3 days of each period, and the leftovers were collected daily, with samples bulked per week. At the end of each 28-day period, the remaining animals were weighed to determine total weight gain and average daily gain. The assessment of behavioral patterns was performed through instantaneous scans in 5-min intervals for three consecutive 12-h days. A single urine sample from each animal was collected on the last day of each collection period at about 4 h after the first feeding. The replacement of corn by mesquite pod meal did not significantly influence treatments regarding nutrients intake, animal performance, and feeding behavior. Retained and consumed nitrogen ratio did not statistically differ between replacement levels. Likewise, there were no statistical differences regarding microbial protein synthesis and efficiency between replacement levels. Mesquite pod meal can be used in Holstein-Zebu crossbred dairy steers' diet with total corn replacement.

Percepção de professores de Língua Portuguesa sobre criatividade em produções textuais discentes / Portuguese language teachers' perception of creativity in students' written productions

Este estudo investigou a percepção de professores de Língua Portuguesa sobre fatores relacionados à criatividade em produções textuais discentes. Foram entrevistados 12 docentes do segundo ciclo do ensino fundamental (seis de escolas públicas e seis de escolas particulares). Os resultados revelaram ser a elaboração de textos pouco trabalhada pelos professores, tendo sido dada como justificativa a falta de tempo gerada pelo número elevado de alunos e carga horária extensa. Um percentual expressivo de docentes considerou pouco criativas as produções textuais discentes, embora a quase totalidade tenha se avaliado como profissionais inventivos e apontado diversas estratégias para facilitar a escrita de textos criativos em sala de aula. Indicaram, como fatores limitadores à expressão da criatividade nas produções textuais, elementos relacionados aos estudantes, professores e escola. Os resultados trazem implicações para a formação de professores de Língua Portuguesa no que diz respeito à criatividade na redação de textos em sala de aula.(AU)

This study investigated Portuguese language teachers' perceptions of factors associated with creativity in students' written production. Twelve elementary school Portuguese language teachers (six from public schools and six from private schools) were interviewed. The results revealed that written production has not been widely used in school, especially due to teachers' lack of time owing to the high number of students and number of hours of work. A considerable number of teachers considered their students' written production as not very creative although most of them considered themselves as highly creative professionals who make frequent use of several strategies to facilitate creative written production in the classroom. They indicated elements related to the students, teachers, and school as limiting factors to the expression of creativity in written production. The results show impacts on Portuguese language teachers' education and training in terms of creativity in written productions in the classroom.(AU)

Percepção de professores de língua portuguesa sobre criatividade em produções textuais discentes / Portuguese language teachers' perception of creativity in students' written productions

Este estudo investigou a percepção de professores de Língua Portuguesa sobre fatores relacionados à criatividade em produções textuais discentes. Foram entrevistados 12 docentes do segundo ciclo do ensino fundamental (seis de escolas públicas e seis de escolas particulares). Os resultados revelaram ser a elaboração de textos pouco trabalhada pelos professores, tendo sido dada como justificativa a falta de tempo gerada pelo número elevado de alunos e carga horária extensa. Um percentual expressivo de docentes considerou pouco criativas as produções textuais discentes, embora a quase totalidade tenha se avaliado como profissionais inventivos e apontado diversas estratégias para facilitar a escrita de textos criativos em sala de aula. Indicaram, como fatores limitadores à expressão da criatividade nas produções textuais, elementos relacionados aos estudantes, professores e escola. Os resultados trazem implicações para a formação de professores de Língua Portuguesa no que diz respeito à criatividade na redação de textos em sala de aula.

This study investigated Portuguese language teachers' perceptions of factors associated with creativity in students' written production. Twelve elementary school Portuguese language teachers (six from public schools and six from private schools) were interviewed. The results revealed that written production has not been widely used in school, especially due to teachers' lack of time owing to the high number of students and number of hours of work. A considerable number of teachers considered their students' written production as not very creative although most of them considered themselves as highly creative professionals who make frequent use of several strategies to facilitate creative written production in the classroom. They indicated elements related to the students, teachers, and school as limiting factors to the expression of creativity in written production. The results show impacts on Portuguese language teachers' education and training in terms of creativity in written productions in the classroom.

Effectiveness of nutritional treatment assessed by the quality of the diet in patients with chronic coronary artery disease / Eficacia del tratamiento nutricional según la evaluación de calidad de la dieta en pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria crónica

The effectiveness of nutritional treatment is important protective factor for the prevention of recurrences of cardiovascular diseases. The goal of this study was to assess the effectiveness of nutritional treatment and to know the eating pattern and the quality of an adjuvant diet for optimized clinical treatment in patients with chronic coronary artery disease (CCAD). This is a clinical trial with a three-month duration conducted with 116 patients of both sexes with (CCAD) in secondary prevention. The patients underwent nutritional treatment and blood pressure, anthropometric, biochemical and dietetic (24-hour recall) measures were collected. The Brazilian Healthy Eating Index (BHEI-R) was calculated for assessing diet quality. The average age was 62.5 ± 7.8 years. The nutritional treatment reduced: weight -1.5 ± 2.3 kg; p < 0.01; body mass index -0.5 ± 0.9 kg/m2; p < 0.01; neck circumference -0.8 ± 0.1; p < 0.01 cm; concentrations of plasma insulin -1.3 ± 0.5mU/ mL p < 0.03, glycated hemoglobin -0.4 ± 0.1 mg/dL; p < 0.01 (- 0,004 mmol/L), and HOMA-IR (-0.8 ± 3.9; p < 0.03); and increased insulin sensitivity 6.64 ± 23,9 x10-3; p < 0.01. The nutritional treatment increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations in patients who adhered to the diet after BHEI-R control 1.7 ± 1.4 mg/dL; p = 0.04 (0,04 mmol/L). Three-month nutritional treatment promoted reduction of saturated fats consumption (-1.9 ± 0.5%; p= < 0.01), cholesterol (-67.7 ± 18.6 mg/d; p < 0.01), and sodium (815.2 ± 146.5 mg/d; p < 0.01); and 20.7% of the patients finished the study with a healthy diet. The intensive nutritional treatment was effective in reducing anthropometric measures and improving glycemic control (AU)

La eficacia del tratamiento nutricional es un factor de protección importante para la prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular recurrente. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento nutricional y para cumplir con el estándar de la comida y la calidad de la dieta adyuvante para el tratamiento médico óptimo en pacientes con enfermedad de la arteria coronaria crónica (EACC). Esta es una prueba que dura tres meses realizado con 116 pacientes de ambos sexos (EACC) en la prevención secundaria. Los pacientes fueron sometidos a tratamiento nutricional y se recogieron la presión arterial, las mediciones antropométricas, (24 horas, recuerdo) y las medidas bioquímicas y dietéticas. Se utilizó el índice Brasileño de Calidad de la Dieta (ICD-R) para evaluar la calidad de esta. La edad media fue de 62,5 ± 7,8 años. El tratamiento nutricional baja: -1,5 ± 2,3 kg; p < 0,01; índice de masa corporal -0,5 ± 0,9 kg/m2; p < 0,01; circunferencia de la cintura -2,0 ± 0,1 cm; p < 0,01; concentraciones de insulina en plasma -1,3 ± 0.5mU/ml; p < 0,03, hemoglobina glucosilada 0,4 ± 0,1 mg/dl; p < 0,01 (-0,004 mmol/L) HOMA-IR (-0,8 ± 3,9; p < 0,03) y una mayor sensibilidad a la insulina 23,9 ± 6,64x10-3; p < 0,01. El tratamiento nutricional aumentó las concentraciones de colesterol HDL en los pacientes que se adhirieron a la dieta después de ICD-R 1,7 ± 1,4 mg/dl; p = 0,04 (0,04 mmol/L). Tres meses de tratamiento redujeron la ingesta nutricional de grasas saturadas (-1,9 ± 0,5%, p= < 0,01), colesterol (-67,7 ± 18,6 mg/d; p < 0,01) y sodio (815,2 ± 146,5 mg/d; p < 0,01); y el 20,7% de los pacientes completó el estudio con una dieta saludable. El tratamiento nutricional intensivo fue eficaz en la reducción de las medidas antropométricas y a la hora de conseguir un mejor control glucémico (AU)

EFFECTIVENESS OF NUTRITIONAL TREATMENT ASSESSED BY THE QUALITY OF THE DIET IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE.

The effectiveness of nutritional treatment is important protective factor for the prevention of recurrences of cardiovascular diseases. The goal of this study was to assess the effectiveness of nutritional treatment and to know the eating pattern and the quality of an adjuvant diet for optimized clinical treatment in patients with chronic coronary artery disease (CCAD). This is a clinical trial with a three-month duration conducted with 116 patients of both sexes with (CCAD) in secondary prevention. The patients underwent nutritional treatment and blood pressure, anthropometric, biochemical and dietetic (24-hour recall) measures were collected. The Brazilian Healthy Eating Index (BHEI-R) was calculated for assessing diet quality. The average age was 62.5 ± 7.8 years. The nutritional treatment reduced: weight -1.5 ± 2.3 kg; p < 0.01; body mass index -0.5 ± 0.9 kg/m2; p < 0.01; waist circumference -2.0 ± 0.1cm; p < 0.01; neck circumference -0.8 ± 0.1; p < 0.01 cm; concentrations of plasma insulin -1.3 ± 0.5mU/ mL p < 0.03, glycated hemoglobin -0.4 ± 0.1 mg/dL; p < 0.01 (- 0,004 mmol/L), and HOMA-IR (-0.8 ± 3.9; p < 0.03); and increased insulin sensitivity 6.64 ± 23,9 x10-3; p < 0.01. The nutritional treatment increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations in patients who adhered to the diet after BHEI-R control 1.7 ± 1.4 mg/dL; p = 0.04 (0,04 mmol/L). Three-month nutritional treatment promoted reduction of saturated fats consumption (-1.9 ± 0.5%; p=<0.01), cholesterol (-67.7 ± 18.6 mg/d; p < 0.01), and sodium(815.2 ± 146.5 mg/d; p < 0.01); and 20.7% of the patients finished the study with a healthy diet. The intensive nutritional treatment was effective in reducing anthropometric measures and improving glycemic control.

La eficacia del tratamiento nutricional es un factor de protección importante para la prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular recurrente. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento nutricional y para cumplir con el estándar de la comida y la calidad de la dieta adyuvante para el tratamiento médico óptimo en pacientes con enfermedad de la arteria coronaria crónica (EACC). Esta es una prueba que dura tres meses realizado con 116 pacientes de ambos sexos (EACC) en la prevención secundaria. Los pacientes fueron sometidos a tratamiento nutricional y se recogieron la presión arterial, las mediciones antropométricas, (24 horas, recuerdo) y las medidas bioquímicas y dietéticas. Se utilizó el índice Brasileño de Calidad de la Dieta (ICD-R) para evaluar la calidad de esta. La edad media fue de 62,5 ± 7,8 años. El tratamiento nutricional baja: -1,5 ± 2,3 kg; p < 0,01; índice de masa corporal -0,5 ± 0,9 kg/m2; p < 0,01; circunferencia de la cintura -2,0 ± 0,1 cm; p < 0,01; circunferencia del cuello -0,8 ± 0,1cm; p < 0,01; concentraciones de insulina en plasma -1,3 ± 0.5mU/ml; p < 0,03, hemoglobina glucosilada 0,4 ± 0,1 mg/dl; p < 0,01 (-0,004 mmol/L) HOMA-IR (-0,8 ± 3,9; p < 0,03) y una mayor sensibilidad a la insulina 23,9 ± 6,64x10-3; p < 0,01. El tratamiento nutricional aumentó las concentraciones de colesterol HDL en los pacientes que se adhirieron a la dieta después de ICD-R 1,7 ± 1,4 mg/dl; p = 0,04 (0,04 mmol/L). Tres meses de tratamiento redujeron la ingesta nutricional de grasas saturadas (-1,9 ± 0,5%, p=.

Fatores associados à estratificação invasiva da síndrome coronariana aguda / Clinical variables associated with invasive risk stratification in acute coronary syndromes

Fundamentos: Não existe consenso na literatura em relação à indicação de cineangiocoronariografia (CAT) após síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). Por essa razão, provavelmente, vivencia-se um aumento nas indicações desse procedimento, muitas vezes em desacordo com as diretrizes propostas. Objetivo: Analisar as variáveis clínicas associadas à realização de CAT como método de estratificação de risco pós-SCA, em um hospital universitário terciário. Métodos: Análise de 254 casos consecutivos de SCA internados na unidade coronariana de um hospital universitário terciário, entre janeiro de 2005 e janeiro de 2007...

Avanços terapêuticos em cardiologia: parte 1 - Antagonistas do cálcio: estado atual em cardiologia / Therapeutic advances in cardiology: part 1 - Calcium antagonists: up-to-date state in cardiology

O cálcio representa a base celular para a excitaçäo e contraçäo da musculatura cardiovascular. Os bloqueadores do cálcio têm estruturas moleculares diferentes, com efeitos comuns, e repercussöes cardiovasculares com potências desiguais. Aumentam o fluxo coronário, diminuem a pós-carga, o consumo de oxigênio e o espasmo coronário. Têm múltiplas indicaçöes clínicas, representando um marco na estratégia terapêutica em cardiologia