Rheumatic fever and long-term use of benzathine penicillin as possible risk factors for extensive macular atrophy with pseudodrusen in a Brazilian cohort.

BACKGROUND: Although there has been a large increase in the number of extensive macular atrophy with pseudodrusen (EMAP) cases, the basic aspects of this disease remain unknown. Brazilian patients have a common past history of rheumatic fever (RF) and/or benzathine penicillin (BP) treatment possibly related to the disease. We analyzed how RF and BP might be correlated with EMAP in Brazilian patients. DESIGN: Observational, retrospective, case-control study. METHODS: The databases of three private eye clinics in Brazil were searched for patients with an EMAP-like appearance. Each patient was asked about a previous history of RF and/or long-term use of BP. Patients underwent best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measurement, color fundus imaging, fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging, optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, and electroretinography (ERG). The following characteristics were analyzed: subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD), pigment mottling, retinal pigment epithelial/basement membrane (RPE/BM) separation, outer retinal or RPE atrophy, and identification of a paving stone-like appearance. The choroidal thickness was measured using enhanced depth imaging OCT. The central atrophic area was measured manually on ultra-wide-field FAF. RESULTS: A total of 154 eyes of 77 patients (women, 66.2%; mean age, 58.6 years) with EMAP were included; 90.9% of patients were diagnosed with RF; 94.8% had been treated with BP and treatment was started at an average age of 7.3 years (mean duration, 11.8 years). The treatment duration was significant for the area of atrophy (P = 0.027) in which each 1-year increase in treatment duration led to an average reduction of 6.91 mm2 in area. The age at diagnosis of RF was significant (P = 0.026) for SDD. The increase of 1 year in the diagnosis of RF (late disease) led to a reduction of 24% in the chance of central SDD being present. On OCT, 65.5% eyes had SDD and more than 70% had a split RPE/BM and outer retinal or RPE atrophy. The choroidal thickness in patients with EMAP was significantly (P < 0.001) thinner than the control group. The ERG was abnormal in all eyes. CONCLUSION: These findings may suggest a relation between RF and EMAP in Brazilian patients. Patients with EMAP should be questioned about a history of RF.

Photic maculopathy: five case reports and literature review / Maculopatia fótica: cinco relatos de caso e revisão de literatura

ABSTRACT Maculopathy from prolonged exposure to solar light is a rare but well-recognized clinical entity of vision loss and macular damage. Photochemical damage precedes visual decline, and in mild cases, vision usually returns fully or partially. With the advancement of humanity, other forms of macular injuries induced by light radiation have emerged, increasing the group of photic maculopathies. In this report, we describe the cases of five patients where a diagnosis of photic maculopathy was made based on the anamnesis, clinical findings, and complementary exams. We compare the five cases regarding their similarities and differences, as well as review the literature on the subject.

RESUMO A maculopatia causada pela exposição prolongada à luz solar é uma entidade clínica rara, mas bem reconhecida, de perda de visão e dano macular. O dano fotoquímico precede o declínio visual e em casos leves a visão geralmente retorna total ou parcialmente. Com o avanço da humanidade, surgiram outras formas de lesões maculares induzidas pela radiação luminosa, aumentando o grupo das maculopatias fóticas. Neste relato, descrevemos os casos de cinco pacientes onde o diagnóstico de maculopatia fótica foi feito com base na anamnese, achados clínicos e exames complementares. Comparamos os quatro casos quanto às suas semelhanças e diferenças, bem como revisamos a literatura sobre o assunto.

OCT Angiography Use in Pregnancy: Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion Associated with Patent Foramen Ovale - A Case Report and Multimodal Analysis.

This case report is a multimodal analysis of a pregnant patient with branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) associated to patent foramen ovale (PFO). A 28-year-old woman presented at the clinic 20 h after an acute, painless black spot appearance in the inferior temporal visual field of the right eye (OD). At that time, she was 18 weeks pregnant and had no report of complications in her previous pregnancy. Best-corrected visual acuity was 1.0 in both eyes. Color fundus photo, perimetry, and OCT angiography were required. The results clearly showed an embolus in the superior nasal retinal arteriole, associated with a pallor in the distal retina. Patient was referred to a cardiologist and a transcranial Doppler with contrast indicated a right-to-left intracardiac shunt, confirmed by the presence of a PFO at the transesophageal echocardiography. Thrombophilic conditions were excluded. Enoxaparin 1 mg/kg was started and kept until the delivery. Now, a PFO surgical closure is on schedule. This case highlights the noteworthiness of considering PFO as a source of embolism for BRAO in young patients, the capability of OCTA as a dye-free method for use in pregnancy and emphasizes the importance of systemic evaluation in patients with BRAO.

Comparing six cases of external macular holes and literature review / Comparação de seis casos de buracos maculares externos e revisão de literatura

ABSTRACT The characteristic optical coherence tomography finding in solar maculopathy is a well-defined outer retinal hyporeflective space primarily involving the photoreceptor inner and outer segment layers. This typical optical coherence tomography image may be present in a few other pathologies, which currently constitute their main differential diagnoses. Our study shows the report of 12 eyes of 6 patients treated at the Hospital de Olhos do Paraná, presenting their clinical history and diagnostic images, with the purpose of comparing the findings of the first 3 patients (diagnosed with solar maculopathy) with the last 3 patients, which are also cases of external macular holes.

RESUMO O achado característico da tomografia de coerência óptica na maculopatia solar é um espaço hiporrefletivo retiniano externo bem definido, envolvendo principalmente as camadas dos segmentos interno e externo dos fotorreceptores. Essa imagem típica da tomografia de coerência óptica pode estar presente em algumas outras patologias, que atualmente constituem seus principais diagnósticos diferenciais. Nosso estudo mostra o relato de 12 olhos de 6 pacientes atendidos no Hospital de Olhos do Paraná, apresentando sua história clínica e imagens diagnósticas, com o objetivo de comparar os achados dos 3 primeiros pacientes (diagnosticados com maculopatia solar) com os 3 últimos pacientes, que também são casos de buracos maculares externos.

Efficacy and safety of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers for IgA nephropathy in children.

BACKGROUND: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the most prevalent primary glomerulopathies in children. There are various studies investigating the efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) in adults with IgAN. However, only few studies evaluated the efficacy of these medications in pediatric patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ACEI/ARB in children with IgAN. DATA SOURCES: Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched between the 1st of April and 20th of July of 2021 using the keywords "IgA Nephropathy," "Berger's Disease," "Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors," "Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists," "Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers," and similar entry terms collected from the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Observational studies (case series, case-control, cohort, and cross-sectional) and clinical trials with descriptions of pediatric patients (under 19 years old) with histopathological diagnosis of IgA nephropathy and who received ACEI and/or ARB. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Pediatric patients (under 19 years old) with histopathological diagnosis of IgA nephropathy and who received ACEI and/or ARB. STUDY APPRAISAL: For quality assessment, the Risk of Bias 2 tool (RoB 2), the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions tool (ROBINS-I), the National Institutes of Health (NIH) quality assessment tool, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) were used. RESULTS: After recovering 1,471 studies, only eight, published between 2003 and 2019, met the eligibility criteria and were included in this systematic review. Of the 737 included children in the studies, 202 (25.8%) used ACEI/ARB and were compared with placebo and other therapy regimens. Of the seven studies that evaluated proteinuria, six reported an efficacy of ACEI/ARB in reducing this marker. ACEI/ARB also showed a possible effect in reducing hematuria and oxidative stress. The most common side effect was dizziness. LIMITATIONS: The number of studies about the treatment with ACEI/ARB in children with IgAN is scarce. In addition, the studies are very heterogeneous. There are few studies that compared ACEI/ARB with placebo. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS: The use of ACEI and/or ARB appears to be safe and to reduce proteinuria in pediatric patients with IgAN. Nonetheless, further randomized controlled trials, with greater methodological rigor and longer follow-up time, are required to establish the efficacy and safety of this therapy in this population. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: The protocol of this systematic literature review was registered in PROSPERO under the number CRD42021245375, and in the OSF registries ( https://osf.io/qft4z/ ) with the registration https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VADYR . A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

Age-related macular degeneration and resource utilization in the Brazilian public healthcare system: a real-world retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease that causes damage in the macular region of the retina, leading to irreversible blindness. This study aims to understand the profile and care of patients with AMD and its cost at the Brazilian public health system to identify AMD-care needs. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study of AMD with real-world data from the Brazilian public healthcare system, using DATASUS claim databases. Patients with AMD were selected from 01/Jan/2014 to 31/Jan/2020; had at least one claim of ICD10 code H35.3 (Degeneration of macula and posterior pole), and were submitted to one of two procedures exclusively available for AMD patients - optical coherence tomography (OCT) and medical treatment of retinal disease (antiangiogenic); aged ≥18 years at first ICD10 claim, and presenting at least 1 year of follow-up in the database. We described patients' characteristics, healthcare resource utilization and cost, and the antiangiogenic intravitreal treatment received by AMD patients, including the number of doses and interval time between them. RESULTS: Patients searching for AMD treatment since 2014 were mostly females (59%), white (61%), and a mean age of 72 years. They were mainly located in the Southeast (87%), and few patients were found in the North (1%) and Central-West (1.5%) regions, probably reflecting where the Brazilian guideline to treat AMD (Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas - PCDT) was incorporated as routine care for AMD. The average antiangiogenic dose of 2.5 antiangiogenic therapies within a year was below the expected. Most injections had an interval time of 20 to 40 days between doses, although some patients were treated more than 100 days. Another setback is that patients traveled longer distances for OCT and antiangiogenic treatment than overall AMD-healthcare, between 10 and 100 km. CONCLUSIONS: AMD patients seem to be undertreated, as they receive a mean of 2.5 doses of antiangiogenic treatment within a year. Inequalities among regions are evident, as the Southeast and South regions comprise almost all patients receiving the treatment from the public health system, probably reflecting the region with more access to AMD care according to PCDT recommendations.

En-face OCT and OCT angiography analysis of macular choroidal macrovessel.

PURPOSE: To analyze en-face optical coherence tomography (OCT) and decorrelation signals on OCT angiography (OCTA) in two cases of macular choroidal macrovessel (MCM). OBSERVATIONS: Case report. Both the 64-year-old and 71-year-old females presented for a routine evaluation, and multimodal imaging analysis, including color fundus photography, indocyanine green angiography (ICG), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and OCTA, was performed to diagnose a MCM. En-face OCT, en-face OCTA and decorrelation signals were analyzed through the MCM. In both reported cases, color fundus photograph revealed a serpiginoid lesion in the temporal macula. Red-free imaging enhanced the appearance of this lesion resembling a dilated choroidal vessel. Cross-sectional OCT showed an enlarged choroidal vessel causing elevation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) within the fovea. En-face OCTA with segmentation below the choriocapillaris enhanced the MCM delineation. En-face OCT with segmentation below the choriocapillaris showed MCM with a greater distinctness than the en-face OCTA imaging. Decorrelation signals were not observed within MCM on cross-sectional OCTA. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE: En-face OCT and decorrelation signals on OCTA may have diagnostic value in distinguishing macular choroidal macrovessel from other choroidal vascular diseases.

Nodular posterior scleritis associated with presumed ocular tuberculosis: A multimodal imaging case report.

PURPOSE: To describe a patient with nodular posterior scleritis associated with presumed ocular tuberculosis (TB). OBSERVATIONS: A 25-year-old Caucasian man reported metamorphopsia in the right eye (OD). He had lost the vision in his left eye when he was 15 years old. The visual acuity (VA) levels were 20/20 and light perception in the right and left eyes, respectively. Wide-field color fundus photography, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, optical coherence tomography, and ultrasound suggested an inflammatory condition associated with an elevated lesion in the choroid/sclera. The purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test and all other screening tests were negative. A diagnosis of presumed nodular posterior scleritis was made and after oral corticosteroid therapy, the VA decreased to 20/100 OD associated with a red and painful eye. Subsequently a QuantiFERON-TB test was positive, tuberculosis (TB) treatment was started and the corticosteroid dose was increased. Three months after treatment, the pain resolved and the vision OD recovered to 20/20. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: Nodular posterior scleritis can be associated with ocular TB that did not have a pulmonary manifestation. Rigorous testing is required in order to prevent visual loss in this disease that is not easily diagnosed.

Ten-Year Follow-Up after Bilateral Submacular Neovascular Membrane Removal in a Case of Autosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy.

Herein, we report the case of an 8-year-old girl who presented in December 2000 with a submacular neovascular membrane in the right eye, with a clinical diagnosis of Best disease. At that time, she underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with removal of the subretinal choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Her vision improved from 20/200 to 20/25. Four years later, a new CNV developed in the other eye. Initially, she underwent unsuccessful photodynamic therapy. As her vision worsened, she underwent a second, this time successful, PPV with membrane removal in the left eye, with vision improving to 20/30. Ten years later, she returned complaining of vision loss over the last year. Her vision was 20/200 OU, and optical coherence tomography demonstrated very large intraretinal cystoid spaces resembling bilateral macular schisis. Four ranibizumab injections as well as dorzolamide eye drops were tried, both without success. Finally, she underwent PPV with internal limiting membrane peeling and gas-fluid exchange in the left eye. One month later, the macula appeared flat and vision had improved to 20/60. The same procedure was performed 1 year later for the right eye, with vision improving to 20/80. One year later, mild cystic spaces developed again in both eyes, although much smaller than previously observed. Her vision remained stable.

Manifestações oftalmológicas de Síndrome de Klippel Trenaunay / Ophthalmological manifestation of the Klippel Trenaunay Syndrome

RESUMO A Síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay (SKT) é uma doença congênita rara, com maior prevalência no sexo masculino e incidência de 2-5:100.000. Apresenta-se, na forma clássica, como a tríade de manchas vinho porto, hipertrofia de membros e malformação venosa e/ou linfática. O diagnóstico é essencialmente clínico e devido à complexidade da síndrome, de natureza progressiva e ampla variedade de apresentações clínicas, os pacientes devem ser tratados de forma individualizada por uma equipe multidisciplinar. Alterações oftalmológicas associadas à SKT incluem anormalidades vasculares da órbita, íris, retina, coroide e nervo óptico. Relato de caso: Paciente de 23 anos, sexo feminino, portadora de SKT, em acompanhamento no Centro da Visão - Universidade Federal do Paraná, com queixa de diminuição da acuidade visual em olho direito. A paciente apresentava manchas vinho porto em dimidio direito e hipertrofia de membros ipsilateral. Foi diagnosticado glaucoma e realizados exames complementares oftalmológicos a fim de avaliar o grau de comprometimento dos campos visuais e o fundo de olho. A visão com a melhor correção foi de 20/100 OD e foi de 20/20 OE. À fundoscopia, constatou-se aumento da escavação do nervo óptico à direita - 0,75 x 0,90 mm. Optou-se por tratamento clínico com Cloridrato de Dorzolamida, Latanoprosta, Brimonidina e Timolol, com bons resultados a longo prazo - a tonometria de aplanação mostrou 19 mmHg OD e 15 mmHg OE, apesar da dificuldade na estabilização da doença. Conclusão: Relatos demonstram que os resultados dos tratamentos clínico e cirúrgico do glaucoma em associação à SKT são insatisfatórios quando comparados a outros tipos de glaucoma - o controle clínico não é possível em cerca de 1/3 dos pacientes, e o manejo cirúrgico tem alto índice de complicações. São necessários estudos mais expressivos que estabeleçam a correlação entre glaucoma e SKT e embasem o tratamento de escolha.

ABSTRACT The Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital disease, which the prevalence is higher in males, and its incidence of 25:100,000. It is presented in its classic form as the triad of port-wine stains, enlarged limbs and venous and / or lymphatic malformation. The diagnosis is essentially clinical and due to the complexity of the syndrome, the progressive characteristic and the wide variety of clinical presentations, a multidisciplinary team should treat patients individually. The ocular changes associated with KTS include vascular, orbit, iris, retina, choroid and optic nerve abnormalities. Case report: A 23-year-old female patient, carrier KTS, being followed at Vision Center - Federal University of Paraná, complaining of decreased visual acuity in the right eye. The patient had port-wine stains in right hemibody and hypertrophy of ipsilateral members. Glaucoma was diagnosed and eye exams were performed to assess the degree of impairment of visual fields and fundus. The best correction was checked at 20/100 OD and 20/20 OS. At fundoscopy, there was increased excavation of the optic nerve right - 0.75 x 0.90 mm. Clinical treatment was chosen with Dorzolamide Hydrochloride, Latanoprost, Brimonidine and Timolol, presenting good long-term results - the tonometry showed 19 mmHg OD and 15 mmHg OS, despite the difficulty in stabilizing the disease. Conclusion: Reports have shown that the results of clinical and surgical treatments of glaucoma in association with KTS are unsatisfactory compared to other types of glaucoma - clinical control is not possible in about 1/ 3 of patients and the surgical management has a high rate of complications. Significant studies are needed to establish the correlation between glaucoma and KTS, and base the treatment of choice.

Optical coherence tomography in patients undergoing cataract surgery.

PURPOSE: To assess the ability of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to diagnose macular changes pre- and post-cataract surgery and to identify changes in central foveal thickness (CFT) relative to age, sex, and presence of concomitant ophthalmic pathologies, for a period of 6 months post-surgery. METHODS: A prospective study of patients evaluated by SD-OCT within 5 h before surgery at 7, 30, 60, 90, and 180 days post-op, with respect to CFT and presence of maculopathy. RESULTS: Ninety-eight eyes of 98 patients were evaluated, with the following mean results: age = 71.4 years, pre-op VA = 0.27 logMAR, and final VA = 0.73 logMAR. There were 21 eyes in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and 10 eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), three with epiretinal membrane, and four with glaucoma. Sixty eyes had no other ophthalmic-related pathologies (NOO), and had a mean pre-op CFT of 222 µm, which progressively increased up to the 60th day post-op, reaching a mean of 227.2 µm. No pseudophakic cystoid macular edema was observed. The mean CFT was statistically significantly different (p<0.001) between NOO and diabetic patients from 30 days post-op. Four eyes presented with preoperative diagnosis of AMD as measured by ophthalmoscopy. After completion of the OCT, which was performed within 5 h before surgery, six additional patients were found to have AMD. Of the 98 total eyes, 10 were diagnosed with maculopathy only by OCT exam. Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (BIO) was unable to detect such changes. CONCLUSION: OCT diagnosed preoperative maculopathies in 21.4% of the patients, and was more effective than BIO (11.2%). OCT showed a progressive increase in CFT in diabetics up to 180 days post-operatively, as well as greater CFT in male patients and patients older than 70 years.

Optical coherence tomography in patients undergoing cataract surgery / Tomografia de coerência óptica em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de catarata

ABSTRACTPurpose:To assess the ability of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to diagnose macular changes pre- and post-cataract surgery and to identify changes in central foveal thickness (CFT) relative to age, sex, and presence of concomitant ophthalmic pathologies, for a period of 6 months post-surgery.Methods:A prospective study of patients evaluated by SD-OCT within 5 h before surgery at 7, 30, 60, 90, and 180 days post-op, with respect to CFT and presence of maculopathy.Results:Ninety-eight eyes of 98 patients were evaluated, with the following mean results: age = 71.4 years, pre-op VA = 0.27 logMAR, and final VA = 0.73 logMAR. There were 21 eyes in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and 10 eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), three with epiretinal membrane, and four with glaucoma. Sixty eyes had no other ophthalmic-related pathologies (NOO), and had a mean pre-op CFT of 222 μm, which progressively increased up to the 60thday post-op, reaching a mean of 227.2 μm. No pseudophakic cystoid macular edema was observed. The mean CFT was statistically significantly different (p<0.001) between NOO and diabetic patients from 30 days post-op. Four eyes presented with preoperative diagnosis of AMD as measured by ophthalmoscopy. After completion of the OCT, which was performed within 5 h before surgery, six additional patients were found to have AMD. Of the 98 total eyes, 10 were diagnosed with maculopathy only by OCT exam. Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (BIO) was unable to detect such changes.Conclusion:OCT diagnosed preoperative maculopathies in 21.4% of the patients, and was more effective than BIO (11.2%). OCT showed a progressive increase in CFT in diabetics up to 180 days post-operatively, as well as greater CFT in male patients and patients older than 70 years.

RESUMOObjetivos:Avaliar a capacidade da tomografia ocular de coerência de domínio espectral Spectral Domain-Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) diagnosticar alterações maculares no pré e pós-operatório da cirurgia de catarata e a variação da espessura foveal central (CFT) de acordo com a idade, sexo, presença ou não de oftalmopatias associadas, pelo período de 6 meses após a cirurgia.Método:Estudo prospectivo com pacientes avaliados pela SD/FD-OCT no pré-operatório (dia da cirurgia) e 7, 30, 60, 90 e 180 dias após, no que se refere à EFC e presença de maculopatia.Resultados:Foram avaliados 98 olhos de 98 pacientes, 35 homens e 63 mulheres. O estudo mostrou a seguintes médias: idade = 71,4 anos, AV pré-operatória = 0,27, AV final = 0,73. Vinte-um olhos eram de pacientes com diabetes mellitus (DM), 10 apresentavam degeneração macular relacionada à idade (AMD), 3 com membrana epirretiniana e 4 tinham glaucoma. Sessenta olhos apresentavam-se normais, ou seja, sem outras oftalmopatias (NOO). Avaliando a EFC do grupo NOO observou-se uma CFT média no pré-operatório de 222 μm, que mostrou um aumento progressivo até o 60o dia de pós-operatório, quando atingiu média de 227,2 μm. Não foi observado edema macular cistóide do pseudofácicos. Ao comparar a diferença entre a CFT média de pacientes NOO e pacientes diabéticos, observou-se que os valores são significativos (p<0,001) a partir do 30º dia de pós-operatório. Quatro olhos apresentaram, pela oftalmoscopia, diagnóstico pré-operatório de DMRI. Após a realização do exame de OCT, horas antes da cirurgia, observou-se que mais 6 pacientes apresentavam AMD. Do total de 98 olhos, 10 tiveram o diagnóstico de maculopatia somente pelo exame de OCT. A oftalmoscopia binocular indireta (BIO) não foi capaz de detectar tais alterações.Conclusão:O OCT diagnosticou doenças maculares pré-operatórias em 21,4% dos pacientes, sendo mais efetivo que a BIO (11,2%). Mostrou um aumento progressivo da CFT em diabéticos até 180 dias de pós-operatório. Detectou que a CFT é maior em pacientes do sexo masculino, e que a CFT dos pacientes com mais de 70 anos é maior que em pacientes mais jovens.

Internal eye wall resection of uveal tumors: long-term evaluation.

The authors report five cases of uveal tumors managed with internal eye wall resection and evaluate the long-term results. Patient age varied from 31 to 61 years. Four patients were female and one was male. Uveal tumors involved ciliary body and choroid in three patients and choroid alone in the other two. Histopathological examination demonstrated three uveal melanomas, one leiomyoma, and one meduloepithelioma. The largest tumor diameter ranged from 8 to 15 mm and tumor thickness from 5 to 11 mm. Follow-up of the patients was over a period of 6 to 23 years. Final visual acuity was 20/20 in 3 patients and 20/200 in one patient, and in the fifth patient, the affected eye was enucleated. No cases of metastatic disease or local recurrence of the tumor were observed, suggesting that internal eye wall resection is a valid alternative for the treatment of selected cases of uveal tumors.

Internal eye wall resection of uveal tumors: long-term evaluation / Ressecção em bloco de tumores uveais: avaliação de longo prazo

The authors report five cases of uveal tumors managed with internal eye wall resection and evaluate the long-term results. Patient age varied from 31 to 61 years. Four patients were female and one was male. Uveal tumors involved ciliary body and choroid in three patients and choroid alone in the other two. Histopathological examination demonstrated three uveal melanomas, one leiomyoma, and one meduloepithelioma. The largest tumor diameter ranged from 8 to 15 mm and tumor thickness from 5 to 11 mm. Follow-up of the patients was over a period of 6 to 23 years. Final visual acuity was 20/20 in 3 patients and 20/200 in one patient, and in the fifth patient, the affected eye was enucleated. No cases of metastatic disease or local recurrence of the tumor were observed, suggesting that internal eye wall resection is a valid alternative for the treatment of selected cases of uveal tumors.

Os autores relatam 5 casos que apresentavam tumores uveais e foram submetidos à remoção cirúrgica em bloco do tumor, avaliando resultados de acuidade visual, índice de retenção do globo ocular e de doença metastática. Quatro mulheres e um homem, com idade entre 31 e 61anos foram submetidos ao procedimento. O tumor envolvia corpo ciliar e coroide em três olhos e somente a coroide em dois. A histopatologia demonstrou que 3 tumores eram melanomas, um leiomioma e um meduloepitelioma. O maior diâmetro dos tumores foi entre 8 e 15 mm e a espessura entre 5 e 11 mm. O tempo de seguimento dos pacientes foi de 6 a 23 anos. A acuidade visual final foi de 20/20 em 3 olhos, 20/200 em outro e um olho foi enucleado. Não foram observados casos de doença metastática ou recorrência tumoral, sugerindo que a ressecção em bloco de tumores uveais é uma alternativa válida para o tratamento destes tumores em casos selecionados.

Relação entre acuidade visual e condições de trabalho escolar em crianças de um colégio do ensino fundamental público de Curitiba / Visual acuity evaluation in children of the elementary school of Curitiba

Objetivo: Observar o nível de acuidade visual (AV) de estudantes do ensino fundamental público de Curitiba, bem como avaliar a relação entre redução visual, aprendizado e as condições estruturais de estudo. Métodos: Medida da AV dos alunos de primeira a terceira série de uma escola pública de Curitiba pelo método de Snellen, medição do comprimento e intensidade luminosa das salas, além do tamanho das letras no quadro negro e dos livros didáticos. Obtenção do boletim escolar dos alunos com baixa visão. Resultados: Das 242 crianças examinadas, 225 (92,97%) apresentaram acuidade visual boa, ou seja, AV 20/20 ou 20/25 em ambos os olhos, e 17 (7,03%) apresentaram AV igual ou pior que 20/30. Desses 17, somente um sentava na última linha de carteiras, o qual era o único que apresentava notas abaixo da média; todos os outros 16 tiveram notas na média escolar. A iluminação das salas de aulas estavam todas dentro do preconizado pelo NBR–5413. O tamanho da letra usada pela professora no quadro negro corresponde a 20/200 da tabela de Snellen, e no livro ao que corresponde J3 da tabela de Jaeger. Conclusão: A escola fornece condições e estrutura adequadas para o aproveitamento pleno dos alunos. Pode-se relacionar aprendizado com boas condições de trabalho escolar. Sendo assim, além de uma triagem da AV, as escolas devem estar atentas as condições estruturais necessárias para um bom trabalho escolar. .

Purpose: Verify the rate of non-detectable low visual acuity (VA) in a public school of Curitiba and evaluate the relation between vision reduced, learning and study condition. Methods: Snellen visual acuity testing was done to all students from first to third grades at a Municipal School of Curitiba. Classroom‘s length and light intensity were obtained as well as the size of blackboard and books’ letters. Academic scores were obtained from all students with VA equal or less than 20/30OU. Results: Of all 242 students, 225 presented VA equal or better than 20/25, and 17 (7.03%) equal or worse than 20/30. One of those 17 students study on the last row of chairs and had a low school performance. The light intensity was within the rules of NBR – 5413. Besides that, the letter of blackboard corresponds to 20/200 in Snellen VA test, and the book‘s letters corresponds to J3 in Jaeger near VA test. Conclusion: The school presented good conditions and structure for schoolwork. However, learning and good condition of studying could be related. In addition to a screening of VA, schools must be mindful of the conditions necessary for good schoolwork. .

Ophthalmic evaluation, treatment, and follow-up of two cases of incontinentia pigmenti.

Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is an X-linked dominant disorder affecting the skin, teeth, eyes, and central nervous system. Ocular changes are common and may lead to severe vision loss. We report on the ocular manifestations in two young girls with IP, with emphasis on the asymmetry of this condition in both eyes and associated retinal problems. The outcomes of laser treatment of the ischemic peripheral retina were good and resulted in stability of vision.

Ophthalmic evaluation, treatment, and follow-up of two cases of incontinentia pigmenti / Avaliação oftalmológica, tratamento e seguimento de dois casos de incontinentia pigmenti

Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is an X-linked dominant disorder affecting the skin, teeth, eyes, and central nervous system. Ocular changes are common and may lead to severe vision loss. We report on the ocular manifestations in two young girls with IP, with emphasis on the asymmetry of this condition in both eyes and associated retinal problems. The outcomes of laser treatment of the ischemic peripheral retina were good and resulted in stability of vision.

Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) é uma desordem ligada ao X dominante afetando a pele, dentes, olhos e sistema nervoso central. Alterações oculares são comuns e podem levar a severa perda visual. Nós relatamos manifestações oculares de duas jovens pacientes com IP, enfatizando a assimetria da condição em cada olho e também alterações retinianas que possam ocorrer. Tratamento a laser na periferia isquêmica da retina gera bons resultados e estabiliza a visão.

[Vitrectomy and gas-fluid exchange for the treatment of serous macular detachment due to optic disc pit: long-term evaluation]. / Vitrectomia e troca fluido-gasosa para o tratamento do descolamento seroso da mácula por fosseta de disco óptico: avaliação de longo prazo.

PURPOSE: To evaluate 5 patients with serous macular detachment due to optic disc pit that were submitted to pars plana vitrectomy and were followed for at least 7 years. METHODS: Patients were submitted to pars plana vitrectomy, posterior hyaloid removal, autologous serum injection and gas-fluid exchange, without laser photocoagulation, and were evaluated pre and post-operatively with visual acuity and Amsler grid testing, retinography, and recently, with autofluorescence imaging and high resolution OCT. RESULTS: All 5 eyes improved visual acuity significantly following the surgical procedure maintaining good vision throughout the follow-up period. Mean pre-operative visual acuity was 20/400 and final visual acuity was 20/27 with a mean follow-up time of 13.6 years. No recurrences of serous detachments were observed. OCT examinations demonstrated an attached retina up to the margin of the pit. CONCLUSION: Serous macular detachments due to optic disc pits were adequately treated with pars plana vitrectomy and gas fluid exchange, without the need for laser photocoagulation, maintaining excellent visual results for a long period of time.

Vitrectomia e troca fluido-gasosa para o tratamento do descolamento seroso da mácula por fosseta de disco óptico: avaliação de longo prazo / Vitrectomy and gas-fluid exchange for the treatment of serous macular detachment due to optic disc pit: long-term evaluation

OBJETIVO: Avaliar 5 olhos com descolamento seroso da mácula devido à fosseta de disco óptico que foram submetidos à vitrectomia via pars plana e seguidos por pelo menos 7 anos. MÉTODOS: Os pacientes foram submetidos à vitrectomia via pars plana, remoção da membrana hialoide posterior, injeção de soro autólogo e troca fluido-gasosa, sem aplicação de fotocoagulação a laser, e foram testados quanto à acuidade visual, tela de Amsler, retinografia e, recentemente, retinografia com autofluorescência e OCT de alta resolução. RESULTADOS: Todos os 5 olhos operados tiveram significativa melhora da visão após o procedimento cirúrgico, mantendo boa visão durante todo período de acompanhamento. A acuidade visual pré-operatoria média foi de 20/400 enquanto a acuidade visual final foi de 20/27 com um tempo médio de seguimento de 13,6 anos. Não foram observadas recorrências do descolamento seroso da mácula e os exames de OCT mostraram a retina perfeitamente aplicada até a margem da fosseta de disco óptico. CONCLUSÃO: Descolamentos serosos da mácula causados por fosseta de disco óptico são adequadamente tratados com vitrectomia via pars plana e troca fluido-gasosa, sem a necessidade de fotocoagulação da retina, mantendo excelente acuidade visual por vários anos após o procedimento, sem o aparecimento de recorrências.

PURPOSE: To evaluate 5 patients with serous macular detachment due to optic disc pit that were submitted to pars plana vitrectomy and were followed for at least 7 years. METHODS: Patients were submitted to pars plana vitrectomy, posterior hyaloid removal, autologous serum injection and gas-fluid exchange, without laser photocoagulation, and were evaluated pre and post-operatively with visual acuity and Amsler grid testing, retinography, and recently, with autofluorescence imaging and high resolution OCT. RESULTS: All 5 eyes improved visual acuity significantly following the surgical procedure maintaining good vision throughout the follow-up period. Mean pre-operative visual acuity was 20/400 and final visual acuity was 20/27 with a mean follow-up time of 13.6 years. No recurrences of serous detachments were observed. OCT examinations demonstrated an attached retina up to the margin of the pit. CONCLUSION: Serous macular detachments due to optic disc pits were adequately treated with pars plana vitrectomy and gas fluid exchange, without the need for laser photocoagulation, maintaining excellent visual results for a long period of time.