Fabrication and Properties of the Montmorillonite/Nanobioglass Hybrid Reinforcement from Agroindustrial Waste for Bone Regeneration.

Nowadays, bone systems have a series of consequences that compromise the quality of life mainly due to wear and decreased bioactivity, generally in elderly people and children. In this context, the combination of montmorillonite (MMT-NPs) in a vitreous system such as nanobioglass facilitates the adsorption of biomolecules on the surface and within the interlamellar spaces, enabling the entry of ions by a cation exchange process focusing on increasing the rate of bone formation. This work aims to synthesize and characterize an eco-friendly hybrid reinforcement containing MMT-NPs with nanobioglass doped with magnesium nanoparticles (MgNPs-BV). In this way, MMT-NPs@MgNPs-BV was synthesized by the impregnation method, where an experimental design was used to verify the synthesis conditions. The ideal condition by experimental design was carried out in terms of the characterization and biological activity, where we demonstrated MMT-NPs of 30% w w-1, MgNPs-BV of 6% w w-1, and a calcination temperature of 1273.15 K with a cell viability around 66.87%, an average crystallite diameter of 12.5 nm, and a contact angle of 17.7°. The characterizations confirmed the impregnation method with an average particle size of 51.4 ± 13.1 nm. The mechanical tests showed a hardness of 2.6 GPa with an apparent porosity of 22.2%, similar to human bone. MMT-NPs@MgNPs-BV showed a cell proliferation of around 96% in osteoblastic cells (OFCOL II), with the formation of the apatite phase containing a relation of Ca/P of around 1.63, a biodegradability of 82%, and rapid release of ions with a Ca/P ratio of 1.42. Therefore, the eco-friendly hybrid reinforcement with MMT-NPs and MgNPs-BV shows potential for application with a matrix for biocompatible nanocomposites for bone regeneration.

Advanced Hydrogels Combined with Silver and Gold Nanoparticles against Antimicrobial Resistance.

The development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms has increased dramatically in the last decade as a natural consequence of the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes that this is one of the top ten global public health threats facing humanity today, demanding urgent multisectoral action. The UK government foresees that bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) could kill 10 million people per year by 2050 worldwide. In this sense, metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as promising alternatives due to their outstanding antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. The efficient delivery of the NPs is also a matter of concern, and recent studies have demonstrated that hydrogels present an excellent ability to perform this task. The porous hydrogel structure with a high-water retention capability is a convenient host for the incorporation of the metallic nanoparticles, providing an efficient path to deliver the NPs properly reducing bacterial infections caused by MDR pathogenic microorganisms. This article reviews the most recent investigations on the characteristics, applications, advantages, and limitations of hydrogels combined with metallic NPs for treating MDR bacteria. The mechanisms of action and the antibiofilm activity of the NPs incorporated into hydrogels are also described. Finally, this contribution intends to fill some gaps in nanomedicine and serve as a guide for the development of advanced medical products.