The expected impacts of sea level on the Mexican Atlantic coast.

The Mexican Atlantic coast is vulnerable to sea level rise due to its low, sandy shorelines with extensive adjacent wetlands. The increasing trends at the regional level are similar to global trends (~3 ± 0.04 mm/year): between 1.8 mm/year in Alvarado, Veracruz, to 3.6 mm/year in Isla Mujeres, Quintana Roo. A synthetic model was applied to Mexican Atlantic coast under two sea level rise scenarios for the year 2100. Our objectives were: 1) to identify potentially floodable zones in the face of a sea level rise of one and two meters on the Mexican Atlantic coast with a synthetic model using SRTM and LiDAR topographic data; 2) to determine vegetation and land use affected in the potentially floodable zones; and 3) quantify the vulnerable human population. With topographic data we identified low areas (one and two meters) to assess potentially floodable zones; these were intersected with data layers of vegetation, land use, and human population. Deltaic zones, coastal lagoons and low-lying areas of the Yucatan Peninsula were regions with the largest potentially floodable surface. In the one-meter sea rise scenario, 581,674 ha were identified as potentially floodable, and 896,151 in the two-meter scenario. The most vulnerable vegetation and land use types were wetlands, such as cattail marshes (tulares; ~29 %) and mangroves (~27 %), as well as cultivated grasslands (~6 %). The indirectly affected coastal population could be approximately 5.5 million in these scenarios (~33 %), and the directly affected population could range between 124,000 and 440,000 (~0.72 and 2.55 %, respectively). These results indicate that there will be strong effects in economic, social, and environmental impacts on the Atlantic coast of Mexico in the event of a one- and two-meters sea level rise. This type of work will enable proposal conservation and adaptation strategies for human populations and coastal cities.

Patrones de distribución y estructura de la vegetación en el gradiente de humedales costeros El Castaño, Chiapas, México

Introducción: Las características de los humedales costeros son resultado de las interacciones hidrogeomorfológicas entre el continente y el océano, que causan un gradiente ambiental, que resulta en diferentes tipos de vegetación como manglares, popales, tulares, selvas y palmares inundables. Objetivo: Caracterizar las variables del hidroperiodo y fisicoquímicas del agua y suelo para determinar la relación que existe en el patrón de distribución de la vegetación en el Sistema de Humedales El Castaño (SHC). Metodología: Se establecieron 11 unidades de muestreo (UM) permanentes por estrato definidos: cinco en el manglar, dos en selvas inundables, dos en tular y dos en pastizal inundable. De mayo 2016 a octubre 2017 se caracterizó la vegetación y se muestreó mensualmente los niveles de inundación y parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua (superficial, intersticial y subterránea): salinidad, conductividad y pH; y el suelo: densidad aparente, porcentaje de humedad y potencial redox. Resultados: El manglar es el más cercano al mar, tiene la menor diversidad (H:1.66) y especies registradas (14), está dominado por Laguncularia racemosa y Rhizophora mangle y tiene los valores más altos de salinidad intersticial y subterránea, mayores a 10.8 ups, se mantiene inundado de 4 a 12 meses, su potencial redox es de 14.57 mV. Seguido está el manglar, tierra adentro, se ubican los remanentes de la selva inundable, (H:2.18 y 18 especies), dominada por Pachiraaquatica, la salinidad intersticial y subterránea de 4.95 ups, permanece inundada de 0 a 6 meses y el potencial redox es de 119.07 mV. El tular, después de la selva, (H:1.92 y 16 especies), dominado por Typha domingensis, salinidad intersticial y subterránea de 6.1 ups, el tiempo de inundación es de 5 a 8 meses y potencial redox es de 125.9 mV. El pastizal inundable, con menor influencia marina, es un humedal herbáceo modificado para uso ganadero, presentó los valores más altos de diversidad (H:3.44 y 50 especies), Paspalum conjugatum es la especie dominante, la salinidad intersticial y subterránea es menor a 0.5 ups, se mantiene inundado de 5 a 9 meses y el potencial redox es de 151.23 mV. Conclusiones: En cada tipo de vegetación, la estructura, composición y diversidad es diferente, con un alto recambio de especies que indica un gradiente definido por la salinidad. La vegetación en el SHC sigue los patrones de organización típica de los humedales costeros tropicales, manglares, selvas inundables y humedales herbáceos, en este caso los tulares y pastizales inundables. El factor que define la distribución de la vegetación, es salinidad y el gradiente que se observa está en función de la dinámica hidrológica que depende de entradas de agua marina y de la bajada de agua dulce del interior del continente.

Introduction: The characteristics of coastal wetlands are the result of hydrogeomorphological interactions between the continent and the ocean, which cause an environmental gradient, hat results in different vegetation types such as mangroves, freshwater marshes, swamp forests and palm swamps. Objective: To characterize the hydroperiod and physicochemical variables of water and soil and their effect on the distribution of vegetation in the Sistema de Humedales El Castaño. Methods: A total of 11 permanent sampling units (UM) were established by defined strata: five in the mangrove, two in swamp forest, two in freshwater marshes and two in the flooded pasture. From May 2016 to October 2017 the vegetation was characterized and the water levels and physicochemical parameters (superficial, interstitial and groundwater) were sampled monthly for: salinity, and pH; and the soil for: bulk density, humidity percentage, and redox potential. Results: Mangroves are the closest to the sea, have the lowest diversity (H: 1.66) and species richness (14), they are dominated by Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle, have the highest values of interstitial and groundwater salinity, (> 10.8 ups), remain flooded for 4 to 12 months per year, and have a redox potential of 14.57 mV. Immediately, inland, there are remnants of the swamp forests (H: 2.18 and 18 species), dominated by Pachira aquatica, with 5 ups interstitial and groundwater salinity, flooded from 0 to 6 months per year, with a redox potential of 119.07 mV. These forests are followed inland by freshwater marshes (H: 1.92 and 16 species), dominated by Typha domingensis with 6.1 ups interstitial and groundwater salinity, flooded for 5 to 8 months per year and a redox potential of 125.9 mV. Finally, furthest inland is the flooded pasture, a modified herbaceous wetland for cattle grazing (H: 3.44 and 50 species) dominated by Paspalum conjugatum, where interstitial and groundwater salinity is less than 0.5 ups, it stays flooded for 5 to 9 months and the redox potential is 151.23 mV. Conclusions: In each type of vegetation, the structure, composition, and diversity are different, with a high turnover of species that indicates a gradient defined by salinity. The vegetation in the SHC follows the patterns of typical organization of the tropical coastal wetlands, mangroves, swamp forests and herbaceous wetlands, in this case the freshwater marshes and flooded pastures. The factor that define the distribution of the vegetation is the salinity and the gradient that is observed are a function of the hydrological dynamics that depends on the mixing of marine and freshwater.

Evidence-based conservation education in Mexican communities: Connecting arts and science.

Several studies suggest that 63% of primate species are currently threatened due to deforestation, pet-trade, and bushmeat hunting. Successful primate conservation strategies require effective educational programs capable of enhancing critical system-thinking and responsible behavior towards these species. Arts-based conservation education can simultaneously foster cognitive and emotional processes. In this paper, we evaluate an arts-based educational program focused on the conservation of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra). Our goals were to determine (1) whether children's knowledge changed with our educational techniques, (2) if there was a particular educational technique that better improved the children's learning, and (3) the children's emotional feedback regarding the whole program. A total of 229 children from communities located in primate-habitat areas, both inside and outside protected areas, participated in the study. Different educational techniques were tested (storytelling, theater and shadow puppets), contrasted with a control group, and evaluated through an analysis of drawings. Our results showed that children's knowledge increase with each art-based technique, with storytelling being the most effective for children's learning. Specific drawings indicators also revealed the increase of children's knowledge and a decrease of misconceptions between pre and post evaluations. Finally, a satisfaction survey about the program showed a high positive feedback. The study highlights the value of designing multidisciplinary projects, where arts-based education program (grounded in scientific information) has shown to be a successful way to communicate animal knowledge and promote conservation.

Mangrove and Freshwater Wetland Conservation Through Carbon Offsets: A Cost-Benefit Analysis for Establishing Environmental Policies.

Mexico has extensive coastal wetlands (4,243,137 ha), and one of its most important sites is the Alvarado Lagoon System, located in the Papaloapan River Basin on the Gulf of Mexico. The land cover dedicated to livestock and sugarcane has increased: by 25 % in 2005 and 50 % in 2010, with a loss of wetland vegetation and the carbon that it stores. We found that the Net Present Value of mangrove carbon offsets profit is equal to $5822.71, that of broad-leaved marshes is $7958.86, cattail marshes $5250.33, and forested wetlands $8369.41 per hectare, during a 30-year-carbonoffset contract. However, the opportunity cost from conserving wetland instead of growing sugarcane is positive according to REDD+ methodology, e.g., broad-leaved marsh conservation ranged from $6.73 to $20 USD/t CO2e, that of cattail marshes from $12.20 to $32.65 USD/t CO2e, and forested wetlands from $7.15 to $20.60 USD/t CO2e, whereas the opportunity cost between conservation and livestock was negative, it means that conservation is more profitable. The cost-benefit analysis for assessing investment projects from a governmental perspective is useful to determine the viability of conserving coastal wetlands through carbon offset credits. It also shows why in some areas it is not possible to conserve ecosystems due to the opportunity cost of changing from one economic activity (livestock and sugarcane) to carbon offsets for protecting wetlands. Furthermore, it allows for a comparison of carbon markets and assessment in terms of REDD+ and its methods for determining the social cost per ton of carbon avoided.

Shade treatment affects structure and recovery of invasive C4 African grass Echinochloa pyramidalis.

Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitchc. & Chase is an African grass with C4 photosynthesis, high biomass production, and high vegetative propagation that is tolerant to grazing and able to grow in flooded and dry conditions. Thus, it is highly invasive in tropical freshwater marshes where it is intentionally planted by ranchers to increase cattle production. This invasion is reducing plant biodiversity by increasing the invader's aerial coverage, changing wetland hydrology and causing soil physicochemical changes such as vertical accretion. Reducing the dominance of this species and increasing the density of native wetland species is a difficult, expensive, and time-consuming process. We applied a series of disturbance treatments aimed at eliminating E. pyramidalis and recovering the native vegetation of a partially invaded freshwater marsh. Treatments included physical (cutting, soil disking, transplanting individuals of the key native species Sagittaria lancifolia subsp. media (Micheli) Bogin, and/or reducing light with shade mesh) and/or chemical (spraying Round-Up™ herbicide) disturbances. At the end of the experiment, four of the five treatments used were effective in increasing the cover and biomass of native species and reducing that of E. pyramidalis. The combination of these treatments should be used to generate a proposal for the restoration of tropical wetlands invaded by non-native grasses. A promising treatment is using soil disked to soften the soil and destroy belowground structures such as roots and rhizomes. This treatment would be more promising if combined with the use of shade cloth. If it is desirable not to impact the soil or if there is not enough budget to make an effort to include active restoration disking soil, the use of shade cloth will suffice, although the recovery of native vegetation will be slower.

Short-term accumulation of atrazine by three plants from a wetland model system.

This work describes the accumulation and distribution of the herbicide atrazine in soil, water, and roots from three wetland model systems using the monocots Typha domingensis, Sagittaria lancifolia, and Echinochloa pyramidalis. Results were analyzed from a 3(3) full factorial experimental design, in order to describe the effect of accumulation of atrazine and times of exposure in the species evaluated. We found that accumulation depends on the species and the herbicide concentration; about 30% was accumulated in soil, 40% in roots, and 10-20% in water. By the end of the experiment, E. pyramidalis accumulated 8.47 mg/l of atrazine and 14.39 mg/l T. domingensis; in all cases, adsorption accounted for 1.4%, fitting a Langmuir model with a k(d) of 14.47.

[Aquatic insects in dune lakes of the central region of the Gulf of Mexico]. / Insectos acuáticos asociados a los aagos interdunarios de la región central del Estado de Veracruz, México.

The aim of this study is to register the presence of aquatic insects during the rainy and dry seasons, in 15 dune lakes of the Gulf of Mexico's coastal zone. These ecosystems lodge a wealth of 62 families, 60 of them present during the rainy season and 46 during the dry period. At both times Coleoptera is the order with a greater number of families, followed by Diptera. The first one is the most diverse, but Chironomidae (Diptera) is the most abundant, representing 40% of the total number of individuals. We used high rank taxa to quantify the biodiversity based on the principle that a high number of families or genus is supposed to include a greater number of species. There were not significant differences in the alpha diversity within the same lake during the two climatic seasons. The trophic structure is dominated by the detritivorous groups (57% of scrapers, collectors, gatherers, shredders), followed by predators (38%) and herbivores (5%). These numbers indicate that dune lakes have a great amount of organic matter. The results obtained contradict our working hypothesis, thus it was rejected, in summary, because there were no important differences in family composition, abundance of individuals and trophic structure of the lakes between the rainy and dry seasons.

Insectos acuáticos asociados a los lagos interdunarios de la región central del Estado de Veracruz, México / Aquatic insects in dune lakes of the central region of the Gulf of Mexico

El objetivo de este trabajo fue registrar la presencia de insectos acuáticos durante la estación de lluvias y durante las secas en 15 lagos interdunarios localizados en la zona costera del Golfo de México. Estos sistemas albergan una riqueza de 62 familias en general, registrándose en época de lluvias un total de 60 familias y en secas 46. En ambas épocas Coleoptera es el orden con mayor número de familias seguido de Diptera. A pesar que la primera es la más diversa no es la más abundante, ya que la familia Chironomidae (Diptera) engloba un 40 por ciento de la abundancia total de individuos capturados. La utilización de taxa de alto rango para cuantificar la biodiversidad se basa en el principio de que un número elevado de géneros y/o familias se supone que alberga un mayor número de especies. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la riqueza de familias entre la época de secas y la de lluvias para cada lago. La estructura trófica encontrada está dominada por familias de detritófagos (57 por ciento), seguido de los depredadores (38 por ciento) y el resto son herbívoros. Ello es un indicador de que estos cuerpos de agua presentan gran cantidad de materia orgánica. Con los resultados que se obtuvieron nuestra hipótesis de trabajo se rechazó, ya que no se encontraron diferencias en la riqueza, diversidad y estructura trófica de los lagos entre las épocas de secas y las de lluvias.

The aim of this study is to register the presence of aquatic insects during the rainy and dry seasons, in 15 dune lakes of the Gulf of Mexico's coastal zone. These ecosystems lodge a wealth of 62 families, 60 of them present during the rainy season and 46 during the dry period. At both times Coleoptera is the order with a greater number of families, followed by Diptera. The first one is the most diverse, but Chironomidae (Diptera) is the most abundant, representing 40 percent of the total number of individuals. We used high rank taxa to quantify the biodiversity based on the principle that a high number of families or genus is supposed to include a greater number of species. There were not significant differences in the alpha diversity within the same lake during the two climatic seasons. The trophic structure is dominated by the detritivorous groups (57 percent of scrapers, collectors, gatherers, shredders), followed by predators (38 percent) and herbivores (5 percent). These numbers indicate that dune lakes have a great amount of organic matter. The results obtained contradict our working hypothesis, thus it was rejected, in summary, because there were no important differences in family composition, abundance of individuals and trophic structure of the lakes between the rainy and dry seasons.

Efecto de diferentes manejos pecuarios sobre el suelo y la vegetación en humedales transformados a pastizales / Impact produced by different cattle ranching practices on soil and vegetation from wetlands turned into pastures

La ganadería impacta negativamente los humedales debido a que, por lo general, modifica el hidroperíodo, introduce especies no nativas y emplea una carga ganadera elevada. Esta actividad productiva es la principal del estado de Veracruz, en el Golfo de México. este trabajo estudia el efecto tanto del uso como del abandono de diferentes prácticas de manejo pecuario (modificación de la hidrología, introducción de especies no nativas y pastoreo) sobre la vegetación y el suelo, en humedales herbáceos transformados a pastizales cultivados en esa región. Se analizaron en la época de secas variables edáficas tales como pH, C orgánico, N total, P extraíble, concentraciones de K, Na, Ca y Mg iónicos, y la capacidad de retención de humedad del suelo. Se cuantificó la biomasa aérea y subterránea, riqueza de especies y reemplazo de especies con respecto al humedal seminatural, en tres épocas (nortes, secas, y lluvias). Las prácticas de manejo ganadero en los humedales cambian la composición de especies y disminuyen la riqueza. La exclusión del ganado aumenta la riqueza en los primeros años y luego ésta disminuye con el tiempo; sin embargo, no se mantienen las especies propias del humedal. La modificación de la hidrología disminuye el período de inundación, aumenta el pH, cambia la disponibilidad de nutrientes y disminuye la capacidad de retención de humedad del suelo, y además disminuye la asignación de biomasa a la parte subterránea. La introducción de especies no nativas también cambia la disponibilidad de nutrientes y la riqueza de especies. Por otra parte, una elevada carga animal disminuye la capacidad de retención de humedad y modifica la composición química del suelo. Estos aspectos deben ser considerados antes de implementar prácticas de manejo que pueden alterar el funcionamiento de estos ecosistemas

Heterogeneidad del paisaje y riqueza de flora: su relación en el Archipiélago Camagüey, Cuba / Landscape heterogeneity and plant richness: their relation in the Camagüey Archipielago, Cuba

El Archipiélago de Camagüey, en la costa norte de la zona centro-occidental de Cuba, se destaca por la presencia de elevados valores biológicos en paisajes bien conservados. Este trabajo explora la relación entre heterogeneidad de los paisajes físico-geográficos y la riqueza de flora vascular en este territorio. La riqueza y diversidad del paisaje resultaron variables explicativas de la riqueza de especies de flora. El modelo estadístico que se obtuvo explica más del 82 por ciento de la relación. Los resultados sugieren que la riqueza de flora puede ser predicha por los valores de heterogeneidad geoecológica. En este sentido, se sigiere explorar la probable exsitencia de zonas de elevada biodiversidad en áreas de difícil acceso o poco conocidas, mediante análisis de heterogeneidad de paisajes físico-geográfico

Density and population structure of the red land crab gecarcnus lateralis in a tropical semi-deciduous forest in Veracruz-México

La variación en la densidad y estructura poblacional del cangrejo Gecarcinus lateralis fue estudiada en un bosque tropical subcaducifolio en la costa de Veracruz, México. la densidad de cangrejos cambió en función del tipo de selva (joven o vieja), cobertura (sotobosque o claros) y años (1997 o 1998). En 1997 no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la densidad de cangrejos entre selvas, ni entre topografía del suelo. Sin embargo, en 1998, la densidad de cangrejos fue mayor en la selva vieja (SV) con relación a la selva joven (SJ) y en el sotobosque respecto a los claros. para ambos años, la densidad de cangrejos fue mayor en el sotobosque de los valles y las cimas mientras que, en las laderas las diferencias no fueron significativas. La estructura poblacional de G.Lateralis, basada en talla de las madrigueras, reveló que, en ambos años, en la SJ se encuentran individuos más grandes que en la SV. De la misma manera, en los valles y laderas, los cangrejos fueron más grandes que los de las cimas. Asimismo, se encontraron tallas significativamente mayores bajo el dosel que en los claros. Se sugiere que las diferencias en las condiciones del suelo (humedad, hojarasca y compactación) entre los sitios podrían estar implicadas en las variaciones observadas en la densidad y estructura poblacional del cangrejo semi-terrestre G.lateralis.