[Validation and adaptation into Spanish of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale]. / Validación y adaptación al español de la Escala de ansiedad por COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Mental health problems derived from the COVID-19 pandemic, including depression, anxiety, and stress, need to be identified. OBJECTIVE: To validate and adapt the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale (CAS) into Spanish. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a total of 303 individuals who answered the Covid-19 Anxiety Scale. Antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2 were identified as a secondary comparison. RESULTS: It was carried out the cross-cultural validation process recommended by the American Academy of Orthopeadic Surgeon (AAOS). It was obtained a Cronbach's alpha of 0.8493 (with an average interitem covariance of 0.2620). CONCLUSIONS: It was achieved a valid Spanish version of CAS to be used in routine clinical practice.

INTRODUCCIÓN: los problemas de salud mental derivados de la pandemia por COVID-19, entre ellos la depresión, la ansiedad y el estrés, requieren identificación. OBJETIVO: validar y adaptar la COVID-19 Anxiety Scale (CAS) al español. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio transversal en un total de 303 individuos, en los cuales se aplicó la CAS y se identificaron de forma secundaria, como comparación, pruebas de anticuerpos para SARS-CoV-2. RESULTADOS: se hizo el proceso de validación transcultural recomendado por la American Academy of Orthopeadic Surgeon (AAOS) y se obtuvo un alfa de Cronbach de 0.8493 (covarianza promedio interitem de 0.2620). CONCLUSIONES: se logró una versión al español de la CAS válida para utilizarla en la práctica clínica rutinaria.

Validation of the Post-Covid-19 Functional Status Scale into Mexican-Spanish.

AIM: To translate and validate the Post-COVID-19 Functional Status Scale into Mexican-Spanish. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed for transcultural validation of the Post-COVID-19 Functional Status Scale in people over 18 years of age, using the international guidelines for validation published by Beaton and Guillemin. Diagnostic and clinimetric validity tests were applied to the scale. Statistical analysis was performed with the statistical program R. RESULTS: The scale was applied to 249 patients, obtaining a Cronbach's alpha of 0.84 for the structured interview, and 0.67 for the self-reported questionnaire. When comparing both tests, and considering the structured interview as the reference test, the self-reported questionnaire had a sensitivity of 86.2%, a specificity of 96.3%, and a negative predictive value of 95.8%. CONCLUSION: A practical and valid scale was obtained, in concordance with that published in the original version, which can be used in daily clinical practice and rehabilitation. The scale can be used to rapidly and adequately identify post-COVID-19 patients with alterations in functionality who could benefit from rehabilitation therapy.

Validación y adaptación al español de la Escala de ansiedad por COVID-19 / Validation and adaptation into Spanish of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale

Introducción: los problemas de salud mental derivados de la pandemia por COVID-19, entre ellos la depresión, la ansiedad y el estrés, requieren identificación. Objetivo: validar y adaptar la COVID-19 Anxiety Scale (CAS) al español. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal en un total de 303 individuos, en los cuales se aplicó la CAS y se identificaron de forma secundaria, como comparación, pruebas de anticuerpos para SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: se hizo el proceso de validación transcultural recomendado por la American Academy of Orthopeadic Surgeon (AAOS) y se obtuvo un alfa de Cronbach de 0.8493 (covarianza promedio interitem de 0.2620). Conclusiones: se logró una versión al español de la CAS válida para utilizarla en la práctica clínica rutinaria.

Background: Mental health problems derived from the COVID-19 pandemic, including depression, anxiety, and stress, need to be identified. Objective: To validate and adapt the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale (CAS) into Spanish. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a total of 303 individuals who answered the Covid-19 Anxiety Scale. Antibody tests for SARS-CoV-2 were identified as a secondary comparison. Results: It was carried out the cross-cultural validation process recommended by the American Academy of Orthopeadic Surgeon (AAOS). It was obtained a Cronbach's alpha of 0.8493 (with an average interitem covariance of 0.2620). Conclusions: It was achieved a valid Spanish version of CAS to be used in routine clinical practice.

[Occupational health in the COVID-19 era]. / Salud ocupacional en la era de COVID-19.

Preventive actions have reached a new height in the COVID-19 pandemic and since there is not a specific treatment yet, while the vaccines demonstrate their effectiveness and gradually are applied to the population, preventive measures are still recommended. Among these actions, occupational health faces challenges, since a significant part of the population is economically active and have had to suspend work, and in the current context, return-to-work measures have been implemented. The care and protection of healthcare workers is crucial, given that they are the specific population that takes care for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and this increases their exposure to the virus and expands their possibility of suffering from COVID-19, which must be recognized as an occupational disease which must be attended from the prevention of exposure to the care of sequelae and even compensation for death derived from this disease.

Las acciones preventivas han tomado un auge en la pandemia de COVID-19 y al no haber un tratamiento específico, mientras las vacunas demuestran su efectividad y poco a poco son aplicadas a la población, aún se recomiendan las medidas de acción preventiva. Entre estas acciones, la salud ocupacional enfrenta retos, pues una parte importante de la población es económicamente activa y ha tenido que suspender labores, y en el contexto actual se han instaurado medidas de retorno al trabajo. La atención y protección de los trabajadores de la salud es crucial, ya que son la población específica que atiende a los pacientes contagiados de SARS-CoV-2 y esto aumenta su exposición al virus e incrementa la posibilidad de padecer COVID-19, la cual debe ser reconocida como una enfermedad profesional que se debe atender desde la prevención de la exposición hasta la atención de secuelas e incluso la indemnización por la muerte derivada de ella.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Gait, Arms, Legs, Spine locomotor screening test for detecting musculoskeletal disorders in Mexican adults.

AIM: Developed in the United Kingdom, the Gait, Arms, Legs and Spine (GALS) sensitive screening test enables doctors to examine joints and positions at rest and during motion. Therefore, patients with an early diagnosis for musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders, can enjoy a better quality of life than those diagnosed at a later stage. The objective was to adapt and validate a Mexican-Spanish version of the GALS measurement instrument for MSK disorders in Mexican adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional diagnostic test study among 18- 60-year-old adults in a hospital in the city of Guadalajara, Mexico. Based on international guidelines, we divided our work into 2 phases: first, we developed and adapted a cross-cultural, Mexican-Spanish version of the GALS; second, we validated the instrument as a diagnostic test among Mexican patients. RESULTS: The adapted version yielded the following scores as a measurement instrument: 0.92 under Cronbach's alpha, 0.695 (95% CI, 0.592-0.797) in the kappa index, 98.2% (95% CI, 90.3%-100%) in sensitivity, 80.6% (95% CI, 72.9%-86.9%) in specificity, and 5.06 for positive likelihood ratio. It also covered an area of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.85-0.93) under the receiver operating characteristic curve. CONCLUSIONS: The GALS diagnostic test proved valid for detecting MSK disorders among Mexican adults. It can be used by specialized physicians, family doctors, general practitioners and even physicians in training.

Underreporting trends of occupational illnesses in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To report trends underreporting levels of occupational illnesses (OI) in Mexico from 2000 to 2015. METHODS: An ecological study was conducted. Data on OI was obtained from the Statistical Memories of the Mexican Institute of Social Security. We used univariate sensitivity analysis to estimate the average value and range. RESULTS: During the 2000-2015 period, the estimated average OI underreporting in the Mexican population was 89.1%; the minimum was 81.8% in 2015 and the maximum 95% in 2007, with an annual decrement rate of 1% (p<0.05) was observed from 2007 to 2015. CONCLUSIONS: Important changes to improve reporting of OI have taken place since 2007, most likely due to the implementation of new policies in this matter. Even though the OI report in Mexico is higher than what the World Health Organization estimates for Latin America (18% in 2015), activities to address this problem remain insufficient. Furthermore, it is important to evaluate the current process of identification and registration of OI in order to identify those that need reinforcement, to guarantee adherence to regulations, to consolidate training systems, and importantly, to develop the governing capacity of the sanitation and labor authorities to exercise their coordinating and regulatory functions.

Cross-cultural validation of the paediatric Gait, Arms, Legs, Spine (pGALS) tool for the screening of musculoskeletal disorders in Mexican children.

The aim of this study was to validate the paediatric Gait, Arms, Legs, Spine (pGALS) tool for Mexican Spanish to screen Mexican paediatric population for musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders. A cross-sectional study was performed in the Paediatric Hospital of the Mexican Social Security Institute in Guadalajara, Jalisco. The validation included children and adolescents aged 6-16 years, 87 patients with musculoskeletal disorders and 88 controls without musculoskeletal disorders. The cross-cultural validation followed the current published guidelines. The average pGALS administration time was 2.9 min (SD 0.54). The internal consistency score (Cronbach's α) was 0.90 (0.89 for inflammatory and 0.77 for non-inflammatory disorders) for MSK disorders, with a sensitivity of 97 % (95 % CI 92-99 %), a specificity of 93 % (95 % CI 86-97 %), a LR+ of 14.3, and a ROC curve of 0.95 (95 % CI 0.92-0.98 %). The inflammatory disorders group had a sensitivity of 97 % (95 % CI 86-99 %), a specificity of 93 % (95 % CI 86-97 %), a LR+ of 14.2, and a ROC curve of 0.95 % (95 % CI 0.91-0.99 %). The non-inflammatory disorders group had a sensitivity of 98 % (95 % CI 89-99 %), a specificity of 93 % (95 % CI 86-97 %), and a LR+ of 14.37, with a ROC curve of 0.95 % (95 % CI 0.92-0.98 %). pGALS is a valid screening tool, fast, easy to administer, and useful for detecting musculoskeletal disorders in Mexican children and adolescents.