Telenutrition Education Is Effective for Glycemic Management in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Non-Inferiority Randomized Controlled Trial in Japan.

This study examined the non-inferior efficacy of telenutrition education compared with face-to-face nutrition education in managing glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Participants had T2DM and a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ranged 6.5-9.5%. Thirty participants were randomly assigned to either the telenutrition or face-to-face nutrition education group. During the 32-week intervention period, the participants received four sessions on nutrition education from a registered dietitian at the hospital. The telenutrition group received remote education via a videoconferencing platform. Face-to-face nutrition education was conducted using paper-based instructions. The main outcome measure was the non-inferiority of HbA1c levels in the telenutrition group compared to the face-to-face nutrition group. The non-inferiority of telenutrition education was considered valid if the intergroup difference in the mean values of the change in HbA1c had a bilateral 95% confidence interval (CI) upper limit below 0.40%. The intergroup difference in the mean HbA1c change from baseline to the fourth nutrition education session was -0.11 (95% CI -0.54-0.32) for both groups. The upper limit of the bilateral 95% CI was 0.32%, which was below the 0.40% non-inferiority margin (non-inferiority test; p = 0.011). Telenutrition education was not inferior to face-to-face nutrition education for glycemic management in people with T2DM.

Molecular composition of adiponectin in urine is a useful biomarker for detecting early stage of diabetic kidney disease.

We previously developed two immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassays (ICT-EIA) to measure total adiponectin (T-AN) and high molecular weight adiponectin (H-AN) in urine and have verified their usefulness as biomarkers for diabetic kidney disease. In this study, we developed T-AN and H-AN assays using the sandwich EIA (Sand-EIA). The reactivities of Sand-EIAs were compared with ICT-EIAs by measuring size exclusion chromatography (SEC) fractions of urine and adiponectin standard. As a result, ICT-EIAs showed higher macromolecular specificity. We then analyzed the molecular profile of adiponectin in the urine of 5 patients with different eGFR stages by measuring SEC fractions of urine. The results showed that smaller adiponectin correlated relatively well with eGFR stage. Finally, because SEC is time-consuming, we investigated that the ratio of T-ANs by Sand-EIA and ICT-EIA could be a good indicator of the monomer adiponectin. The ratio was evaluated using 77 urine samples from patients with diabetes and showed a significant decrease at an earlier stage compared with other biomarkers. In conclusion, we demonstrated a new index to estimate monomer adiponectin in urine by using Sand-EIA and ICT-EIA, and urinary monomer adiponectin can be a good early indicator of deterioration of renal function in diabetic patients. J. Med. Invest. 70 : 464-470, August, 2023.

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, an Adrenal Androgen, Is Inversely Associated with Prevalence of Dynapenia in Male Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes.

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) is thought to be associated with life expectancy and anti-aging. Although skeletal muscle disorders are often found in diabetic people, the clinical significance of DHEAS in skeletal muscle remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether DHEAS is associated with the development of skeletal muscle disorders in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). A cross-sectional study was conducted in 361 individuals with T2D. Serum DHEAS levels, skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), handgrip strength (HS), and gait speed (GS) were measured in the participants. Pre-sarcopenia, sarcopenia, and dynapenia were defined according to the definitions of the AWGS 2019 criteria. DHEAS level was positively associated with HS but not with SMI or GS after adjustment of confounding factors. Multiple logistic regression analyses in total subjects showed that DHEAS level had an inverse association with the prevalence of dynapenia but not with the prevalence of pre-sarcopenia or sarcopenia. Furthermore, a significant association between DHEAS level and dynapenia was found in males but not in females. ROC curve analysis indicated that cutoff values of serum DHEAS for risk of dynapenia in males was 92.0 µg/dL. Therefore, in male individuals with T2D who have low serum levels of DHEAS, adequate exercise might be needed to prevent dynapenia.

Umami taste sensitivity is associated with food intake and oral environment in subjects with diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Dysgeusia is a serious problem in patients with diabetes because it often leads to overeating, which is associated with disease progression. This study aimed to investigate the association between taste sensitivity, eating habits, and the oral environment. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study of 75 subjects with diabetes, gustatory function was assessed using the whole-mouth method, and lingual taste receptor gene expression was measured by real-time PCR. Food intake was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire based on food groups. The oral environment was assessed using xerostomia and periodontal comprehensive examination. RESULTS: In total, 45.3%, 28.0%, and 18.7% of subjects showed lower umami taste sensitivity, low sweet taste sensitivity, and low salt taste sensitivity, respectively. Lower umami sensitivity correlated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher energy-source food intake. Subjects with diabetes with higher plaque control record showed significantly higher T1R3 gene expression than those with lower plaque control record. CONCLUSION: Reduced umami taste sensitivity is associated with decreased renal function and high energy food intake in diabetes. Subjects with diabetes with higher plaque control record showed significantly higher T1R3 gene expression, suggesting that the oral environment affects taste gene expression. J. Med. Invest. 70 : 241-250, February, 2023.

Chronic Intake of a Meal Including Alaska Pollack Protein Increases Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength in Healthy Older Women: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: In animal studies, a meal containing Alaska pollack protein (APP) induces fast-twitch muscle hypertrophy. To our knowledge, no interventional studies have examined the benefits of APP intake on muscle mass and muscle weakness and the prevention of sarcopenia in older individuals. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the effects of APP intake on skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance among healthy community-dwelling older Japanese women. METHODS: In this double-blind randomized controlled trial, healthy women ≥ 65 y old were allocated to an APP or whey protein control (CON) group. Participants ingested test protein meals (5.0-5.1 g protein/serving) daily for 24 wk. Between-group differences in the change of skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) as the primary outcome and muscle strength as a secondary outcome were tested using multifrequency BIA and a handheld dynamometer, respectively, at baseline, and 4, 12, and 24 wk. The mean changes in the measured primary and secondary outcome variables from baseline to 4, 12, and 24 wk were compared using unpaired t tests. RESULTS: There were no between-group differences in nutritional status, food intake, or total energy and protein intakes at baseline, 12 wk, or 24 wk. The change in SMI was 0.12 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.23 kg/m2) and 0.11 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.19 kg/m2) greater in the APP group than in the CON group at 12 wk and 24 wk (P ≤ 0.03) and knee extension strength was 0.07 Nm/kg BW (95% CI: 0.02, 0.12 Nm/kg BW) and 0.05 Nm/kg BW (95% CI: 0.00, 0.09 Nm/kg BW) higher in the APP group than in the CON group at these times (P ≤ 0.015), respectively. The groups did not differ at 4 wk. CONCLUSIONS: Daily intake of a meal containing APP compared with whey protein increases skeletal muscle mass and lower-extremity muscle strength in healthy older women, suggesting that an APP-containing meal may be useful in the prevention of sarcopenia in this group.This trial was registered at as UMIN000035718.

Essential Amino Acid and Tea Catechin Supplementation after Resistance Exercise Improves Skeletal Muscle Mass in Older Adults with Sarcopenia: An Open-Label, Pilot, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Tea catechins (TCCs) have gained significant attention owing to their health effects. However, evidence is limited regarding the benefit of TCC and essential amino acids (EAAs) ingestion plus that of TCC ingestion after resistance exercise (RE) among older individuals with sarcopenia. We aimed to evaluate whether a 24-week nutritional program involving EAA and TCC supplementation after RE improved skeletal muscle mass (SMM) among older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We conducted an open-label, pilot, randomized controlled trial among older adults with sarcopenia at the Harima Care Center or community in Hyogo, Japan. Participants were allocated to RE (n = 18), RE with EAA supplementation (RE + EAA, n = 18), or RE with EAA and TCC supplementation (RE + EAA + TCC, n = 18) groups. Sarcopenia was defined using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria. A 24-week resistance exercise program was carried out twice weekly, with an intake of 3,000 mg and 540 mg of EAA and TCC supplements, respectively. SMM was the primary outcome parameter.The mean adherence rate to exercise and supplementation intake over the 24-week intervention period was 86.8% in the RE + EAA + TCC group, 86.4% in the RE + EAA group, and 85.4% in the RE group. A significant group-by-time interaction was identified for SMM (p = 0.010). The pre- to post-intervention increase in SMM was significantly higher in the RE + EAA + TCC group than in the RE group (p = 0.010).These results suggest that supplementation with EAA and TCC after RE, compared to RE only, improves SMM in older people with sarcopenia. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first pilot randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of TCC supplementation on SMM in older people with sarcopenia.Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2022.2025546.

Taste receptor gene expression is associated with decreased eGFR in patients with diabetes.

Dysgeusia is not only associated with zinc deficiency but also with certain drugs or diseases, including diabetes and renal failure. It often lowers the patient's quality of life and hinders access to proper nutrition. The underlying mechanism is unclear and there is a lack of awareness among patients. Here, we focused on lingual taste receptor gene expression in diabetes and elucidated the relationship between taste receptor gene expression and renal function. Forty-seven patients with diabetes and 10 healthy subjects (control group) were enrolled. Lingual foliate papillae were scraped and the derived cDNA was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Dysgeusia was assessed using SALSAVE?. All statistical analyses were performed using JMP? software 13. The expression of T1R1 and T1R2 was significantly upregulated in type 2 diabetes patients as compared with that in healthy subjects (P<0.01) but did not change in type 1 diabetes patients. T1R3 expression positively correlated and Scnn1 expression negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate, suggesting that altered taste receptor gene expression could reflect impaired renal function. Thus, alterations in T1R3 and Scnn1 expression in diabetes correlated with renal function. Taste receptor gene expression dysregulation could indicate dysgeusia associated with impaired renal function in patients with diabetes. J. Med. Invest. 69 : 120-126, February, 2022.

Novel method utilizing bisulfite conversion with dual amplification-refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction to detect circulating pancreatic ß-cell cfDNA.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Several research groups have reported methods for quantifying pancreatic beta cell (ß-cell) injury by measuring ß-cell-specific CpG unmethylation of the insulin gene in circulation using digital droplet PCR or next-generation sequencing. However, these methods have certain disadvantages, such as the need to consider the background signal owing to the small number of target CpG sites and the need for unique equipment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We established a novel method for detecting four CpG unmethylations of the insulin gene using two-step amplification refractory mutation system PCR. We applied it to type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients with a wide range of disease durations and to healthy adults. RESULTS: The assay showed high linearity and could detect a single copy of unmethylated insulin DNA in experiments using methylated and unmethylated plasmid DNA. The unmethylated insulin DNA level in the type 1 diabetes group, whose ß-cell mass was considerably reduced, was similar to that of healthy adults. An inverse correlation was observed between copy number and disease duration in patients with unmethylated insulin DNA-positive type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a novel method for detecting unmethylated insulin DNA in circulation that can be performed using a conventional real-time PCR system. This method would be useful for analyzing dynamic profiles of ß-cells in human disease such as type 1 diabetes.

Basal insulin requirement in patients with type 1 diabetes depends on the age and body mass index.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: To investigate the basal insulin requirement in patients with type 1 diabetes who are on multiple daily injections (MDI) and to assess the patient characteristics that affect the percent of total daily basal insulin dose to the total daily insulin dose (%TBD/TDD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects of this study were 67 inpatients with type 1 diabetes who were served diabetic meals of 25-30 kcal/kg standard body weight during several weeks of hospitalization. The basal insulin requirement was adjusted to keep the blood glucose level from bedtime to before breakfast within a 30 mg/dL difference. The bolus insulin dose before the meal was adjusted to keep the blood glucose level below 140 and 200 mg/dL before and 2 h after each meal, respectively. The total daily insulin dose (TDD), the percent of total daily basal insulin dose (TBD) to TDD (%TBD/TDD), and clinical characteristics were collected. RESULTS: The median (Q1, Q3) of TDD was 33.0 (26.0, 49.0) units, and the %TBD/TDD was 24.1 ± 9.8%. The %TBD/TDD was positively correlated with the body mass index (BMI) and negatively correlated with the age at the onset and at the examination according to a univariate analysis. However, the %TBD/TDD was dependent on the BMI (ß = 0.340, P = 0.004) and the age at examination (ß = -0.288, P = 0.012) according to the multiple regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The average %TBD/TDD in patients with type 1 diabetes on MDI was approximately 24% under inpatient conditions. The basal insulin requirement was dependent on the BMI and the age at examination.

A low serum IGF-1 is correlated with sarcopenia in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Findings from a post-hoc analysis of the iDIAMOND study.

AIM: Our previous study revealed that sarcopenia was frequently observed in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, the factors associated with sarcopenia that are related to T1DM have not yet been clarified. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been shown to play a role in skeletal muscle growth, differentiation, and regeneration. The present study, therefore, investigated the association between the serum IGF-1 level and sarcopenia and low skeletal muscle mass in subjects with T1DM. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled subjects with T1DM (n = 168) and without diabetes (n = 59) who had had their clinical data on serum IGF-1 collected in the iDIAMOND study. RESULTS: The z-score of serum IGF-1 was significantly lower in the subjects with T1DM than that in those without diabetes (p < 0.001). Among subjects with T1DM, the z-score of serum IGF-1 was significantly lower in sarcopenic subjects than in non-sarcopenic subjects. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the serum IGF-1 z-score was an independent determinant of sarcopenia and a low skeletal muscle mass index, but not low grip strength nor slow gait speed in subjects with T1DM. CONCLUSIONS: A low serum IGF-1 level is correlated with sarcopenia and low skeletal muscle mass in subjects with T1DM.

Effect of ingestion of essential amino acids and tea catechins after resistance exercise on the muscle mass, physical performance, and quality of life of healthy older people: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the effectiveness of a 24-week nutritional ingestion program involving essential amino acid (AA) and tea catechin (TC) intake after performing resistance exercise in increasing the skeletal muscle mass, physical performance, and quality of life of healthy older people. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: An open-label randomized controlled trial involving 84-healthy older individuals (age ≥65 years) without sarcopenia, diabetes, and kidney disease, was conducted. They were allocated to the exercise (n=28), exercise and essential AA ingestion (n=28), and exercise, essential AA, and TC ingestion groups (n=28). The participants underwent a 24-week program of resistance exercise (performed twice per week) along with essential AA and TC intake (3,000 and 540 mg, respectively). RESULTS: Six participants could not complete the intervention after randomization. After the 24-week intervention period, the exercise, essential AA, and TC ingestion groups showed an increase in the skeletal muscle mass index, one-legged balance test, and physical quality of life score (skeletal muscle mass index, p=0.004; one-legged balance test, p=0.045; physical quality of life, p=0.020). After the 24- week intervention period, the exercise and essential AA ingestion group showed an increase in the skeletal muscle mass index and physical quality of life score (skeletal muscle mass index, p=0.014; physical quality of life, p=0.041). However, the exercise group did not show an increase in the skeletal muscle mass index. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that resistance exercise, essential AA, and TC intake in healthy older people could improve physical performance.

Urinary adiponectin excretion is an early predictive marker of the decline of the renal function in patients with diabetes mellitus.

AIMS: Since diabetes-associated kidney complication changes from diabetic nephropathy to diabetic kidney disease (DKD), more suitable biomarkers than urinary albumin are required. It has been hypothesized that urinary adiponectin (u-ADPN) is associated with the progression of DKD. We therefore evaluated the effectiveness of u-ADPN in predicting the decline of the renal function in patients with diabetes prior to end-stage renal disease. METHODS: An ultrasensitive immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassay (ICT-EIA) was used to measure total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin separately. We evaluated the relationships between the creatinine-adjusted urinary total-ADPN and HMW-ADPN, albumin (UACR) and liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) at baseline and the 2-year change of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (ΔeGFR). RESULTS: This 2-year prospective observational study included 201 patients with diabetes. These patients were divided into three groups according to their ΔeGFR: ≤-10 mL/min/1.73m2, >-10 and ≤0 mL/min/1.73m2, and >0 mL/min/1.73m2. Jonckheere-Terpstra test showed that lower ΔeGFR was associated with higher u-HMW-ADPN (p = 0.045). In logistic regression analysis, u-HMW-ADPN was associated with ΔeGFR after adjusted age, sex, and basal eGFR. CONCLUSION: Urinary HMW-ADPN could predict a declining renal function in patients with diabetes.

High prevalence and clinical impact of dynapenia and sarcopenia in Japanese patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: Findings from the Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Dynapenia study.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: The present study aimed to clarify the prevalence and clinical characteristics of sarcopenia and dynapenia, which are muscle weakness with and without low muscle mass, respectively, in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 1,328 participants with type 1 diabetes (n = 177), type 2 diabetes (n = 645) and without diabetes (n = 506). Sarcopenia was defined as a low grip strength and slow gait speed with low skeletal muscle mass index, whereas dynapenia was defined as low strengths of grip and knee extension with a normal skeletal muscle mass index. Participants without sarcopenia and dynapenia were defined as robust. RESULTS: Among participants aged ≥65 years, sarcopenia and dynapenia were observed in 12.2% and 0.5% of individuals without diabetes, 42.9% and 11.4% of type 1 diabetes patients, and 20.9% and 13.9% of type 2 diabetes patients. In both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes patients, sarcopenic patients were significantly older and thinner, and showed a significantly higher rate of diabetic neuropathy than robust patients. In patients with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes, dynapenic patients were older, and showed a higher rate of diabetic neuropathy and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate than robust patients. Patients complicated with sarcopenia and dynapenia showed a significantly lower physical quality of life and higher rate of incidental falls than robust patients. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia and dynapenia were more frequent in patients with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes than in individuals without diabetes, which might contribute to their impaired quality of life and incidental falls.

Development of fully automated and ultrasensitive assays for urinary adiponectin and their application as novel biomarkers for diabetic kidney disease.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) are used to diagnose and classify the severity of chronic kidney disease. Total adiponectin (T-AN) and high molecular weight adiponectin (H-AN) assays were developed using the fully automated immunoassay system, HI-1000 and their significance over conventional biomarkers were investigated. The T-AN and H-AN assays had high reproducibility, good linearity, and sufficient sensitivity to detect trace amounts of adiponectin in the urine. Urine samples after gel filtration were analyzed for the presence of different molecular isoforms. Low molecular weight (LMW) forms and monomers were the major components (93%) of adiponectin in the urine from a diabetic patient with normoalbuminuria. Urine from a microalbuminuria patient contained both high molecular weight (HMW) (11%) and middle molecular weight (MMW) (28%) adiponectin, although the LMW level was still high (52%). The amount of HMW (32%) and MMW (42%) were more abundant than that of LMW (24%) in a diabetic patient with macroalbuminuria. T-AN (r = - 0.43) and H-AN (r = - 0.38) levels showed higher correlation with estimated GFR (eGFR) than UAER (r = - 0.23). Urinary levels of both T-AN and H-AN negatively correlated with renal function in diabetic patients and they may serve as new biomarkers for diabetic kidney disease.

Clinical impact of sarcopenia and dynapenia on diabetes.

Sarcopenia as a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder that is associated with an increased likelihood of adverse outcomes, including falls, fractures, physical disability, and mortality. On the other hand, an age-related decline in muscle strength prior to the reduction of muscle mass, is proposed to be "dynapenia". Sarcopenia and dynapenia have recently been recognized as a diabetic complications in type 2 diabetes. We firstly indicated that sarcopenia was frequently observed in 16.6% of patients with type 1 diabetes aged even over 40 years. Additionally, we recently reported that the prevalence rate of dynapenia was higher than sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Chronic hyperglycemia accelerates accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which causes diabetic vascular complications through oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. We also demonstrated that skin autofluorescence (AF) as a marker of AGEs, was the independent determinant for skeletal muscle mass and strength in patients with type 2 diabetes and muscle strength in type 1 diabetes. Therefore, the early diagnosis of muscle weakness is essential for patients with diabetes and sustained good glycemic control with exercise and dietary intervention might be beneficial to prevent the progression of muscle weakness in these patients.

Circulating osteocalcin as a bone-derived hormone is inversely correlated with body fat in patients with type 1 diabetes.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the correlations between serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) or osteocalcin (OC) concentrations and %body fat, serum adiponectin and free-testosterone concentration, muscle strength and dose of exogenous insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. We recruited 73 Japanese young adult patients with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes. All participants were receiving insulin replacement therapy. The correlations between logarithmic serum ucOC or OC concentrations and each parameter were examined. Serum ucOC and OC concentrations were inversely correlated with %body fat (r = -0.319, P = 0.007; r = -0.321, P = 0.006, respectively). Furthermore, multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine whether or not serum ucOC or OC concentrations were factors associated with %body fat. Serum ucOC and OC concentrations remained significant factors even after adjusting for gender, HbA1c, body weight-adjusted total daily dose of insulin and duration of diabetes (ß = -0.260, P = 0.027; ß = -0.254, P = 0.031, respectively). However, serum ucOC and OC concentrations were not correlated with serum adiponectin or free-testosterone concentrations, muscle strength or dose of exogenous insulin. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the inverse correlation between serum ucOC or OC concentrations and body fat in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Differences and overlap between sarcopenia and physical frailty in older community-dwelling Japanese.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sarcopenia and frailty result in loss of function and independence. Sarcopenia may be a risk factor for frailty; however, risk factors for sarcopenia with frailty, and associated incidence of falls and poor quality of life remain unclear. We investigated the clinical characteristics and relevant factors for sarcopenia with frailty in older community-dwelling Japanese. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study included 331 Japanese community-dwelling adults aged ≥60 years. We assessed falls history in the past year, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), including physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS), age, total energy intake per ideal body weight (TEI/kg IBW), total protein intake/kg IBW, vitamin D intake, and exercise habits. Sarcopenia was determined using low hand grip strength or slow gait speed and low skeletal muscle mass index. Frailty was determined if ≥3 components, such as unintended weight loss, exhaustion, low muscle strength, slow gait speed, and low physical activity were present. RESULTS: The prevalence of sarcopenia with frailty was 3.6%; such participants had a higher risk of recurrent falls and lower PCS and MCS scores than robust participants. Age, TEI/kg IBW, total protein intake/kg IBW, and vitamin D intake were significantly associated with risk of sarcopenia with frailty by multivariate logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that sarcopenia with frailty was had higher incidences of recurrent fall and poor HRQOL than robust older adults. Aging and poor energy, protein, and vitamin D intake, may be relevant factors for sarcopenia with frailty.

Association of accumulated advanced glycation end-products with a high prevalence of sarcopenia and dynapenia in patients with type 2 diabetes.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which are a major cause of diabetic vascular complications, accumulate in various tissues under chronic hyperglycemic conditions, as well as with aging in patients with diabetes. The loss of muscle mass and strength, so-called sarcopenia and dynapenia, has recently been recognized as a diabetic complication. However, the influence of accumulated AGEs on muscle mass and strength remains unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the association of sarcopenia and dynapenia with accumulated AGEs in patients with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited 166 patients with type 2 diabetes aged ≥30 years (mean age 63.2 ± 12.3 years; body mass index 26.3 ± 4.9 kg/m2 ; glycated hemoglobin 7.1 ± 1.1%). Skin autofluorescence as a marker of AGEs, limb skeletal muscle mass index, grip strength, knee extension strength and gait speed were assessed. RESULTS: Sarcopenia and dynapenia were observed in 7.2 and 13.9% of participants, respectively. Skin autofluorescence was significantly higher in patients with sarcopenia and dynapenia. Skin autofluorescence was the independent determinant for skeletal muscle mass index, grip strength, knee extension strength, sarcopenia and dynapenia. CONCLUSIONS: Accumulated AGEs could contribute to reduced muscle mass and strength, leading to sarcopenia and dynapenia in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Effect of whey protein supplementation after resistance exercise on the muscle mass and physical function of healthy older women: A randomized controlled trial.

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of a 24-week program of nutritional supplementation using whey protein, ingested after resistance exercise, in increasing muscle mass and physical function among community-dwelling healthy older Japanese women. METHODS: We carried out a randomized controlled trial, with 81 healthy women, aged 65-80 years, allocated to three groups of 27 participants each: the exercise and protein supplementation group, the exercise only group, and the protein supplementation only group. A 24-week program of resistance exercise, carried out twice per week, was combined with whey protein supplementation, containing 22.3 g of protein. The total protein intake for participants in all three experimental groups was adjusted to a level of at least 1.2 g/kg bodyweight/day, and more during the intervention period. Between-group differences in the pre- to post-intervention change in skeletal muscle mass and physical function were evaluated using an analysis of variance. RESULTS: The pre- to post-intervention increase in the skeletal muscle mass index was significantly higher for the exercise only group than for the protein supplementation only group (P =0.008), and significantly higher for the exercise and protein supplementation group than for either the exercise only (P =0.007) or protein supplementation only (P <0.001) groups. Similarly, the increase in grip strength and gait speed was significantly greater for the exercise and protein supplementation group than for the protein supplementation only group (grip strength P =0.014, gait speed P =0.026). CONCLUSIONS: Whey protein supplementation, ingested after resistance exercise, could be effective for the prevention of sarcopenia among healthy community-dwelling older Japanese women. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1398-1404.

Accuracy and Time Delay of Glucose Measurements of Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Bedside Artificial Pancreas During Hyperglycemic and Euglycemic Hyperinsulinemic Glucose Clamp Study.

BACKGROUND: Glucose values of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) have time delays compared with plasma glucose (PG) values. The artificial pancreas (STG-55, Nikkiso, Japan) (AP), which measures venous blood glucose directly, also has a time delay because of the long tubing lines from sampling vessel to the glucose sensor. We investigate accuracy and time delay of CGM and AP in comparison with PG values during 2-step glucose clamp study. METHODS: Seven patients with type 2 diabetes and 2 healthy volunteers were included in this study. CGM (Enlite sensor, Medtronic, Northridge, CA, USA) was attached on the day before the experiment. Hyperglycemic (200 mg/dL) clamp was performed for 90 minutes, followed by euglycemic (100 mg/dL) hyperinsulinemic (100 µU/mL) clamp for 90-120 minutes using AP. CGM sensor glucose was calibrated just before and after the clamp study. AP and CGM values were compared with PG values. RESULTS: AP values were significantly lower than PG values at 5, 30 minute during hyperglycemic clamp. In comparison, CGM value at 0 minute was significantly higher, and its following values were almost significantly lower than PG values. The time delay of AP and CGM values to reach maximum glucose levels were 5.0 ± 22.3 (NS) and 28.6 ± 32.5 ( P < .05) min, respectively. Mean absolute rate difference of CGM was significantly higher than AP (24.0 ± 7.6 vs 15.3 ± 4.6, P < .05) during glucose rising period (0-45 min); however, there were no significant differences during other periods. CONCLUSIONS: Both CGM and AP failed to follow plasma glucose values during nonphysiologically rapid glucose rising, but indicated accurate values during physiological glucose change.