Covid-19: temporal evolution and immunization in the three epidemiological waves, Brazil, 2020-2022.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the temporal evolution of morbimortality due to Covid-19 and vaccination coverage during the health emergency in Brazil. METHODS: Number of cases and deaths due to Covid-19 were extracted from the public panel of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, according to epidemiological week (EW) and geographic region. Data on vaccines and variants were obtained, respectively, from the Information System of the National Immunization Program and the Genomic Surveillance System of SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: Three peaks of deaths characterized the evolution of the Covid-19 pandemic: in EW 30 of 2020, in the EW 14 of 2021 and in the EW six of 2022; three case waves, starting in the North and Northeast regions, with higher rates in the third wave, mainly in the South region. Vaccination started in the epidemiological week three of 2021, rapidly reaching most of the population, particularly in the Southeast and South regions, coinciding with a reduction exclusively in the mortality rate in the third wave. Only from the beginning of the second wave, when Gama was the dominant variant, 146,718 genomes were sequenced. From the last EW of 2021, with vaccination coverage already approaching 70%, the Omicron variant caused an avalanche of cases, but with fewer deaths. CONCLUSIONS: We noticed the presence of three waves of Covid-19, as well as the effect of immunization on the reduction of mortality in the second and third waves, attributed to the Delta and Omicron variants, respectively. However, the reduction of morbidity, which peaked in the third wave during the domination of the Omicron variant, remained the same. The national and centralized command of the pandemic confrontation did not occur; thus, public administrators took the lead in their territories. The overwhelming effect of the pandemic could have been minimized, if there had been a coordinated participation of three spheres of the Brazilian Unified Health System administration, in the joint governance of the pandemic fight.

Síndrome Inflamatória Multissistêmica e Covid-19 em crianças e adolescentes: aspectos epidemiológicos, Brasil, 2020-2021 / Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome and COVID-19 in children and adolescents: epidemiological aspects, Brazil, 2020-20211

RESUMO Este estudo descreve aspectos epidemiológicos da Síndrome Inflamatória Multissistêmica Pediátrica (SIM-P) associada à Covid-19 e óbitos por Covid-19 em crianças (0-9 anos de idade) e adolescentes (10-19 anos de idade). As fontes de dados, de 2020-2021, foram os Sistemas de Vigilância Epidemiológica para SIM-P e de Informação sobre Mortalidade para Covid-19, gerenciados pelo Ministério da Saúde. Foram notificados 1.503 casos, mais frequentes em crianças (77%) do que em adolescentes (23%); e 93 óbitos por SIM-P em 26 das 27 Unidades da Federação. O maior número de casos em crianças foi notificado em São Paulo (268), contudo, a maior incidência ocorreu no Distrito Federal (7,8/100 mil habitantes). A proporção de óbitos por SIM-P foi 5,4% em crianças e 8,7% em adolescentes. No período avaliado, houve 2.329 óbitos por Covid-19 em menores de 20 anos de idade, com maior taxa em adolescentes (4,4/100 mil habitantes) do que em crianças (2,7/100 mil habitantes), com maiores taxas em Roraima. Recomenda-se intensificação da imunização contra Covid-19 nessa população, aumentando a proteção contra os efeitos negativos dessa doença e da SIM-P, que podem apresentar consequências em curto, médio e/ou longo prazo, de modo a não comprometer a inserção plena destes cidadãos na sociedade.

ABSTRACT This study describes epidemiological aspects of the Multisystemic Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19 and mortality by COVID-19 in children (0-9 years old) and adolescents (10-19 years old). The data sources, for 2020-2021, were the Epidemiological Surveillance System for MIS-C and Mortality Information System for COVID-19, both managed by the Ministry of Health. There were 1,503 cases, more frequent in children (77%) than in adolescents (23%), and 93 reported deaths due to MIS-C in 26 of the 27 States of the Country. The highest number of cases in children was reported in São Paulo (268), but the highest incidence took place in the Federal District (7.8 per 100,000 inhabitants). The rate of deaths due to MIS-C was 5.4% in children and 8.7% in adolescents. There were 2,329 deaths due to COVID-19 in the population under 20 years old, with a higher rate in adolescents (4.4 per 100,000 inhabitants) than in children (2.7); the highest rate occurred in Roraima. We recommend intensifying immunization against COVID-19 in such population, increasing protection against the negative effects of COVID-19 and MIS-C, which may have short, medium and/or long-term consequences, so as not to compromise the full integration of these citizens into society.

Covid-19: temporal evolution and immunization in the three epidemiological waves, Brazil, 2020-2022 / Covid-19: evolução temporal e imunização nas três ondas epidemiológicas, Brasil, 2020-2022

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Describe the temporal evolution of morbimortality due to Covid-19 and vaccination coverage during the health emergency in Brazil. METHODS Number of cases and deaths due to Covid-19 were extracted from the public panel of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, according to epidemiological week (EW) and geographic region. Data on vaccines and variants were obtained, respectively, from the Information System of the National Immunization Program and the Genomic Surveillance System of SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS Three peaks of deaths characterized the evolution of the Covid-19 pandemic: in EW 30 of 2020, in the EW 14 of 2021 and in the EW six of 2022; three case waves, starting in the North and Northeast regions, with higher rates in the third wave, mainly in the South region. Vaccination started in the epidemiological week three of 2021, rapidly reaching most of the population, particularly in the Southeast and South regions, coinciding with a reduction exclusively in the mortality rate in the third wave. Only from the beginning of the second wave, when Gama was the dominant variant, 146,718 genomes were sequenced. From the last EW of 2021, with vaccination coverage already approaching 70%, the Omicron variant caused an avalanche of cases, but with fewer deaths. CONCLUSIONS We noticed the presence of three waves of Covid-19, as well as the effect of immunization on the reduction of mortality in the second and third waves, attributed to the Delta and Omicron variants, respectively. However, the reduction of morbidity, which peaked in the third wave during the domination of the Omicron variant, remained the same. The national and centralized command of the pandemic confrontation did not occur; thus, public administrators took the lead in their territories. The overwhelming effect of the pandemic could have been minimized, if there had been a coordinated participation of three spheres of the Brazilian Unified Health System administration, in the joint governance of the pandemic fight.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever a evolução temporal da morbimortalidade por covid-19 e da cobertura vacinal no período da emergência sanitária no Brasil. MÉTODOS Número de casos e óbitos por covid-19 foram extraídos do painel público do Ministério da Saúde, conforme semana epidemiológica (SE) e região geográfica. Dados sobre vacinas e variantes foram obtidos, respectivamente, do Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações e do Sistema de Vigilância Genômica do SARS-CoV-2. RESULTADOS A evolução da pandemia de covid-19 caracterizou-se por três picos de óbitos: na 30ᵃ semana epidemiológica de 2020, na 14ᵃ de 2021 e na sexta de 2022; três ondas de casos, iniciando-se nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, com maiores taxas na terceira onda, principalmente na região Sul. A vacinação teve início na terceira semana epidemiológica de 2021, atingindo rapidamente a maior parte da população, particularmente nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, coincidindo com redução da taxa de mortalidade, mas não de morbidade na terceira onda. No total, 146.718 genomas foram sequenciados, mas somente a partir do início da segunda onda, na qual a variante dominante foi a Gama. A partir da última SE de 2021, quando a cobertura vacinal já se aproximava de 70%, a variante Ômicron causou uma avalanche de casos, porém com menos óbitos. CONCLUSÕES É nítida a presença de três ondas de covid-19, bem como o efeito da imunização na redução da mortalidade na segunda e na terceira ondas, atribuídas às variantes Delta e Ômicron, respectivamente. Contudo não houve efeito na redução da morbidade, que atingiu o pico na terceira onda, na qual dominou a variante Ômicron. O comando nacional e centralizado do enfrentamento à pandemia não ocorreu; assim, os gestores locais assumiram a liderança em seus territórios. O efeito avassalador da pandemia poderia ter sido minimizado, caso houvesse a participação coordenada das três esferas de governo no SUS.

Complex chronic conditions in children and adolescents: hospitalizations in Brazil, 2013.

This article aims to estimate the extent of hospitalizations for complex chronic conditions in Brazil. Data from the Hospital Information System for 2013 were compiled according to the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision. Hospitalization rates were estimated according to region, sex, age and disease chapter, taking into account the 2012 population as a reference, as well the percentage of highly complex procedures and mortality rates. Public hospitals treated 190,000 inpatients in 2013. The rate was highest among the population in the South of Brazil, those who were male and children under the age of one. The rate was lowest among the population in the North, females and children aged between 10 and 14years. The mean duration of hospitalization was six days, the percentage of highly complex procedures was 13.5% and the mortality rate was 1.3%. The three most common causes for hospitalizations were diseases of the respiratory system, neoplasms and diseases of the nervous system. The incidence of complex chronic conditions is 331 inwards per 100,000 children and adolescents in Brazil, with an estimate of 240,000 children and adolescents hospitalized. This panorama points to the problem as an emergent public health issue in Brazil.

Complex chronic conditions in children and adolescents: hospitalizations in Brazil, 2013 / Condições crônicas complexas em crianças e adolescents: internações no Brasil, 2013

Abstract This article aims to estimate the extent of hospitalizations for complex chronic conditions in Brazil. Data from the Hospital Information System for 2013 were compiled according to the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision. Hospitalization rates were estimated according to region, sex, age and disease chapter, taking into account the 2012 population as a reference, as well the percentage of highly complex procedures and mortality rates. Public hospitals treated 190,000 inpatients in 2013. The rate was highest among the population in the South of Brazil, those who were male and children under the age of one. The rate was lowest among the population in the North, females and children aged between 10 and 14years. The mean duration of hospitalization was six days, the percentage of highly complex procedures was 13.5% and the mortality rate was 1.3%. The three most common causes for hospitalizations were diseases of the respiratory system, neoplasms and diseases of the nervous system. The incidence of complex chronic conditions is 331 inwards per 100,000 children and adolescents in Brazil, with an estimate of 240,000 children and adolescents hospitalized. This panorama points to the problem as an emergent public health issue in Brazil.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é estimar a magnitude das internações por doenças crônicas complexas no Brasil. Dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares referentes a 2013 foram compilados de acordo com a Classificação Internacional de Doenças 10ª revisão. Taxas de internação foram estimadas de acordo com a região, sexo, idade e doença, tendo como referência a população de 2012, bem como o percentual de procedimentos de alta complexidade e as taxas de mortalidade. Hospitais públicos tiveram 190.000 pacientes internados em 2013. A taxa foi maior entre a população do Sul do Brasil, entre homens e crianças menores de um ano de idade. A taxa foi menor entre a população do Norte, entre mulheres e crianças de 10 a 14 anos de idade. A duração média de internação foi de seis dias, a porcentagem de procedimentos de alta complexidade foi de 13,5% e a taxa de mortalidade foi de 1,3%. As três causas mais comuns para internações foram as doenças do sistema respiratório, neoplasias e doenças do sistema nervoso. A incidência de hospitalização por doenças crônicas complexas foi 331 para 100.000 crianças e adolescentes no Brasil, com uma estimativa de 240.000 crianças e adolescentes hospitalizados. Esse panorama aponta para as doenças crônicas complexas como problema emergente em saúde pública no Brasil.

Perceptions about men's health in a gender relational perspective, Brazil, 2014. / Percepções sobre a saúde dos homens numa perspectiva relacional de gênero, Brasil, 2014.

The goal of this article is to assess the perception of male health from the viewpoint of men and women. The study drew from a random sample of men aged 20 to 59 who were SUS (Unified Healthcare System) users and resided in the capitals of Brazilian states and the Federal District. Participants were interviewed by phone. Sociodemographic variables and variables related to perception of healthcare services, health status and health care were recorded. Logistic regression was used to assess failure to seek service and good and very good self-care. The majority of the study population considers it has no health problem, especially men. The main reason for failure to seek treatment is no access to services, although both men and women claim the healthcare services receive them adequately. Over 40% of men and almost 30% of women self-medicate. Men believe they are taking good care of their health, while women have a different perception of this. Perceptions differ when we take into consideration age, years of schooling, ethnicity and occupation.

Percepções sobre a saúde dos homens numa perspectiva relacional de gênero, Brasil, 2014 / Perceptions about men's health in a gender relational perspective, Brazil, 2014

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar percepções sobre a saúde dos homens nas óticas masculina e feminina. Amostra aleatória de 1.894 homens e 1.991 mulheres entre 20 e 59 anos de idade, usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde, residentes nas capitais de estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal, foi submetida a entrevista por telefonia móvel. Foram registradas as variáveis sociodemográficas e as relacionadas à percepção do serviço de saúde, situação e cuidado de saúde. Regressão logística foi executada para avaliar a não busca de atendimento e o autocuidado bom e muito bom. A maioria da população avaliada se considera sem problema de saúde, principalmente os homens. A principal causa do não tratamento é a falta de acesso ao atendimento, embora homens e mulheres avaliem que os serviços os recebam adequadamente. A automedicação atinge mais de 40% dos homens e quase 30% das mulheres. Os homens se percebem cuidando bem da sua saúde, ao contrário de como as mulheres os veem, sendo que as percepções se diferenciam ao se levar em conta idade, escolaridade, etnia e situação ocupacional.

Abstract The goal of this article is to assess the perception of male health from the viewpoint of men and women. The study drew from a random sample of men aged 20 to 59 who were SUS (Unified Healthcare System) users and resided in the capitals of Brazilian states and the Federal District. Participants were interviewed by phone. Sociodemographic variables and variables related to perception of healthcare services, health status and health care were recorded. Logistic regression was used to assess failure to seek service and good and very good self-care. The majority of the study population considers it has no health problem, especially men. The main reason for failure to seek treatment is no access to services, although both men and women claim the healthcare services receive them adequately. Over 40% of men and almost 30% of women self-medicate. Men believe they are taking good care of their health, while women have a different perception of this. Perceptions differ when we take into consideration age, years of schooling, ethnicity and occupation.

Mortality in Brazil according to gender perspective, years 2000 and 2010.

OBJECTIVE: The article assessed the overall mortality in Brazil in 2000 and 2010. METHODS: Data source was the Mortality Information System from Ministry of Health of Brazil. RESULTS: The data show the high rate of mortality among men compared to women between ages of 20 to 59 years and an expressive lower life expectancy by this population. The main groups of death were: external causes; diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the digestive system, infectious and parasitic diseases, diseases of the respiratory system; mental and behavioral disorders; diseases of the nervous system; endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases; neoplasia and diseases of the genitourinary system. CONCLUSION: Unequal gender relations and distinct characteristics of exposure to risk factors can explain this mortality, highlighting the need to bring critical incorporation of relational gender perspective by public health policies.

Mortality in Brazil according to gender perspective, years 2000 and 2010 / Mortalidade no Brasil segundo perspectiva de gênero, anos 2000 e 2010

ABSTRACT: Objective: The article assessed the overall mortality in Brazil in 2000 and 2010. Methods: Data source was the Mortality Information System from Ministry of Health of Brazil. Results: The data show the high rate of mortality among men compared to women between ages of 20 to 59 years and an expressive lower life expectancy by this population. The main groups of death were: external causes; diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the digestive system, infectious and parasitic diseases, diseases of the respiratory system; mental and behavioral disorders; diseases of the nervous system; endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases; neoplasia and diseases of the genitourinary system. Conclusion: Unequal gender relations and distinct characteristics of exposure to risk factors can explain this mortality, highlighting the need to bring critical incorporation of relational gender perspective by public health policies.

RESUMO: Objetivo: O artigo avaliou a mortalidade geral no Brasil em 2000 e 2010. Métodos: A fonte de dados foi o Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde. Resultados: Os dados evidenciam alto índice de mortalidade dos homens em relação às mulheres na faixa etária dos 20 aos 59 anos e uma expectativa de vida expressivamente menor por parte da população masculina. Os principais grupos de morte são: causas externas; doenças do aparelho circulatório; doenças do aparelho digestivo; doenças infecciosas e parasitárias; doenças do aparelho respiratório; transtornos mentais e comportamentais; doenças do sistema nervoso; doenças endócrinas, nutricionais e metabólicas; neoplasias e doenças do aparelho geniturinário. Conclusão. As relações desiguais de gênero e as características distintas de exposição a fatores de risco podem explicar esses índices de mortalidade, realçando a necessidade da incorporação crítica da perspectiva relacional de gênero por parte das políticas públicas de saúde.

Nascimentos no Brasil: associação do tipo de parto com variáveis temporais e sociodemográficas / Births in Brazil: association between type of delivery and temporal and socio-demographic variables

Objetivos: descrever nascimentos via cesariana e vaginal e identificar associação com variáveis temporais e sociodemográficas. Métodos: delineamento misto, estudo descritivo de séries temporais (2000, 2005, 2010) e transversal (2011), realizado com dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos. Os dados foram corrigidos para sub registro; o tipo de nascimento foi analisado conforme dia da semana e hora do dia, região de residência, raça/cor, escolaridade e estado civil maternos. Razões de probabilidade de nascimentos cirúrgicos, brutas e ajustadas, foram calculadas por regressão de Poisson. Resultados: a proporção de cesarianas no país aumentou cerca de 40 por cento de 2000 para 2010. Os partos por via vaginal se distribuíram de modo similar nos diferentes dias da semana (cerca de 14 por cento) e períodos do dia (cerca de 25 por cento), enquanto que cesarianas se concentraram nos dias úteis e nos períodos diurnos. A proporção de cesarianas foi menor no Norte (42,8 por cento), na população indígena (16,2 por cento), entre mulheres sem escolaridade (25,2 por cento) e entre solteiras (42,0 por cento), apresentando tendência crescente com idade e escolaridade. Após ajuste, a Região Centro-Oeste apresentou maior probabilidade de cesarianas e as demais variáveis mantiveram a associação. Conclusões: a proporção de nascimentos por cesariana no país se encontra acima de 50 por cento, se associando principalmente com idade e escolaridade maternas.

Objectives: to identify caesarean and vaginal births and their association with temporal and socio-demographic variables. Methods: a mixed approach involving descriptive time series studies (2000, 2005, 2010) and one cross-sectional study (2011), using data from the Live Births Information System. The data were corrected for under-reporting; the type of birth was analyzed in terms of day of the week, time of the day, area of residence, race/color, level of education and marital status of mother. Raw and adjusted probability ratios for surgical births were calculated using Poisson regression. Results: the proportion of caesarean births in the country increased around 40 percent from 2000 to 2010. Vaginal births were distributed similarly over the days of the week (around 14 percent for each day) and according to time of day (around 25 percent), while caesareans were concentrated on week days and during the daytime. The proportion of caesareans was lower in the Northern region (42.8 percent), among the indigenous population (16.2 percent), among women with no schooling (25.2 percent) and among single mothers (42.0 percent), with a tendency to increase in proportion to age and level of schooling. After adjustment, the Center West region had the highest proportion of caesarean births with the same associated variables. Conclusions: the proportion of caesarean births in the country is over 50 percent and is associated primarily with age and level of education of the mother.

Gender inequalities in external cause mortality in Brazil, 2010.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate mortality rate by external causes in Brazil. METHODS: Mortality national 2010's data corrected by underreport and adjusted by direct method were evaluated by sex according to age, region of residence, race/skin color, education and conjugal situation. RESULTS: The standardized mortality coefficient of external causes is higher among men (178 per thousand inhabitants) than among women (24 per thousand inhabitants), being higher among young men (20 to 29 years old) in all regions and decreasing with aging. The mortality rate reaches almost nine times higher among men comparably to women, being higher in North and Northeast regions. The death incidence by external causes is higher among men (36.4%) than among women (10.9%), meaning 170% more risk for men. The risk is also higher among the youngest: 6.00 for men and 7.36 for women. The main kind of death by external causes among men is aggressions, followed by transport accidents, the opposite of women. CONCLUSIONS: Besides sex, age is the more important predictive factor of precocious death by external causes, pointing the need of many and various sectors in order to construct new identities of non violence.

Atenção ao pré-natal e parto em mulheres usuárias do sistema público de saúde residentes na Amazônia Legal e no Nordeste, Brasil 2010 / Prenatal and childbirth care for women using the public health system resident in Amazonia Legal and the Northeast Region of Brazil 2010

Descrever a adequação da atenção à saúde entre as mulheres que fizeram o pré-natal e/ou parto no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), nos municípios prioritários para a redução da mortalidade infantil na Amazônia Legal e no Nordeste. Métodos: análise de dados secundários de inquérito de base populacional com mães e crianças menores de um ano de idade que compareceram à Campanha de vacinação em 2010. A amostra estudada foi de 13.205 mulheres com acompanhamento de pré-natal e de 13.044 mulheres com acompanhamento de parto, em 252 municípios prioritários. A adequação do pré-natal e parto foi classificada em conformidade com indicadores de processo propostos pelo Programa Nacional de Humanização do Pré-natal e Nascimento. Resultados: entre as mulheres investigadas 75,4 por centorealizaram seis ou mais consultas de pré-natal, mas somente 3,4 por cento tiveram acesso a um pré-natal classificado como adequado. O acesso à ultrassonografia foi relatado por 96,1 por cento das mulheres, ao exame de HIV por 91,8 por cento e ao teste de sífilis por 68,7 por cento. Apenas 44,2 por cneto das mulheres recebeu indicação da maternidade na qual deveria fazer o parto e a internação no local indicado ocorreu em 8,6 por cento dos casos. A atenção ao parto foi considerada adequada para apenas 1 por cento das entrevistadas. Os resultados variaram entre os estados e níveis socioeconômicos das mulheres. Conclusões: foram identificadas falhas na atenção ao pré-natal e parto, que é inadequada e socialmente iníqua nestas regiões, contribuindo para os precários indicadores de saúde materno infantil na Amazônia Legal e no Nordeste do Brasil...

To describe the adequacy of healthcare among women undergoing prenatal and/or childbirth care in the Brazilian National Health System, SUS, in municipalities that have been earmarked for reduction of infant mortality in Amazonia Legal and the Northeast Region. Methods: secondary data from a populationbased survey involving mothers and children aged under one year of age attended by the 2010 vaccination campaign were analyzed. The sample under study comprised 13.205 women who had received prenatal care and 13,044 whose deliveries had been accompanied, in 252 earmarked municipalities. The adequacy of prenatal and childbirth care was classified according to process indicators proposed by the National Program for the Humanization of Prenatal Care and Childbirth. Results: of the women studied, 75.4 percent had attended six or more prenatal consults, but only 3.4 percent had access to prenatal care classified as adequate. Access to ultrasound was reported by 96.1 percent of the women, an HIV exam by 91.8 percent and a syphilis test by 68.7 percent. Only 44.2 percent of the women were told which maternity hospital they should give birth in and only 8.6 percent were in fact admitted to the recommended facility. Childbirth care was considered adequate for only 1 percent of those interviewed. The results varied from one State to another and according to the socioeconomic status of the women. Conclusions: shortcomings were identified in prenatal and childbirth care, which is inadequate and socially unjust in these regions, thereby contributing to poor indicators for maternal and child health in Legal Amazonia and the Northeast Region of Brazil...

Gender inequalities in external cause mortality in Brazil, 2010 / Desigualdades de gênero na mortalidade por causas externas no Brasil, 2010

Objective: To estimate mortality rate by external causes in Brazil. Methods: Mortality national 2010's data corrected by underreport and adjusted by direct method were evaluated by sex according to age, region of residence, race/skin color, education and conjugal situation. Results: The standardized mortality coefficient of external causes is higher among men (178 per thousand inhabitants) than among women (24 per thousand inhabitants), being higher among young men (20 to 29 years old) in all regions and decreasing with aging. The mortality rate reaches almost nine times higher among men comparably to women, being higher in North and Northeast regions. The death incidence by external causes is higher among men (36.4%) than among women (10.9%), meaning 170% more risk for men. The risk is also higher among the youngest: 6.00 for men and 7.36 for women. The main kind of death by external causes among men is aggressions, followed by transport accidents, the opposite of women. Conclusions: Besides sex, age is the more important predictive factor of precocious death by external causes, pointing the need of many and various sectors in order to construct new identities of non violence. .

O artigo tem por objetivo estimar taxas de mortalidade por causas externas no Brasil. Dados de 2010 corrigidos para sub-registro e ajustados por método direto foram avaliados por sexo, segundo idade, região de residência, raça/cor, escolaridade e estado conjugal, usando regressão de Poisson. O coeficiente padronizado de mortalidade por causas externas é muito maior entre homens (178 por cem mil habitantes) do que entre mulheres (24 por cem mil habitantes), sendo maiores entre homens mais jovens (20 a 29 anos) em todas as regiões e diminuindo com a idade. A razão de mortalidade por causas externas chega a ser quase nove vezes maior entre homens comparativamente às mulheres, com valores maiores nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. A incidência é muito maior entre homens (36,4%) do que entre mulheres (10,9%), com risco 170% maior entre homens. O risco também é maior entre os mais jovens: 6,00 para homens e 7,36 para mulheres. Os principais tipos de óbitos por causas externas entre homens são agressões, seguidas por acidentes de transporte terrestre, inverso das mulheres. Além do sexo, a idade foi o fator preditivo mais importante da mortalidade precoce por causas externas, indicando a necessidade de ações multissetoriais na construção de novas identidades de não violência.

Factors associated with the feeding practices of the adult population of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.

This cross-sectional study identified the factors associated with adult feeding practices in Goiânia, the capital of the state of Goiás, in the Midwestern region of Brazil, by means of telephone interviews with 2,002 adults (> 18 years old). Information about demographic aspects, lifestyle, nutritional status, and food consumption was collected, leading to a sum of healthy food choices. It was observed that men and women have an average of two healthy food choices and low frequency of fruit intake (5.4% of men; 8.5% of women), as well as the consumption of legumes and vegetables (18.1% of men; 22.6% of women). The hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that the mean healthy food choice among men increases with age and physical practice, and among women, with paid work. The prevalence of unhealthy food choices associated with other risk behaviors favors the development of chronic diseases. Multi-strategy and intersectorial actions are necessary to overcome this situation.

[Men's health care in the scope of the Family Health Strategy]. / Atenção à saúde dos homens no âmbito da Estratégia Saúde da Família.

The National Policy of Comprehensive Care for Men's Health created the guidelines for the strategies and actions based on comprehensive care, seeking the promotion of health and the prevention of disease duly focused as core issues of the Family Health Strategy (FHS). This article describes the specificities of men's health care in the context of the FHS from the standpoint of the manager, the demands of the men linked to the health units assessed and the practices adopted by the teams. Men's health care was evaluated by interviews with 43 FHS team managers (FHST), systematically selected considering the geographical region, city size and FHS coverage; and by interviewing 86 adult men of the respective FHS coverage area. It was seen that the strategy of the FHST is to address the health-disease process in the family and environmental context. However, in men's health there are still several gaps, from the adaptation of the structure of primary health care through to the motivation and development of actions against the most common health problems of this population group. This situation sometimes limits men's access to health services thereby negating the goal of the Policy.

Factors associated with the feeding practices of the adult population of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil / Fatores associados às práticas alimentares da população adulta de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil

This cross-sectional study identified the factors associated with adult feeding practices in Goiânia, the capital of the state of Goiás, in the Midwestern region of Brazil, by means of telephone interviews with 2,002 adults (> 18 years old). Information about demographic aspects, lifestyle, nutritional status, and food consumption was collected, leading to a sum of healthy food choices. It was observed that men and women have an average of two healthy food choices and low frequency of fruit intake (5.4% of men; 8.5% of women), as well as the consumption of legumes and vegetables (18.1% of men; 22.6% of women). The hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that the mean healthy food choice among men increases with age and physical practice, and among women, with paid work. The prevalence of unhealthy food choices associated with other risk behaviors favors the development of chronic diseases. Multi-strategy and intersectorial actions are necessary to overcome this situation.

Os fatores associados à prática alimentar da população adulta de Goiânia foram identificados por meio de estudo transversal realizado através de entrevistas telefônicas com 2.002 adultos (> 18 anos). Foram coletadas informações sociodemográficas, de estilo de vida, estado nutricional e consumo alimentar. Construiu-se um somatório de escolhas alimentares saudáveis. Foi observado que homens e mulheres realizam, em média, duas escolhas alimentares saudáveis, sendo baixa a frequência de consumo de frutas (5,4% homens; 8,5% mulheres) e legumes e verduras (18,1% homens; 22,6% mulheres). A análise de regressão múltipla hierarquizada revelou que a média de escolhas alimentares saudáveis entre os homens aumenta com a idade e com a prática de atividade física e, entre as mulheres, com o relato de trabalho remunerado. O predomínio de escolhas alimentares não saudáveis, associado a outros comportamentos de risco, favorece o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas. Ações multiestratégicas e intersetoriais são necessárias para a superação deste cenário.

Atencao a saude dos homens no ambito da Estrategia Saude da Familia / Men's health care in the scope of the Family Health Strategy

A Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Homem orientou a formulação de estratégias e ações fundamentando-se na atenção integral, com vistas à promoção da saúde e à prevenção de agravos, tendo sido focalizadas como eixos fundamentais na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Este artigo teve por objetivo descrever as especificidades da atenção à saúde dos homens no âmbito da ESF, conforme a visão do gestor, a demanda dos homens adstritos às unidades avaliadas e as práticas desenvolvidas pelas equipes. A atenção à saúde do homem foi avaliada por meio de entrevista a 43 gestores de equipes da ESF (EqSF), sorteadas de forma sistemática contemplando as diferentes regiões, porte dos municípios e cobertura da ESF; e pela entrevista de 86 homens adultos, das respectivas áreas de cobertura da ESF. Observou-se que as EqSF têm como estratégia abordar o processo saúde/doença no contexto familiar e ambiental, no entanto, no que se refere à saúde do homem, ainda há lacunas, desde a adequação da estrutura para o atendimento na atenção básica à motivação e desenvolvimento de ações de promoção contra os agravos mais frequentes nesta população, o que, por vezes, têm dificultado o acesso à saúde, por parte da população masculina, distanciando o alcance do objetivo da Política.

The National Policy of Comprehensive Care for Men's Health created the guidelines for the strategies and actions based on comprehensive care, seeking the promotion of health and the prevention of disease duly focused as core issues of the Family Health Strategy (FHS). This article describes the specificities of men's health care in the context of the FHS from the standpoint of the manager, the demands of the men linked to the health units assessed and the practices adopted by the teams. Men's health care was evaluated by interviews with 43 FHS team managers (FHST), systematically selected considering the geographical region, city size and FHS coverage; and by interviewing 86 adult men of the respective FHS coverage area. It was seen that the strategy of the FHST is to address the health-disease process in the family and environmental context. However, in men's health there are still several gaps, from the adaptation of the structure of primary health care through to the motivation and development of actions against the most common health problems of this population group. This situation sometimes limits men's access to health services thereby negating the goal of the Policy.

Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in the Legal Amazon and Northeast regions, Brazil, 2010 / Fatores associados ao Aleitamento Materno Exclusivo na Amazônia Legal e no Nordeste, Brasil, 2010

[{"text": "OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in children aged less than six months from the Brazilian Legal Amazon and Northeast regions. METHODS: The study used data from a survey that assessed prenatal and infant (<1 year) care in 2010. Sociodemographic, prenatal, delivery, and puerperium care factors with p<0.05 in multivariate analysis were associated with exclusive breastfeeding. RESULTS: For both regions, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding decreased with age, which was the main variable associated with early weaning. In the Legal Amazon, exclusive breastfeeding prevailed among: mothers aged 35 years or more; mothers living in state capitals; and mothers who breastfed on the first hour of life. In the Northeast, the probability of exclusive breastfeeding was greater for mothers aged 35 years or more. CONCLUSION: The factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding were child's and mother's age in both regions; and residence location and breastfeeding in the first hour of life in the Legal Amazon, suggesting the need of differentiated strategies for the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding. .", "_i": "en"}, {"text": "OBJETIVO: O objetivo foi identificar fatores associados ao aleitamento materno exclusivo em crianças menores de seis meses de idade, residentes na Amazônia Legal e no Nordeste do Brasil, com base nos dados da pesquisa de avaliação da atenção ao pré-natal e aos menores de um ano de idade em 2010. MÉTODOS: Consideraram-se fatores associadas ao aleitamento exclusivo as variáveis sociodemográficos e de assistência ao pré-natal, parto e puerpério que mantiveram p<0,05 em análise multivariada. RESULTADOS: Em ambas as regiões, a prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo apresentou declínio com aumento da idade da criança, que se configurou na principal variável associada ao desmame precoce. Na Amazônia Legal, a probabilidade de aleitamento materno exclusivo foi maior para: mães com 35 ou mais anos de idade, mães que residiam nas capitais dos estados e mães que amamentaram na primeira hora de vida da criança. No Nordeste, a probabilidade de aleitamento materno exclusivo também foi maior para mães com 35 ou mais anos de idade. CONCLUSÃO: Os fatores associados ao aleitamento materno exclusivo foram idade da criança e idade da mãe nas duas regiões, localização de moradia e mamada na primeira hora na Amazônia Legal, o que sugere a necessidade de estratégias diferenciadas para a promoção do aleitamento materno. .", "_i": "pt"}]

Prevalência e distribuição regional de fatores derisco para doenças crônicas não (de riesgo para enfermedades crónicas no) transmissíveis / Prevalence and regional distribution of risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases

Este artigo mostra prevalências de fatores de risco para doenças crônicas não (factores de riesgo para las enfermedades crónicas no) transmissíveis, obtidos pelo (obtenidos por el) VIGITEL (sistema de monitoramento de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis por entrevista telefônica) em 2010. Foram entrevistados 54 339 adultos residentes em casas com linha telefônica fixa das capitais(con línea de teléfono fijo de las capitales) de estado brasileiros e do Distrito Federal. Investigou-se tabagismo; excesso de peso, obesidade; baixo (bajo) consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras; insuficiente atividade física no tempo livre (en el tiempo libre), sedentarismo, consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas, segundo sexo (según el sexo), idade e escolaridade. Observaram-se altas prevalências de IAFTL, e baixo consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras (> 80%), seguidos do excesso de peso (quase 50%), consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas (quase 20%), tabagismo, obesidade e sedentarismo (em torno de 15%). Aregião de moradia (La región del domicilio) (classificada conforme Produto Interno Bruto per capita) foi determinante para tabagismo (menor razão no Nordeste) e baixo consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras (maior razão no [mayor razón en el] Nordeste) em ambos os sexos, para consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas em homens e (en los varones y) sedentarismo em mulheres. Discute-se a importância do monitoramento (de la monitorización) dos fatores de risco para apoio a políticas públicas e a implantação de programas de promoção à saúde...