A Rare Case of Arthroscopic Lateral Segmental Meniscal Allograft Transplantation (SMALT) and Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation (OCA) of the Lateral Femoral Condyle Augmented With Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate (BMAC).

The meniscus of the knee serves as a crucial load-bearing structure, and its damage can significantly impact weight distribution. In addressing focal meniscal defects, segmental meniscal allograft transplantation (SMALT) emerges as an innovative solution. Here, we detail a case involving a young, active female who underwent SMALT augmented with osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) and bone marrow aspirate concentration (BMAC). The patient, a 40-year-old former Division I volleyball player, previously underwent arthroscopic procedures and presented with knee pain alongside complex lateral meniscus tear evident in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Initial arthroscopy revealed multiple tears, including segmental deficiency at the posterior horn-body junction and a horizontal cleavage tear. Despite failed attempts at repair due to the meniscal gap, a second-stage lateral SMALT was performed, with the allograft soaked in the patient's BMAC, supplemented with OCA to the lateral femoral condyle. Rehabilitation protocols tailored to both SMALT and OCA were implemented. This represents the first documented instance of lateral SMALT, extending the scope of viable solutions for segmental meniscal deficiencies, and marking a significant milestone in orthopedic practice.

Preventing Iatrogenic Injury to the Vertebral Artery in Cervical Spine Surgery: A Case Report.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Iatrogenic injury of the vertebral artery (VA) in the context of surgical approaches to the cervical spine has been cited as a relatively rare complication with varying degrees of severity ranging from minimal injury to acute stroke and can result in death. It is estimated that ~50% of cases of iatrogenic VA injury are preventable after postoperatively examining a patient's preoperative imaging. Despite the low incidence (<2%) of this complication, the potential associated morbidity demonstrates the importance of meticulous preoperative vascular consideration. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to emphasize the importance of preoperative vascular screening during anterior cervical access planning visualized through a rare case of a VA aberration in a 47-year-old patient. STUDY DESIGN: This study is designed as a retrospective case report. METHODS: A thorough chart review was performed for this subject including all prior medical records, imaging studies, imaging reports, operative notes, and communication records. RESULTS: The subject was found to have a history of patent foramen ovale (PFO) repair with a rare vertebral artery malformation described as a medial transposition of the vertebral artery out of the vertebral artery foramen between C3 and C4. CONCLUSIONS: Consideration of cervical anatomy, particularly the VA, is key to minimizing the risk of adverse surgical outcomes in both anterior and posterior approaches to the cervical spine. During the workup process, the patient's primary care providers, radiologists, and surgeons should be aware of the potential variations of the VA with particular attention given to the course of the VA on MR imaging. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

Revisiting Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repairs in an Athlete With Combined Grade III Medial Collateral Ligament and High-Grade Posterolateral Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear: A Case Report.

Anterior cruciate ligament tears are primarily treated by reconstruction. The development of novel surgical techniques has led to the reconsideration of this approach. Additionally, Grade III tibial-sided medial collateral ligament tears should be treated surgically due to decreased blood flow and poor healing. We describe the surgical repair of a Grade III tibial-sided tear with partial femoral avulsion of the medial collateral ligament and tear of the posterolateral bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament in a competitive high school athlete. A 17-year-old male presented to the Sports Medicine Clinic after injuring his left knee in a football game. Radiographs suggested normal skeletal anatomical alignment with no acute fractures. Magnetic resonance imaging identified a partial injury of the femoral attachment of the medial collateral ligament and a Grade III medial collateral ligament tear where it attached to the tibia. Arthroscopic evaluation of the knee revealed a posterolateral anterior cruciate ligament tear. Operative management included surgical repair of the Grade III tibial-sided medial collateral ligament tear and the posterolateral anterior cruciate ligament tear. Operative repair of medial collateral ligament and anterior cruciate ligament tears provides an alternative approach to the management of surgical reconstruction.

Newly Diagnosed Ulcerative Colitis in the Third Trimester: A Case Report.

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that results in continuous colon inflammation. It is uncommonly diagnosed during pregnancy, and if quiescent before pregnancy, becomes active very rarely. Current literature has found that amelioration of the disease can be common during the second and third trimesters. However, if ulcerative colitis is active, it has the potential to result in premature delivery and low birth weight. This case focuses on a rare presentation of primary ulcerative colitis diagnosed in a 22-year-old multiparous patient to highlight the importance of a comprehensive differential diagnosis in pregnant patients with seemingly benign symptomatology.

Double and Single True Knot of an Umbilical Cord: A Case Report.

The primary function of the umbilical cord is to transport blood to and from the fetus. It carries deoxygenated blood away from the fetus by two umbilical arteries, and oxygenated blood from the placenta toward the fetus by an umbilical vein. In some cases, the umbilical cord can form a true knot increasing the risk of asphyxia and fetal demise. The umbilical cord may also form a false knot, which is only a kink and will not increase fetal risk of abnormalities. A 40-year-old woman, gravida six, parity three (G6P3), presented to the hospital in active labor after 39.1 weeks of gestation. Six hours after admission a healthy male fetus was delivered with one nuchal cord. The placenta was delivered approximately 3 minutes later. Upon inspection, the presence of a double and a single true knot of the umbilical cord was noted. This case describes a fetus with a double and single true knot of the umbilical cord that was not apparent by ultrasonography.

Significant Hypophosphatemia Is Predictive of Brain Death in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Severe TBI carries the greatest risk of brain death progression. There are currently no laboratory markers that predict patient's outcome. We hypothesize that the degree of hypophosphatemia (HP) in TBI is an indicator for progression to brain death. A total of 336 patients, ages 15-89, with a GCS of 8 or less at admission were identified and retrospectively analyzed. Demographics, laboratory studies, and brain death (BD) were collected. Univariate analysis demonstrated HP was correlated with BD (P < .0002). Multivariate analysis showed that phosphate was the only measured electrolyte correlated to BD with a P value < .0001. Mechanism of hypophosphatemia may be related to BD progression and provide future areas for study.

Bioengineering of the digestive tract: approaching the clinic.

The field of regenerative medicine is developing technologies that, in the near future, will offer alternative approaches to either cure diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract or slow their progression by leveraging the intrinsic ability of our tissues and organs to repair after damage. This article will succinctly illustrate the three technologies that are closer to clinical translation-namely, human intestinal organoids, sphincter bioengineering and decellularization, whereby the cellular compartment of a given segment of the digestive tract is removed to obtain a scaffold consisting of the extracellular matrix. The latter will be used as a template for the regeneration of a functional organ, whereby the newly generated cellular compartment will be obtained from the patient's own cells. Although clinical application of this technology is approaching, product development challenges are being tackled to warrant safety and efficacy.

Detergent-Free Decellularization of the Human Pancreas for Soluble Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Production.

Islet transplantation (ITx) has the potential to become the standard of care in beta cell replacement medicine but its results remain inferior to those obtained with whole pancreas transplantation. The protocols currently used for human islet isolation are under scrutiny because they are based on the enzymatic digestion of the organ, whereby the pancreas is demolished, its connections to the body are lost and islets are irreversibly damaged. Islet damage is characterized by critical factors such as the destruction of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which represents the 3D framework of the islet niche and whose loss is incompatible with islet euphysiology. Researchers are proposing the use of ECM-based scaffolds derived from the mammalian pancreas to address this problem and ultimately improve islet viability, function, and lifespan. Currently available methods to obtain such scaffolds are harsh because they are largely detergent based. Thus, we propose a new, detergent-free method that creates less ECM damage and can preserve critical components of pancreatic ECM. The results show that the newly developed decellularization protocol allowed the achievement of complete DNA clearance while the ECM components were retained. The ECM obtained was tested for cytotoxicity and encapsulated with human pancreatic islets which showed a positive cellular behavior with insulin secretion when stimulated with glucose challenge. Collectively, we propose a new method for the decellularization of the human pancreas without the use of conventional ionic and non-ionic chemical detergents. This protocol and the ECM obtained with it could be of use for both in vitro and in vivo applications.

Extracellular matrix-based hydrogels obtained from human tissues: a work still in progress.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The current review summarizes contemporary decellularization and hydrogel manufacturing strategies in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. RECENT FINDINGS: Decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) bioscaffolds are a valuable biomaterial that can be purposed into various forms of synthetic tissues such as hydrogels. ECM-based hydrogels can be of animal or human origin. The use of human tissues as a source for ECM hydrogels in the clinical setting is still in its infancy and current literature is scant and anecdotal, resulting in inconclusive results. SUMMARY: Thus far the methods used to obtain hydrogels from human tissues remains a work in progress. Gelation, the most complex technique in obtaining hydrogels, is challenging due to remarkable heterogeneity of the tissues secondary to interindividual variability. Age, sex, ethnicity, and preexisting conditions are factors that dramatically undermine the technical feasibility of the gelation process. This is contrasted with animals whose well defined anatomical and histological characteristics have been selectively bred for the goal of manufacturing hydrogels.

The Concentration of Plasma Provides Additional Bioactive Proteins in Platelet and Autologous Protein Solutions.

BACKGROUND: Currently, platelet-poor plasma (PPP) is a discarded waste product of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and may contain valuable proteins. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The study's goal was to evaluate the concentration of plasma as a potential additive biotherapy for the treatment of osteoarthritis. We hypothesized that a novel polyacrylamide concentration device would efficiently concentrate insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) from PPP and be additive to PRP or autologous protein solution (APS). STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS: A laboratory study was conducted with human and equine whole blood from healthy volunteers/donors. Fresh samples of blood and plasma were processed and characterized for platelet, white blood cell, and growth factor/cytokine content and then quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays specific for IGF-1, transforming growth factor-ß, interleukin-1ß, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist as representatives of cartilage anabolic and inflammatory mediators. RESULTS: A potent cartilage anabolic protein, IGF-1, was significantly concentrated by the polyacrylamide concentration device in both human and equine PPP. The polyacrylamide device also substantially increased plasma proteins over whole blood, most dramatically key proteins relevant to the treatment of osteoarthritis, including transforming growth factor-ß (29-fold over blood) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (70-fold over plasma). CONCLUSION: Concentrated PPP is a unique source for biologically relevant concentrations of IGF-1. PRP and APS can produce greater concentrations of other anabolic and anti-inflammatory proteins not found in plasma. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The polyacrylamide device efficiently concentrated PPP to create a unique source of IGF-1 that may supplement orthopaedic biologic therapies.