Sedentary Lifestyle of Older Adults and Its Associated Factors: A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study During COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is here to stay, and humans ought to decide how to adapt. We aimed to describe lifestyle changes during COVID-19 pandemic, and to determine the prevalence and factors associated with sedentary lifestyle among older adults. METHODS: We obtained data from community-dwelling older adults aged ≥60 years. We presented the data descriptively and used multivariate analysis to assess the association between Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) -based sedentary lifestyle and other variables in several tertiary geriatric centres. RESULTS: Among 601 participants, 21.1% had sedentary lifestyle. Ethnic groups with the highest prevalence of sedentary lifestyle were Minang, Balinese, and Sundanese. Changes related to food intake, body weight, and physical activity were seen in a small proportion of older adults. Sun exposure habit was described. Sedentary lifestyle was associated with less consumption of food (OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.07-6.30), weight loss (OR 3.00, 95% CI 1.64-5.48), and higher intensity of snacking (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.20-0.99). CONCLUSION: During COVID-19 pandemic, one out of five older adults had sedentary lifestyle, which was positively associated with less consumption of food and weight loss, and negatively associated with higher intensity of snacking. The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle varied across ethnic groups. Adequate and appropriate food intake may be crucial to keep older adults active, preventing them from entering vicious cycle of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and frailty.

Risk Factors for Declined Functional Status within 30 days After Elective Surgeries in Elderly Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Older adults are at risk of decreasing functional status due to their condition and many factors. Although many studies have been conducted about declining in functional status, based on the author's knowledge, only this study that has conducted about functional status changes in the elderly involving the frailty status which undergoing surgery in Indonesia. There are many factor was postulated, some of that was checked routine and applicable in clinical practice. Furthermore, identification of these risk factors can be used a basis for decision making to perform surgeries in older adults because poor functional status causes declining quality of life in the elderly patients. The aim of this research was to determine the risk factors for declined functional status within 30 days after elective surgeries in elderly patients. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study from July 2021 to December 2021 at Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia. We included patients aged 60 or older who underwent elective surgery under general anesthesia. We excluded those who underwent emergency surgery, day care surgery, or were unwillingness to participate. The functional status were assessed using the ADL (Activity of Daily Living) Barthel index. To identify risk factors of  declined ADL scores, a logistic regression analysis was performed on the age variable, gender, body mass index, frailty status, postoperative complications, as well as haemoglobin, and albumin levels. RESULTS: This study included 191 participants, with 97 women (50.79%) and 94 men (42.21%). Declined in functional status within 30-days after surgery occurred in 54 participants (28.2%). There was a significant changed of functional status before and after surgery. Multivariate analysis showed that independently significant variables for declined functional status were male sex (OR 4.48, p value < 0.001), hypoalbuminemia (OR 2.59, p value 0.02), preoperative functional status (OR 2.37; p value 0.05), and postoperative complications (OR 24.885; p value < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Risk factors for declined functional status within 30 days after elective surgery in older patients are postoperative complications, preoperative functional status, hypoalbuminemia, and male gender.

Comparisons of Characteristics and Nutritional Inadequacies in Indonesian Older Adults Consuming or Refraining from Dairy Products.

BACKGROUND: Milk consumption in the Indonesian elderly population is among the lowest in the world, and two-thirds of the population are lactose intolerant. This might have an impact on energy and nutrient intakes. However, data on the prevalence of nutrient intake inadequacies in dairy users versus non-dairy users, as well as population characteristics, are lacking. Therefore we obtained data comparing nutritional inadequacies and characteristics of Indonesian older adults consuming or refraining from dairy products. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 as a part of the INA LACTASE study, involving 194 community-dwelling older adults in the outpatient geriatric clinic at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. We collected data on demographic and clinical characteristics as part of a routinely performed comprehensive geriatric assessment. A structured questionnaire was developed to categorize participants as dairy-or non-dairy users based on habitual dairy intake. Food records were collected to assess nutrient intakes. The prevalence of inadequacies of energy, macronutrients, and a selection of micronutrients (calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12) was calculated by comparing the reported mean intakes to the recommended dietary intakes of the Indonesian population (Indonesian RDA). Prevalence ratios were calculated to measure the association between dairy product consumption and the prevalence of nutrient inadequacies. RESULTS: We recruited 194 eligible participants. This study found that dairy users had a higher proportion of women, a higher monthly income, but a lower proportion of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidaemia in older adults consuming dairy products. We observed wide variability in energy and nutrient intakes, as well as a high prevalence of inadequacies for all dietary intake parameters, particularly micronutrients. Dairy users had a lower prevalence of micronutrient inadequacies than non-dairy users. The prevalence of vitamin D inadequacies in dairy users versus non-dairy users was 91.6% vs. 99.3% in men and 71.9% vs. 98.0% in women, respectively. Inadequate vitamin B12 intake was found in 60.6% of dairy users vs. 89.4% of non-dairy users in men and 65.5% vs.. 68.4% of women, respectively. The most pronounced difference was found in the prevalence of calcium intake inadequacies in dairy users vs. non-dairy users, which was 64.8% vs. 99.5% in men and 89.9% vs. 99.8% in women. We found statistically significant differences in the prevalence of calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin B inadequacies between dairy and non-dairy users. CONCLUSION: This study identified that dairy users had a higher monthly income and had a lower proportion of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. In addition, we discovered a high prevalence of nutrient intakes inadequacies in Indonesian older adults, particularly among non-dairy users. Micronutrient inadequacies are major sources of concern, with statistically significant difference in calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 prevalence of inadequacies.