The role of environmental diplomacy and economic factors on environmental degradation.

In recent years, rising carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and other negative environmental effects of human activity have raised concerns about the planet's future. Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and economic activity have shown a surge in CO2 emissions, contributing to global warming and climate change. The main purpose of this study is to examine the impact of such as gross domestic product, gross domestic product square, foreign direct investment, environmental diplomacy, environmental diplomacy security, and renewable energy consumption on environmental degradation. This study provides a new perspective on environmental diplomacy in OECD countries using panel data econometric methodologies from 1991 to 2020. It contributes to our understanding of the role of environmental and economic factors in reducing CO2 emissions. The panel data is also analyzed by CD, CIPS, FMOLS, DOLS, and PMG-ARDL tests. However, as per the findings of this research, all the factors significantly impact environmental degradation (Co2 emission). Finding data to either confirm or deny the efficacy of the Environmental Kuznets Curve theory within the framework of OECD countries is possible through this approach. This policy framework attempts to solve the issues at the connection of environmental diplomacy and economic concerns by emphasizing cooperation and sustainability and incorporating environmental considerations into economic decision-making processes in OECD countries.

Progress of diagnosis and treatment for degenerative cervical myelopathy / 国际外科学杂志

Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a kind of disease caused by cervical spinal cord compression and injury due to cervical degeneration. With the increasing of aging population in China, the incidence of DCM is also increasing year by year. The pathogenesis of DCM includes static degeneration and dynamic instability. The clinical manifestations of DCM are mainly symptoms and signs of cervical spinal cord dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), especially some advanced quantitative microstructural MRI, plays an important role in the early diagnosis of DCM. Conservative treatment of DCM patients is often ineffective, and most patients need surgery to relieve nerve compression, and the surgical approach selection is still controversial. The long duration of symptoms, poor preoperative neurological status and advanced age were the main factors that caused the poor postoperative outcome. This article mainly reviews the recent research progress on the incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of DCM.

Research progress on the association between screen exposure and autism spectrum disorder in preschool children / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder. Early life social experience assessment before symptoms of ASD might be helpful for determining the causal link between social experiences and early childhood ASD. Younger children are exposed to excessive screen time in recent years. This paper summarizes the association between screen exposure with ASD in preschool children, and proposes future research directions and provides evidencebased guidance to optimize and support children s early media experiences.

Distribution of Diatoms in the Navigable Sections of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To establish a diatom database by analyzing the quatity, species distribution and differences of diatom in water samples of the whole navigable sections of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, to provide a reference for the inference of the drowning site.@*METHODS@#Water samples were collected at 22 sites in the navigable sections of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (Jining section to Yangzhou Section), and the diatoms at each site were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by using graphite digestion-scanning electron microscopy.@*RESULTS@#Sampling site T (Laohuaijiang River Line, Gaoyou City, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province) had the highest number of diatoms, while sampling site O (Siyang County, Suqian City, Jiangsu Province) had the lowest number of diatoms, with a large gap of 68 times. At sampling site Q (Jiangpu District, Huaian city, Jiangsu Province), there were 19 species of diatoms. The sampling site O had the least diatoms, with 7 species. There were no significant differences in species evenness and species diversity at each sampling site (P>0.05). Some sampling sites have characterized diatoms, such as Caloneis at station A (Taibai Lake, Weishan County, Shandong Province), Rhoicosphenia at station B (Nanyang Town, Weishan County, Shandong Province), Amphora at station I (Taierzhuang District, Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province) and Epithemia at station J (Pizhou 310 national highway, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The species richness of diatoms gradually increased from north to south. Diatom species richness and species diversity might be higher in areas with complex environments and large population flow. Climate type has a certain influence on the distribution of diatoms.

Maintaining higher leaf photosynthesis after heading stage could promote biomass accumulation in rice.

Leaf photosynthetic rate changes across the growing season as crop plants age. Most studies of leaf photosynthesis focus on a specific growth stage, leaving the question of which pattern of photosynthetic dynamics maximizes crop productivity unanswered. Here we obtained high-frequency data of canopy leaf CO2 assimilation rate (A) of two elite rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars and 76 inbred lines across the whole growing season. The integrated A value after heading was positively associated with crop growth rate (CGR) from heading to harvest, but that before heading was not. A curve-smoothing analysis of A after heading showed that accumulated A at > 80% of its maximum (A80) was positively correlated with CGR in analyses of all lines mixed and of lines grouped by genetic background, while the maximum A and accumulated A at ≤ 80% were less strongly correlated with CGR. We also found a genomic region (~ 12.2 Mb) that may enhance both A80 and aboveground biomass at harvest. We propose that maintaining a high A after heading, rather than having high maximum A, is a potential target for enhancing rice biomass accumulation.

JYD01, a newly synthesized diterpenoid derivative, induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells through detaching hexokinase II from mitochondria / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effect of JYD01, an ent-kaurane diterpenoid analog, on detaching hexokinase II (HK II) from mitochondria, and discuss the underlying mechanism of anti-gastric cancer cell proliferation. Methods MTT assay was performed to measure the effect of JYD01 on the growth capacity of human gastric cancer cell lines MGC-803 and BGC-823. The glycolysis of MGC-803 cells in response to JYD01 was analyzed using a Seahorse XFp extracellular flux analyzer by real-time measurements of the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR, indicative of glycolysis). The effect of JYD01 in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and apoptosis was observed by a fluorescence microscopy. The apoptotic rate and the quantitative analysis of MMP falling of cell lines treated with JYD01 were analyzed by flow cytometry. The proteins were determined by Western blot. Results JYD01 observably inhibited the growth of MGC-803 and BGC-823 cells in a dose-dependent manner. JYD01 induced a dose-dependent detachment of HK II from mitochondria of MGC-803 cells, effectively reduced glycolysis, and caused the drop of MMP leading to the release of cytochrome c. 1, 2 and 4 μmol · L

Application of enhance recovery after surgery combined with system nursing in patients with thoracolumbar fracture accompanied by nerve injury / 中华创伤杂志

Objective:To discuss the application effect of enhance recovery after surgery (ERAS) combined with system nursing in patients with thoracolumbar fracture accompanied by nerve injury.Methods:A retrospective case-control study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 84 patients with bilateral thoracolumbar fractures accompanied by nerve injury admitted to Henan Provincial People's Hospital from August 2017 to January 2020. All patients were treated with posterior thoracolumbar spinal canal decompression, bone grafting and internal fixation. There were 55 males and 29 females, aged 36-49 years [(43.2±5.2)years]. The injury segments were located at T 10-T 11 in 6 patients, T 11-T 12 in 38, T 12-L 1 in 31, and L 1-L 2 in 9. According to the Frankel classification of neurological function, 19 patients were rated as grade A, 22 grade B, 38 grade C, and 5 grade D. A total of 42 patients were treated by ERAS combined with system nursing (ERAS group), and 42 patients by routine rehabilitation nursing (routine nursing group). The hospitalization time, incidence of perioperative complications, and patients' satisfaction with nursing work were recorded. The visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were evaluated at postoperative 1 week and 3 months. The Frankel classification of neurological function and the MOS item short from health survey (SF-36) score were measured at postoperative 3 months. Results:All patients were followed up for 3-4 months [(3.2±1.7)months]. The hospitalization time in ERAS group was (10.9±1.6)days, significantly shorter than (14.4±1.2)days in routine nursing group ( P<0.05). The incidence of perioperative complications in ERAS group was 10%(4/42), significantly shorter than 29%(12/42) in routine nursing group ( P<0.05). The satisfaction rates in ERAS group and routine nursing group were 93%(39/42) and 76%(32/42), respectively ( P<0.05). At 1 week and 3 months after operation, the VAS in ERAS group [(1.7±0.4)points, (1.2±0.3)points]was significantly lower than those in routine nursing group [(4.8±0.9)points, (3.1±0.7)points]( P<0.05). At 1 week and 3 months after operation, the ODI in ERAS group [(13.5±1.8)points, (10.3±1.4)points] was significantly lower than those in routine nursing group [(17.9±2.0)points, (15.6±2.1)points]( P<0.05). At 3 months after operation, according to the Frankel classification, there were 2 patients with grade A, 9 with grade B, 13 with grade C, 13 with grade D and 5 with grade E in ERAS group, and there were 8 patients with grade A, 8 with grade B, 12 with grade C, 10 with grade D, and 4 with grade E in routine nursing group. The recovery rate of grade A or above in ERAS group was 95%(40/42), significantly higher than 81%(34/42) in routine nursing group ( P<0.05)]. At 3 months after operation, the SF-36 score in ERAS group was better than that in routine nursing group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:For patients with thoracolumbar fracture accompanied by nerve injury, ERAS combined system nursing can shorten the hospitalization time, reduce perioperative complications, improve patients' satisfaction, reduce pain, promote the recovery of nerve function, and improve the quality of life.

Ultrasonographic analysis of peripheral pulmonary lesions in AIDS-related tuberculosis / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To investigate ultrasonographic characteristics of peripheral pulmonary lesions in AIDS-related tuberculosis,and to discuss their relationship with blood CD4+T lymphocyte level. Methods Ultrasonographic and clinical data of 63 cases of AIDS-related tuberculosis, which were confirmed by ultrasound-guided lung biopsy,were analysed retrospectively. Results Ultrasonographic characteristics classified as solid hypoechoic in 38 cases ( 60.3% ),diffused astral sign in 16 cases ( 25.4% ), and mixed solid-liquid echo in 9 cases (14.3% ).Blood CD4+T lymphocyte count was significantly lower in patients who showed diffused astral sign in pulmonary lesions ultrasonography,than those in patients who showed solid hypoechoic and mixed solid-fluid echo ( P ＜ 0.001 ). Conclusions Ultrasonography of peripheral pulmonary lesions may reveal various imaging characteristics in AIDS-related tuberculosis. The declining level of blood CD4+T lymphocyte count may determine the ultrasonographic features of pulmonary lesions.

Clinical application evaluation of clinical practice guideline on traditional Chinese medicine therapy alone or combined with antibiotics for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection / 中国中药杂志

A questionnaire survey of 1 000 clinicians having experience in treating uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections from different levels of hospitals was conducted to mainly evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of clinical application of clinical practice guideline on traditional Chinese medicine therapy alone or combined with antibiotics for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection(hereinafter referred to as Guideline). The research was conducted with the three-level quality control strictly throughout the process, and the data was real and reliable. The survey's results showed that: most clinicians considered that the Guideline had good clinical applicability. The availability and price of the recommended medicine were moderate. Traditional Chinese medicine had obvious features and advantages in treating lower urinary tract infection for it could reduce the usage of antibiotics and shorten the course of antibiotic application. In the recommendation section, clinicians proposed increasing medication guidance, updating the Guideline timely, as well as increasing treating methods and techniques, strengthen propaganda and promotion, and improve the use of evidence-based methods. In the evaluation of effectiveness, the majority of clinicians agreed that the definition in both traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western medicine and differential diagnosis in the Guideline were accurately described and the basic principle of treatment as well as the treating method of TCM were recommended appropriately. The TCM formulas and Chinese patent medicine had good effect. Some clinicians suggested refining the syndrome differentiation of stranguria. Some clinicians considered that the formulas and herbs recommended in Guideline didn't have obvious effect and some had doubts about the manipulation of fumigation and washing in the part of other methods recommended in Guideline. Moreover, specification and procedure of manipulation of fumigation and washing using herbs and the acupuncture included in characteristic TCM therapy treating uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection remained to be developed.

Advances in small molecular drugs targeted mutant p53 / 中国药理学通报

Tumor suppressor p53 protein can regulate the tran-scription of target genes, to control cell apoptosis, aging and other life activities,but mutant p53 is prone to losing antitumor function, thus promoting tumor development. At present, p53 protein has become one of the hot targets for the treatment of cancer. This article mainly introduces the structure and mechanism of small molecular compounds with restoring activity of mutant p53 as the target.

Analysis on the Development Status and References of the Private Finance Initiative Hospital Program in UK's National Health Service / 中国卫生经济

According to the official website of the Department of Health & Social Care,Mainly media and Independent research sector in UK and the literature analysis,it obtained related information about PFI in the UK's National Health Service(NHS).Through the description of status quo of the development of Private Finance Initiative(PFI) programs,it analyzed the existential issues,influences and improvement measures,so as to provide references for China's Public-Private Partnership(PPP)/PFI programs.

Research on the Model of the Private Sector Involved in Health Care Services in UK / 中国卫生经济

By visiting the official website of the Department of Health and Social Care,Mainstream Media and Independent Research Sector in UK.,and literature analysis,it accessed to relate information about private sector participated in health care services,and conducted the systematic description on the progress,and finally summarized the relevant experience and development trends.

The relationship between smoking status and epidermiology of asthma in people aged over 14 years in China / 中华内科杂志

Objective To study the relationship between bronchial asthma and smoking status in Chinese people.Methods Asthma epidemiological survey and stratified-cluster-random method survey were performed in residents over 14 years in 8 provinces (cities) of China from February 2010 to August 2012.Asthma was diagnosed based upon case history,clinical signs and lung function test.Smoking status was investigated by questionnaire.Results Sampling population was 180 099 and 164 215 were valid.A total of 2 034 subjects were diagnosed as asthma including 79 692 men and 84 523 women.The overall prevalence rate of asthma was 1.24％ (2 034/164 215).Smokers were 23.8％ (39 137/164 215) in the whole population.Smokers were 34.5％ (702/2 034) in asthmatic patients,compared with 23.7％ (38 435/ 162 181) in no-asthmatic population.The incidence of asthma was 1.79％ and 1.06％ in smokers and nonsmokers respectively (P ＜0.001),suggesting that OR of smoking was 1.70 (95％ CI 1.55-1.86,P ＜ 0.001).According to asthma control test (ACT) score,the level of asthma control in non smoking group was higher than that in smoking group(43.2％ vs 35.3％).The times of hospitalization due to acute exacerbations (0.51 vs 0.41 events/person/year),total hospitalization rate (27.35 ％ vs 20.12％),annual emergency room visits (0.80 vs 0.60 events/person/year) and emergency room visit rate (31.77％ vs 24.47％) were all much higher in smoking asthmatic patients than those in non smoking asthmatic patients,indicating that the level of asthma control in smoking patients was significantly worse than in non smoking patients.Conclusions The smoking rate in Chinese people over 14 years is still high.The prevalence rate of asthma in smokers is significantly higher than that of non-smokers.The level of asthma control in smokers is significantly worse than that in non smokers.

Effect of FCGR3A Polymorphisms on NK Cell Function / 中国医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the effect of FCGR3A polymorphisms on NK cell function. Methods Peripheral blood samples from can?cer patients were collected and FCGR3A polymorphisms were confirmed by PCR. In vitro proliferation rates,ADCC activity,and expression of NK cell activating receptors were compared under trastumab stimulation. Results This study showed that the wild?type FCGR3A exhibited a higher affinity to trastumab along with better NK cell proliferation and ADCC activity than the mutant type. Compared to the patients with wild?type FC?GR3A,the proliferation rates of NK cells in patients with the mutant type were reduced by approximately 8?fold. In addition,the expression of NK cell activating receptors in patients with wild?type FCGR3A was higher than in patients with the mutant type. Conclusion Mutations in FC?GR3Areduce NK cell function,causing a poor reaction to monoclonal antibody.

Application of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement-derived real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in monitoring minimal residual disease of B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia / 白血病·淋巴瘤

Objective To establish a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia according to individualized and specific immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in leukemia cells, and to use it for the monitoring of minimal residual disease (MRD) of B-cell lymphocytic leukemia. Methods The immunoglobulin gene rearrangements of bone marrow samples from 15 cases of B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia were analyzed with a validated European BIOMED-2 system, and the individualized and specific qPCR-based quantification of leukemic immunoglobulin gene rearrangements was established. Results Unique and specific gene rearrangements of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains were identified in 14 cases and Ig-qPCR based on these gene rearrangements had a sensitivity of 10-5 and high specificity which met the international criteria in 10 patients. Leukemia MRD quantification with immunoglobulin gene rearrangement-based qPCR was similar as compared with other MRD detection methods. Conclusion Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement-based leukemia MRD quantification is feasible, sensitive, specific, precise and much valuable for clinical decision of treatments in B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia.

Analysis of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome / 中国医科大学学报

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of HLA identical and haploidentical related allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell trans?plantation in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia(AML)and myelodysplastic syndrome(MDS). Methods A total of 21 patients with AML and 8 patients with MDS who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in our hospital from April 2011 to April 2016 were ana?lyzed retrospectively,including 16 cases of HLA?identical allogeneic HSCT,10 cases of haploidentical allogeneic HSCT,and 3 cases of syngeneic HSCT. BUCY2 or TBI plus CY ± chemotherapeutic agents was the regular conditioning regimen. No graft versus host disease(GVHD)prophylax?is was required for syngeneic HSCT,but cyclosporine in combination with methotraxate was essential for allogeneic HSCT,cyclosporine,methotrax?ate,antithymocyte globulin,mycophenolate mofetil and glucosteroids for haploidentical HSCT. Results All patients achieved fully donor?originat?ed hematopoiesis. Two patients died of severe acute GVHD within 100 days post HSCT. Acute GVHD with gradeⅡ?Ⅳoccurred in 23.1%(6/26) patients,chronic GVHD in 50%patients,therapy and relapse?relevant mortality was 4/29(13.8%)and 6/29(20.7%)cases within a median follow?up of 23(1?60)months,respectively. Two?year overall survival and leukemia free survival rates are 68.09%( 95%CI:45.77%?82.78%)and 60.22%(95%CI:38.19%?76.55%),respectively. High risk AML is still the main challenge to long?term leukemia free survival. Conclusion HLA identical and haploidentical allogeneic HSCT for AML and MDS is safe ,effective and feasible. Minimal residual disease monitoring and pre?ventative as well as preemptive intervention is necessary for improving prognosis of high risk AML.

A classification of types of hepatic vein based on data obtained from a computer-assisted surgery system and its clinical implications in liver surgery / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective To classify the types of hepatic vein and to measure their corresponding liver venous drainage volumes based on analysis of data obtained from a computer-assisted surgery system with an aim to provide an anatomical basis on individualized anatomical hepatectomy.Methods Thin-layer computed tomography (CT) imaging on 570 patients were reconstructed using the Hisense CAS.The types of hepatic vein were classified according to their anatomical variations.The margins of the hemilivers or sectors and their corresponding hepatic venous drainage volumes were displayed.Results The major hepatic veins were classified into three types:Type Ⅰ (270/570,47.4％),type Ⅱ (294/570,51.6％),and type Ⅲ (6/570,1.0％).The left hepatic vein (LHV) was classified as type Ⅰ in 190/570 (33.3％),type Ⅱ in 79/570 (13.9％),and type Ⅲ in 301/570 (52.8％).The middle hepatic vein (MHV) was classified as type Ⅰ in313/570 (54.9％),type Ⅱ in 174/570 (30.5％),and type Ⅲ in 83/570 (14.6％).The right hepatic vein (RHV) was classified as type Ⅰ in 456/570 (80.0％),type Ⅱ in 79/570 (13.9％),and type Ⅲ in 35/570 (6.1％).Type Ⅰ was further classified into four subtypes of A (26/456,5.7％),B (404/456,88.6％),C (20/456,4.4％),and D (6/456,1.3％).The LHV volume was (25.0± 6.6) ％,the MHV volume was (34.8 ± 9.5) ％ and the RHV volume was (25.1 ± 11.6) ％ in 63 patients with inferior right hepatic veins (IRHV).The IRHV and other branches volumes were (14.7 ± 7.4) ％.The RHV volume was (40.7 ± 8.6) ％ in 68 patients without IRHV.Conclusions Hepatic venous variations are complex.Significant differences existed in the hepatic venous drainage volumes.The Hisense CAS clearly delineated the relationship between the intrahepatic vascular structures and the liver carcinoma which hopefully can lead to improvement in the success rate of complex hepatectomy.

A classification of types of hepatic vein based on data obtained from a computer-assisted surgery system and its clinical implications in liver surgery / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective To classify the types of hepatic vein and to measure their corresponding liver venous drainage volumes based on analysis of data obtained from a computer-assisted surgery system with an aim to provide an anatomical basis on individualized anatomical hepatectomy.Methods Thin-layer computed tomography (CT) imaging on 570 patients were reconstructed using the Hisense CAS.The types of hepatic vein were classified according to their anatomical variations.The margins of the hemilivers or sectors and their corresponding hepatic venous drainage volumes were displayed.Results The major hepatic veins were classified into three types:Type Ⅰ (270/570,47.4％),type Ⅱ (294/570,51.6％),and type Ⅲ (6/570,1.0％).The left hepatic vein (LHV) was classified as type Ⅰ in 190/570 (33.3％),type Ⅱ in 79/570 (13.9％),and type Ⅲ in 301/570 (52.8％).The middle hepatic vein (MHV) was classified as type Ⅰ in313/570 (54.9％),type Ⅱ in 174/570 (30.5％),and type Ⅲ in 83/570 (14.6％).The right hepatic vein (RHV) was classified as type Ⅰ in 456/570 (80.0％),type Ⅱ in 79/570 (13.9％),and type Ⅲ in 35/570 (6.1％).Type Ⅰ was further classified into four subtypes of A (26/456,5.7％),B (404/456,88.6％),C (20/456,4.4％),and D (6/456,1.3％).The LHV volume was (25.0± 6.6) ％,the MHV volume was (34.8 ± 9.5) ％ and the RHV volume was (25.1 ± 11.6) ％ in 63 patients with inferior right hepatic veins (IRHV).The IRHV and other branches volumes were (14.7 ± 7.4) ％.The RHV volume was (40.7 ± 8.6) ％ in 68 patients without IRHV.Conclusions Hepatic venous variations are complex.Significant differences existed in the hepatic venous drainage volumes.The Hisense CAS clearly delineated the relationship between the intrahepatic vascular structures and the liver carcinoma which hopefully can lead to improvement in the success rate of complex hepatectomy.

Apoptosis in response to heat stress is positively associated with heat-shock protein 90 expression in chicken myocardial cells in vitro

To determine heat-shock protein (Hsp)90 expression is connected with cellular apoptotic response to heat stress and its mechanism, chicken (Gallus gallus) primary myocardial cells were treated with the Hsp90 promoter, aspirin, and its inhibitor, geldanamycin (GA), before heat stress. Cellular viability, heat-stressed apoptosis and reactive oxygen species level under different treatments were measured, and the expression of key proteins of the signaling pathway related to Hsp90 and their colocalization with Hsp90 were detected. The results showed that aspirin treatment increased the expression of protein kinase B (Akt), the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 and p-IKKα/β and the colocalization of Akt and STAT-3 with Hsp90 during heat stress, which was accompanied by improved viability and low apoptosis. GA significantly inhibited Akt expression and p-IKKα/β level, but not STAT-3 quantity, while the colocalization of Akt and STAT-3 with Hsp90 was weakened, followed by lower cell viability and higher apoptosis. Aspirin after GA treatment partially improved the stress response and apoptosis rate of tested cells caused by the recovery of Akt expression and colocalization, rather than the level of STAT-3 (including its co-localization with Hsp90) and p-IKKα/β. Therefore, Hsp90 expression has a positive effect on cellular capacity to resist heat-stressed injury and apoptosis. Moreover, inhibition of Hsp90 before stress partially attenuated its positive effects.

The effects of anti-VEGF drugs on the retinal pigment epithelium and inner segment after intravitreal injection in the monkeys / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

? AIM: To compare the effects on the retina inner segment and retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) of intravitreally injecting bevacizumab, ranibizumab and aflibercept into monkey eyes.? METHODS: Fourteen healthy cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis, aged 3-8y,10 males,4 females) were raised at the Covance Laboratories under standard conditions. The 14 monkeys were grouped into 4 groups. Three of the groups with 4 monkeys each were injected intravitreally with one of the drugs, either bevacizumab, ranibizumab or aflibercept, while the 4th group with 2 monkeys served as a negative control. On 1d and 7d of injection, 2 monkeys from each drug treatment group were sacrificed under general anaesthesia and the 4 eyes were enucleated. All the enucleated eyes were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin wax, cut into 4. 0 μm sections and deparaffinized according to standard procedures. Image-Pro Plus was used for all the photos to measure the content of vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) in the inner segment and RPE. The ANOVA test from JMP10. 0 statistical program was used to evaluate the results.?RESULTS:Retinal sections were checked for their anti-VEGF immune reactivity. The untreated control samples had the highest level of VEGF in the RPE and inner segment. All of these three drugs can reduce the level of VEGF in the RPE and inner segment, but Avastin seems to be more effective than Eylea in this regard. Lucentis treatment at 1d seems to be more effective than Eylea at VEGF 1d. But at 7d, both Lucentis and Eylea have the same effect on reducing VEGF expression level in the RPE and inner segment.?CONCLUSION: All of these three drugs can reduce the level of VEGF in the RPE and inner segment.