Mechanisms, patterns and outcomes of paediatric polytrauma in a UK major trauma centre.

Introduction Paediatric trauma is a significant burden to healthcare worldwide and accounts for a large proportion of deaths in the UK. Methods This retrospective study examined the epidemiological data from a major trauma centre in the UK between January 2012 and December 2014, reviewing all cases of moderate to severe trauma in children. Patients were included if aged ≤16 years and if they had an abbreviated injury scale score of ≥2 in one or more body region. Results A total of 213 patients were included in the study, with a mean age of 7.8 years (standard deviation [SD]: 5.2 years). The most common cause of injury was vehicle related incidents (46%). The median length of hospital stay was 5 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 4-10 days). Approximately half (52%) of the patients had to stay in the intensive care unit, for a median of 1 day (IQR: 0-2 days). The mortality rate was 6.6%. The mean injury severity score was 19 (SD: 10). Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a positive correlation for injury severity score with length of stay in hospital (p<0.001). Conclusions There is significant variation in mechanism of injury, severity and pattern of paediatric trauma across age groups. A multidisciplinary team approach is imperative, and patients should be managed in specialist centres to optimise their care and eventual functional recovery. Head injury remained the most common, with significant mortality in all age groups. Rib fractures and pelvic fractures should be considered a marker for the severity of injury, and should alert doctors to look for other associated injuries.

Smart consultation for musculoskeletal trauma: accuracy of using smart phones for fracture diagnosis.

INTRODUCTION: Musculoskeletal trauma occupies a significant proportion of the daily workload of most Emergency and Radiology departments. The diagnosis and management of patients with musculoskeletal trauma often require assessment of radiographs along with clinical assessment. With the advent of smart phones we hypothesised that they could be used as a means of smarter communication, particularly for the transfer of radiographic images between healthcare professionals. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We performed a cross sectional study using thirty radiographs each of the distal radius, ankle and hip. The study was approved by Ethics Committee and all data were anonymized in accordance to Caldicott guidelines and data protection act 1998. Photographs of radiographs were taken using an iphone camera and sent to three independent Orthopaedic Registrars via Multimedia messaging service (MMS). Each Registrar independently assessed these images on their smart phone display in their own time and recorded the specific diagnosis along with the classification of fractures and specific treatment plan. The accuracy of diagnosis on smart phone was measured against the radiology report; and inter observer agreement was assessed among registrars for classification and treatment plan. RESULTS: The overall accuracy of fracture diagnosis was 97.7% with sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 94.4%. The inter observer agreement analysis showed kappa (k) values of 0.67, 0.67 and 0.71 for classification of wrist, ankle and hip fractures respectively showing substantial agreement while kappa values for management plan were 0.65, 0.88 and 0.65 for the three fractures respectively showing substantial to near perfect agreement. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that smart phone can be used as a safe and accurate tool for skeletal trauma consultation among oncall doctors and can help reduce the waiting time in emergency departments.

Necrotizing fasciitis of the lower extremity: a case report and current concept of diagnosis and management.

Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe soft tissue infection characterized by rapidly progressing necrosis, involving subcutaneous tissues. This rare condition carries high mortality rate and require prompt diagnosis and urgent treatment with radical debridement and antibiotics. We describe a case of 21-year old man who presented with the history of trivial injury to the knee. Initially he was admitted and treated for septic arthritis but later was diagnosed as necrotizing fasciitis which was successfully treated with no ill effects what so ever from this devastating condition. This rare condition has been reported in literature but still early diagnosis, which is a key for successful treatment, remains a challenge.