Metabolic profile of goats fed diets containing crude glycerin from biodiesel production.

Feedlot finishing of goats is a growing practice, but the economic viability of this technology is compromised by the inclusion of ingredients such as corn and soybean. An alternative to minimize this barrier is the use of agroindustry coproducts as substitutes for those ingredients, such as crude glycerol. This study aimed to evaluated the metabolism of crossbred Boer finishing goats fed diets containing crude glycerin from biodiesel production. Thirty-two crossbred, castrated goat of age were distributed in a fully randomized experimental design with four treatments and eight replicates. The experiment lasted 69 days, and goats were fed sorghum silage and concentrate, with the inclusion of crude glycerin in the diet at levels of 0, 50, 100, and 150 g/kg on a dry matter basis. The diets did not have an effect (p > 0.05) on the serum urea levels. Increasing dietary crude glycerin levels did not the influence the metabolic or urinary profiles (p > 0.05). The liver tissue of the goats fed diets containing the highest crude glycerin inclusion levels showed deleterious effects. The inclusion of crude glycerin with approximately 6.6 g/kg methanol caused deleterious effects to the liver tissue of Boer crossbred goats as the glycerin concentrations increased. However, glycerin levels did not cause deleterious effects on the liver tissue or on the serum or urinary profiles. The use of crude glycerin with lower methanol content is recommended for goat diets.

A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in goats.

The aim of this study was evaluate to seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in goats worldwide and the main risk factors associated from 2000 to 2020, through meta-analysis with 55,317 goats from 75 reports published in seven electronic databases of major global importance. A global seroprevalence detected was 27.49% (95% CI 24.15-30.95; I2 = 99%), with the lowest percentage in Asia (20.74%; 95% CI 16.45-25.39) and highest in Central America (62.15%; 95% CI 57.28-66.90) and Europe (31.53%; 95% CI 21.71-42.26). The seropositivity in Africa and South America were (29.41%; 95% CI 19.11-40.89) and (29.76%; 95% CI 25.84-33.83), respectively. The seroprevalence was associated with presence of cats (OR 2.22; 95% CI 1.30-3.82), goats older than one year (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1, 37-2.29), females (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.23-1.65), rearing system (extensive vs. intensive) (OR 4.82; 95% CI 1.96-11, 84) and rearing system (semi-intensive vs. intensive) (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.48-6.13). The heterogeneity was evidenced in most world regions and the risk factors may play roles in varying the seroprevalence.

Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and risk factors associated with infection in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from Maranhão State, Brazil.

The aim of this work was to determine the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from Maranhão State, Brazil, and identify risk factors associated with infection. In total, 338 buffaloes of different ages and both sexes from four farms were randomly selected. Information about the study region, animals and management was collected using an epidemiological questionnaire. Sera were subjected to an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) to detect anti-N caninum antibodies, while N. caninum DNA was detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The overall seroprevalence of N. caninum in buffaloes was 27.5% (93/338), while DNA was detected in 3.0% (3/101) samples. The proportion of positive animals detected by IFAT and PCR simultaneously was 2.6% (2/77). The risk factors for N. caninum infection were contact with fomites (p = 0.022), management conditions (p = 0.005), calving interval of 20 months (p = 0.010) and deworming management (application 3 times a year in adults and calves, p = 0.020; change of anthelmintic group, p = 0.040). By multivariate analysis, management conditions was a risk factor for N. caninum infection with odds ratio of 2.2 (95% CI 1.0-4.6). This is the first report of the prevalence and risk factors for neosporosis in B. bubalis of Maranhão State, Brazil. Thus, N. caninum is widely distributed in buffalo herds in Maranhão, with management conditions being a risk factor for infection. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the importance of buffaloes in the epidemiology of neosporosis in Maranhão State.

Physiological responses, water consumption, and feeding behaviour of lamb breeds fed diets containing different proportions of concentrate

The use of adapted breeds, such as Santa Inês, is of paramount importance for regions with high temperatures because they develop efficient mechanisms for heat dissipation. Furthermore, some breeds have physiological adaptations, such as more efficient mechanisms for the digestion of fibrous foods (e.g. Rabo Largo), which can reduce the harmful effects of semiarid environments. We studied the ingestive behaviour, water consumption, and physiological parameters during feeding of two native sheep breeds fed diets containing high (700 g/kg DM; HC diet) or low (300 g/kg DM; LC diet) percentages of concentrates, based on dry matter (DM). A total of 40 uncastrated male lambs (20 Rabo Largo [breed 1] and 20 Santa Inês [breed 2], with an average body weight of 16.68 ± 2.78 kg, and 19.29 kg ± 3.28 kg, respectively), were distributed in a randomised block design in a two-by-two factorial scheme (breeds × diets) with 10 repetitions. Santa Inês lambs consumed and ruminated DM (P = 0.029 for both) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF; P = 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively) more efficiently than RaboLargo lambs, while the latter showed an increase in respiratory rate (+19 breaths/min) and rectal temperature (+1.3 °C) compared to the Santa Inês lambs (P = 0.001). The HC diet negatively affected (P < 0.05) the feeding behaviour of the animals, reflecting the higher (P < 0.05) water consumption. The results showed that diets rich in concentrate negatively affected the thermoregulation of lambs. Santa Inês have greater feed and thermoregulatory efficiency than Rabo Largo lambs under conditions of heat stress in the feedlot.(AU)

Physiological responses, water consumption, and feeding behaviour of lamb breeds fed diets containing different proportions of concentrate

The use of adapted breeds, such as Santa Inês, is of paramount importance for regions with high temperatures because they develop efficient mechanisms for heat dissipation. Furthermore, some breeds have physiological adaptations, such as more efficient mechanisms for the digestion of fibrous foods (e.g. Rabo Largo), which can reduce the harmful effects of semiarid environments. We studied the ingestive behaviour, water consumption, and physiological parameters during feeding of two native sheep breeds fed diets containing high (700 g/kg DM; HC diet) or low (300 g/kg DM; LC diet) percentages of concentrates, based on dry matter (DM). A total of 40 uncastrated male lambs (20 Rabo Largo [breed 1] and 20 Santa Inês [breed 2], with an average body weight of 16.68 ± 2.78 kg, and 19.29 kg ± 3.28 kg, respectively), were distributed in a randomised block design in a two-by-two factorial scheme (breeds × diets) with 10 repetitions. Santa Inês lambs consumed and ruminated DM (P = 0.029 for both) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF; P = 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively) more efficiently than RaboLargo lambs, while the latter showed an increase in respiratory rate (+19 breaths/min) and rectal temperature (+1.3 °C) compared to the Santa Inês lambs (P = 0.001). The HC diet negatively affected (P < 0.05) the feeding behaviour of the animals, reflecting the higher (P < 0.05) water consumption. The results showed that diets rich in concentrate negatively affected the thermoregulation of lambs. Santa Inês have greater feed and thermoregulatory efficiency than Rabo Largo lambs under conditions of heat stress in the feedlot.

Seroprevalence and risk factors for Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in goats of Maranhão State, Brazil.

We estimated the seroprevalence and possible risk factors for neosporosis and toxoplasmosis in goats in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. In addition, the variables related to these animals and the management of the farm were investigated in terms of the significance of the associations. In total, 383 serum samples from goats, of both sexes and different ages, were collected from 15 farms in four municipalities. The indirect immunofluorescence test was used for antibody detection against Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. The overall seroprevalence of N. caninum in goats was 26.4% (101/382; IC 95% 22.3-31.1), and 114 out of 383 serum samples were T. gondii-seropositive (29.8%, IC 95% 25.4-34.5). In addition, the seroprevalence of coinfection of T. gondii and N. caninum in goats was 8.6% (33/382; IC 95% 6.2-11.8). The risk factors significantly associated with the seroprevalence of N. caninum were age, type of sheepfold floor, rearing system, feeding, pasture area cultivated, cats having access to the feed deposits, worming, slaughter place of the animals, history of abortion and the presence of dogs and cats. Regarding the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection, age, category, presence of other species and purpose of breeding were the risk factors. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the seroprevalence and risk factors for N. caninum and T. gondii in goats in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, which provides basic data for the implementation of strategies and control measures against neosporosis and toxoplasmosis.

Digestibility, ingestive behavior, and nitrogen balance in goat kids fed a diet containing dehydrated passion fruit residue

The objective was to determine the optimal dehydrated passion fruit pulp replacing ground corn in diets for goat kids. We used 24 crossbred castrated goat kids with initial body weight of 26.6±0.3 kg. The experimental period was 23 days, with 15 days of adjustment and acclimatization (mostly to the installation and diet). Kids were distributed in a randomized experimental design with four treatments of 0, 80, 160, or 240 g/kg of dehydrated passion fruit residue as a supplementary inclusion in the dry matter (DM) content of the diet. The statistical model considered the fixed effect of the included amount of residue from dehydrated passion fruit. Analysis of variance was conducted using the PROC GLM of SAS. Intakes of DM and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were not affected by residue inclusion. However, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake increased linearly. The inclusion linearly decreased intake of ether extract (EE) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC). Crude protein (CP) intake was quadratically affected, with a greater value under treatment of 160 g/kg passion fruit. Dry matter and NFC digestibility decreased linearly with the amount of passion fruit included in diet. Fecal N and total N excretion values (in g/d and %N intake) increased linearly. Nitrogen balance and N retained values showed a quadratic increase, with greater values under the 160 g/kg inclusion. Time spent ruminating, DM and NDF eating efficiency, and g DM/bolus chewed were affected quadratically by inclusion of passion fruit residue. The replacement of ground corn with dehydrated passion fruit residue at a level of 160 g/kg is recommended for diets of goat kids to improve their NDF and CP intake and their N balance without affecting DM and TDN intakes.

Fermentative profile, losses and chemical composition of silage soybean genotypes amended with sugarcane levels.

The experiment aimed to evaluate the fermentative and nutritional profile of the silage of four soybean plant genotypes (BRS 333 RR, Pampeanas: C50, C60, and C70) ensiled with levels of sugarcane (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%). The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, in factorial scheme 4 × 5 (four soybean genotypes and five levels of sugarcane inclusion) with four replicates. Silages with 100% soybean plant presented the highest levels of butyric acid (P < 0.001) and ammoniacal nitrogen (P < 0.047); however, the intermediate addition of sugarcane contributed to lactic fermentation (P < 0.001). Besides, there was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) for the recovery of dry matter, which ranged from 83.28 to 95.29%, with higher values observed for silage with the same proportions of soybean plant and sugarcane. It was verified that the crude protein content exhibited decreasing linear effects (P < 0.001), varying among 4.60 to 7.48% in the silages. It was concluded that the highest recovery of dry matter, the best fermentation profile, and the highest levels of crude protein and digestibility occurred in the inclusion between 25 and 50% of sugarcane in soybean silage, with the superiority of the C50 soybean genotype.

A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of risk factors for Neospora caninum seroprevalence in goats.

This meta-analysis aimed to estimate N. caninum seroprevalence in goats worldwide to determine the main risk factors for seropositivity that could be associated with parasite infection in herds. Four electronic databases were searched: PubMed, SciELO, Scopus and the VHL Regional Portal. Firstly, 367 articles were identified. After removing duplicates and non-eligible papers. A total of 36 articles were selected, which contained information concerning 22,234 goats, between 2004-2019. The combined seroprevalence of infection using a meta-analysis of the random effects model was 5.99 % (95 %, CI 4.38-7.83). The overall estimated N. caninum seroprevalence showed high heterogeneity, I2 = 97 %. The present study showed that seropositive goats were 3.07 times more likely to abort (OR 3.07; 95 % CI 1.02-9.22) than seronegative animals. The presence of dogs on farms also increased the odds of N. caninum seropositivity (OR 1.40; 95 % CI 1.01-1.94). In addition, male animals had higher odds of being seropositive to neosporosis than females (OR 1.31; 95 % CI 1.00-1.71). N. caninum seroprevalence in goats is widely distributed worldwide, with the American continent having a higher proportion of seropositive animals.

Economic analysis of the finishing of lambs under confinement conditions using licuri cake ( Syagrus coronata Mart. Becc.) / Análise econômica da terminação de cordeiros em condições de confinamento utilizando torta de licuri (Syagrus coronata(Mart.)Becc.)

The present study endeavors to determine the impact of the inclusion of licuri tart in the diet of finishing lambs, Santa Inês mestizos, by evaluating the economic parameters. For this purpose, a total of 44 lambs, including both uncastrated as well as vaccinated and wormed lambs, with an average age of six months and a mean body weight of 21.2 kg ± 2.7 kg, were employed. Initially, the lambs were fed on the diet which consisted of 40% Tifton-85 hay and 60% of a concentrated mixture, mainly composed of ground corn grain, soybean meal, mineral premix, being further followed by the inclusion of the licuri cake at four different levels (a) 0.0, (b) 8.0,(c) 16.0, and (d) 24% with respect to the dry matter. Principally, the soybean meal and milled corn were replaced by the licuri cake with these levels, thereby constituting four treatments and 11 replicates (11 lambs per treatment) in a completely randomized design. Further, for subjecting the lambs to the above mentioned four different levels of treatment, the lambs were confined for 70 days. The analysis of various economic parameters revealed that upon including the licuri cake up to the level of 24%, the operation cost decreases, which in turn results in higher profitability. However, its cost at the time of use will eventually determine its use for feeding lambs, because of the possible price variations of the ingredients used to formulate the diets along with the model of production of the rural property.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar o impacto da inclusão datorta de licuri na dieta de cordeiros em terminação, mestiços de Santa Inês, com base na analise econômica.Utilizou-se 44 cordeiros, não-castrados, vacinados e vermifugados, com média de seis meses de idade e peso corporal médio de 21,2 kg ± 2,7 Kg. Os cordeiros foram alimentados com 40% feno de Tifton-85 e 60% de uma mistura concentrada composta por grão de milho moído, farelo de soja, premix mineral e inclusão de torta de licuri nos níveis 0; 8; 16 e 24% com base na matéria seca em substituição ao farelo de soja egrão de milho moído, com esses níveis constituindo os tratamentos, utilizando-se 11 cordeiros por tratamento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os animais foram confinados por 70 dias. O menor custo operacional e consequente maior lucratividade quando se incluiu a torta de licuri até o nível de 24%. No entanto, a decisão de seu emprego na alimentação de cordeiros vai depender de seu custo no momento da utilização, considerando as possíveis variações de preços dos ingredientes utilizados para formulação das dietas e modelode produção da propriedade rural.(AU)

Economic analysis of the finishing of lambs under confinement conditions using licuri cake ( Syagrus coronata Mart. Becc.) / Análise econômica da terminação de cordeiros em condições de confinamento utilizando torta de licuri (Syagrus coronata(Mart.)Becc.)

The present study endeavors to determine the impact of the inclusion of licuri tart in the diet of finishing lambs, Santa Inês mestizos, by evaluating the economic parameters. For this purpose, a total of 44 lambs, including both uncastrated as well as vaccinated and wormed lambs, with an average age of six months and a mean body weight of 21.2 kg ± 2.7 kg, were employed. Initially, the lambs were fed on the diet which consisted of 40% Tifton-85 hay and 60% of a concentrated mixture, mainly composed of ground corn grain, soybean meal, mineral premix, being further followed by the inclusion of the licuri cake at four different levels (a) 0.0, (b) 8.0,(c) 16.0, and (d) 24% with respect to the dry matter. Principally, the soybean meal and milled corn were replaced by the licuri cake with these levels, thereby constituting four treatments and 11 replicates (11 lambs per treatment) in a completely randomized design. Further, for subjecting the lambs to the above mentioned four different levels of treatment, the lambs were confined for 70 days. The analysis of various economic parameters revealed that upon including the licuri cake up to the level of 24%, the operation cost decreases, which in turn results in higher profitability. However, its cost at the time of use will eventually determine its use for feeding lambs, because of the possible price variations of the ingredients used to formulate the diets along with the model of production of the rural property.

Objetivou-se determinar o impacto da inclusão datorta de licuri na dieta de cordeiros em terminação, mestiços de Santa Inês, com base na analise econômica.Utilizou-se 44 cordeiros, não-castrados, vacinados e vermifugados, com média de seis meses de idade e peso corporal médio de 21,2 kg ± 2,7 Kg. Os cordeiros foram alimentados com 40% feno de Tifton-85 e 60% de uma mistura concentrada composta por grão de milho moído, farelo de soja, premix mineral e inclusão de torta de licuri nos níveis 0; 8; 16 e 24% com base na matéria seca em substituição ao farelo de soja egrão de milho moído, com esses níveis constituindo os tratamentos, utilizando-se 11 cordeiros por tratamento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os animais foram confinados por 70 dias. O menor custo operacional e consequente maior lucratividade quando se incluiu a torta de licuri até o nível de 24%. No entanto, a decisão de seu emprego na alimentação de cordeiros vai depender de seu custo no momento da utilização, considerando as possíveis variações de preços dos ingredientes utilizados para formulação das dietas e modelode produção da propriedade rural.

Feeding sunflower cake from biodiesel production to Santa Ines lambs: Physicochemical composition, fatty acid profile and sensory attributes of meat.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the inclusion of sunflower cake in the diets of lambs on meat quality. Forty male, uncastrated Santa Ines lambs with an initial average body weight of 20.9 ± 0.41 kg were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments. The lambs were fed 500 g/kg hay and 500 g/kg concentrate (corn, soybean meal, urea, ammonium sulfate and sunflower cake) in their diet, and the experimental treatments were 0, 10, 20, and 30% sunflower cake inclusion (DM basis). The inclusion of sunflower cake in the diet did not affect (P > 0.05) the content of ash and protein, overall acceptance, or sensory aroma of the lamb meat. Total lipids and moisture content of the longissimus lumborum muscle increased linearly (P ≤ 0.05) with sunflower cake inclusion. The C16:0, ΣSFA, ΣMUFA:ΣSFA ratio, Δ-9 desaturase enzyme and atherogenicity index in the longissimus lumborum muscle decreased linearly (P ≤ 0.05) with sunflower cake inclusion in lamb diets, whereas a linear increase occurred (P ≤ 0.05) in C12:0, C18:0, ΣMUFA, ΣPUFA, ΣPUFA:ΣSFA and ΣPUFA:ΣMUFA ratios, Σn-6, Σn-3, desirable fatty acids, h:H index, elongase activity, and flavor, tenderness and juiciness sensory qualities in lamb meat. Among the panelists, the highest preference (35.9%) was for meat with 30% sunflower cake inclusion in the diet. Sunflower cake up to 30% of total DM can be included in the diet of Santa Ines lambs, because lipid nutritional quality and the sensory qualities of the lamb meat increase, in addition to improvement in nutraceutical compounds, such as the CLA content, and in the AI, PUFA:SFA and PUFA:MUFA ratios, desirable fatty acids content and h:H ratio, which are beneficial to the health of consumers.

Physical and chemical characteristics of milk from goats supplemented with different levels of total digestible nutrients in the dry period / Características físico-químicas do leite de cabras suplementadas com diferentes teores denutrientes digestíveis totais durante o período seco do ano

 We evaluated the physical and chemical characteristics of raw milk from goats supplemented with levels of Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) in the dry period. Samples from 20 goats were divided into 4 groups, 3 groups received 400g concentrate per animal with different levels of TDN (65, 75 and 85%), and the control group (without concentrate). Four samples of milk were used for each animal, in four sampling periods, which were subjected to physical and chemical analysis. There was no significant difference between the treatments for the parameters of acidity and fat. The diet without concentrate presented higher value for the cryoscopic index. Mean values of the four treatments were within the range set by the Brazilian legislation for all parameters evaluated. The use of concentrate, containing 85% TDN in goat supplementation, was favored the physical and chemical characteristics of the milk during the dry period.(AU)

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as características físico-químicas do leite de cabras suplementadas com teores de Nutrientes Digestíveis Totais (NDT) no período seco do ano. Foram utilizadas amostras de leite de 20 cabras as quais foram divididas em quatro grupos, sendo que três grupos receberam suplementação de 400 g de concentrado por animal com diferentes teores de NDT (65, 75 ou 85%) e o grupo controle que não recebeu concentrado. Foram utilizadas quatro amostras de leite para cada animal, em quatros períodos de coleta, as quais foram submetidas à análise físico-química de acidez titulável, crioscopia e gordura. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para os parâmetros de acidez e gordura. As amostras de leite dos animais que receberam a dieta sem concentrado apresentaram maior valor para o índice crioscópico. As médias das amostras dos quatro tratamentos estavam dentro dos parâmetros fixados pela legislação brasileira para todos os parâmetros avaliados. A utilização de concentrado contendo teor de 85% de NDT na suplementação de cabras favoreceu as características físico-químicas do leite durante o período seco.(AU)

Physical and chemical characteristics of milk from goats supplemented with different levels of total digestible nutrients in the dry period / Características físico-químicas do leite de cabras suplementadas com diferentes teores denutrientes digestíveis totais durante o período seco do ano

We evaluated the physical and chemical characteristics of raw milk from goats supplemented with levels of Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) in the dry period. Samples from 20 goats were divided into 4 groups, 3 groups received 400g concentrate per animal with different levels of TDN (65, 75 and 85%), and the control group (without concentrate). Four samples of milk were used for each animal, in four sampling periods, which were subjected to physical and chemical analysis. There was no significant difference between the treatments for the parameters of acidity and fat. The diet without concentrate presented higher value for the cryoscopic index. Mean values of the four treatments were within the range set by the Brazilian legislation for all parameters evaluated. The use of concentrate, containing 85% TDN in goat supplementation, was favored the physical and chemical characteristics of the milk during the dry period.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as características físico-químicas do leite de cabras suplementadas com teores de Nutrientes Digestíveis Totais (NDT) no período seco do ano. Foram utilizadas amostras de leite de 20 cabras as quais foram divididas em quatro grupos, sendo que três grupos receberam suplementação de 400 g de concentrado por animal com diferentes teores de NDT (65, 75 ou 85%) e o grupo controle que não recebeu concentrado. Foram utilizadas quatro amostras de leite para cada animal, em quatros períodos de coleta, as quais foram submetidas à análise físico-química de acidez titulável, crioscopia e gordura. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para os parâmetros de acidez e gordura. As amostras de leite dos animais que receberam a dieta sem concentrado apresentaram maior valor para o índice crioscópico. As médias das amostras dos quatro tratamentos estavam dentro dos parâmetros fixados pela legislação brasileira para todos os parâmetros avaliados. A utilização de concentrado contendo teor de 85% de NDT na suplementação de cabras favoreceu as características físico-químicas do leite durante o período seco.

Detoxified castor meal in substitution of soybean meal in sheep diet: growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat yield.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake, digestibility, performance, and carcass characteristics of lambs fed different levels of replacement (0, 15, 30, and 45 % based on dry matter, DM) of soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor meal (DCM). Twenty-four and 32 intact hair lambs of nondescript breed (21.7 ± 2.6 kg of initial average body weight and approximately 10 months old) were used, respectively, in the intake and digestibility and performance experiments. The diets were composed of buffel grass hay, ground corn grain, and different levels of SM, DCM, and urea, in a roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 40:60. There was no effect of treatments on DM intake. However, crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes were higher at 30 and 45 % than at 0 and 15 % of DCM, which in turn showed higher intake of non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) (P < 0.05). The organic matter, CP, and NDF digestibilities were not affected, but the digestibility of NFC was lower at 30 and 45 % than at 0 % of DCM (P < 0.05). The average daily gain, feed conversion, slaughter and carcass weights, chilling losses, ribeye area, and absolute values and yields of neck, ribs, loin, and leg were not affected. However, the carcass yield was lower at 45 % of DCM and the absolute value of shoulder was lower at 30 and 45 % of DCM (P < 0.05). The replacement of SM by DCM up to 45 % in the feed of lambs did not negatively affect the intake, digestibility, performance, and main carcass features.

Desempenho produtivo e controle parasitologico de caprinos suplementados com frutos de umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arruda) / Productive performance and parasitological control of kids supplemented with umbu fruits ("Spondias tuberosa" Arruda)

Os frutos nativos de plantas da Caatinga podem ser uma alternativa importante para proporcionar melhoria nos desempenhos produtivos dos caprinos na região semiárida brasileira. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o efeito da suplementação com frutos do umbuzeiro in natura sobre o ganho de peso e o controle anti-helmíntico em caprinos mantidos em pastagem de capim-buffel na região semiárida de Pernambuco. Foram utilizados 24 cabritos castrados e mestiços, os quais foram distribuídos homogeneamente em três tratamentos: 1) Controle, alimentaram-se exclusivamente de capim-buffel (n = 8); 2), Frutos de umbu 1x por semana (n = 8), e 3), Frutos de umbu 3x por semana (n = 8). Foram realizadas as avaliações do peso corporal, contagem do número de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e coprocultura. O consumo médio do umbu in natura foi de 1,48 kg/animal/dia, que correspondeu a média de 133,5 g de MS/animal/dia. A suplementação com umbu não afetou (P > 0,05) nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. O ganho de peso médio diário variou entre 108,75 e 116,70 g/animal/dia e o valor médio de OPG foi de 436 ovos. Neste estudo, os cabritos suplementados com frutos de umbu apresentaram bom desempenho produtivo, entretanto, a suplementação com umbu não controlou a infestação de nematódeos gastrintestinais.

Native fruits from Caatinga vegetation can be an important alternative to improve the productive performance of kids in the semi-arid region of Brazil. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation with Umbuzeiro fruits in natura over the weight gain and anthelmintic control of kids kept in Buffel grass pasture in the semi-arid zone of Pernambuco, Brazil. Twenty-four castrated, crossbreed kids were allocated into three treatments: 1) Control (n = 8) fed exclusively with Buffel grass; 2) Umbu 1x (n = 8) fed with fruits once a week and 3) Umbu 3x (n = 8) fed with fruits for three times a week. The following parameters were evaluated: variation of body weight, faecal egg counts (FEC) and coproculture. Overall, the average consumption of Umbu fruits in natura was 1.48 kg/animal/day, which corresponded to 133.5 g daily dry matter intake (DMI/animal/day). There were no significant difference (P > 0.05) for any parameters evaluated. During the experimental period, the overall daily weight gain was variable between 108.75 to 116.70 g/animal/day and the average FEC was 436 eggs. In the present study, the goat kids supplemented with fresh umbu fruits showed a good productive performance, however the supplementation with umbu did not  control the infestation of gastrointestinal nematodes in kids.

Desempenho produtivo e controle parasitologico de caprinos suplementados com frutos de umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arruda) / Productive performance and parasitological control of kids supplemented with umbu fruits ("Spondias tuberosa" Arruda)

Os frutos nativos de plantas da Caatinga podem ser uma alternativa importante para proporcionar melhoria nos desempenhos produtivos dos caprinos na região semiárida brasileira. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o efeito da suplementação com frutos do umbuzeiro in natura sobre o ganho de peso e o controle anti-helmíntico em caprinos mantidos em pastagem de capim-buffel na região semiárida de Pernambuco. Foram utilizados 24 cabritos castrados e mestiços, os quais foram distribuídos homogeneamente em três tratamentos: 1) Controle, alimentaram-se exclusivamente de capim-buffel (n = 8); 2), Frutos de umbu 1x por semana (n = 8), e 3), Frutos de umbu 3x por semana (n = 8). Foram realizadas as avaliações do peso corporal, contagem do número de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e coprocultura. O consumo médio do umbu in natura foi de 1,48 kg/animal/dia, que correspondeu a média de 133,5 g de MS/animal/dia. A suplementação com umbu não afetou (P > 0,05) nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. O ganho de peso médio diário variou entre 108,75 e 116,70 g/animal/dia e o valor médio de OPG foi de 436 ovos. Neste estudo, os cabritos suplementados com frutos de umbu apresentaram bom desempenho produtivo, entretanto, a suplementação com umbu não controlou a infestação de nematódeos gastrintestinais.(AU)

Native fruits from Caatinga vegetation can be an important alternative to improve the productive performance of kids in the semi-arid region of Brazil. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation with Umbuzeiro fruits in natura over the weight gain and anthelmintic control of kids kept in Buffel grass pasture in the semi-arid zone of Pernambuco, Brazil. Twenty-four castrated, crossbreed kids were allocated into three treatments: 1) Control (n = 8) fed exclusively with Buffel grass; 2) Umbu 1x (n = 8) fed with fruits once a week and 3) Umbu 3x (n = 8) fed with fruits for three times a week. The following parameters were evaluated: variation of body weight, faecal egg counts (FEC) and coproculture. Overall, the average consumption of Umbu fruits in natura was 1.48 kg/animal/day, which corresponded to 133.5 g daily dry matter intake (DMI/animal/day). There were no significant difference (P > 0.05) for any parameters evaluated. During the experimental period, the overall daily weight gain was variable between 108.75 to 116.70 g/animal/day and the average FEC was 436 eggs. In the present study, the goat kids supplemented with fresh umbu fruits showed a good productive performance, however the supplementation with umbu did not  control the infestation of gastrointestinal nematodes in kids.(AU)

Return of postpartum ovarian activity in dairy goats supplemented with different levels of energy / Retorno da atividade ovariana pós parto em cabras leiteiras suplementadas com diferentes níveis de energia

This study aimed to evaluate the return of post partum ovarian activity in dairy goats supplemented with different levels of energy during the dry period in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco. Twenty-four animals were allocated into four treatments of six animals each: Control, consisting of goats that had access to pasture and only received 4 kg of fresh palm, and three groups with isoproteic supplementation (20% Crude Protein), ranging in TDN content of 65%, 75% and 85%. The daily milk yield showed a linear growth behavior (P 0.05) since day 35th postpartum, when the animals recovered the weight gain and body condition score after 14 and 21 days postpartum, respectively, with slight weight gain in 75% and 85% treatments. Among the reproductive parameters, uterine involution and return to estrus activity showed a decrease in the number of days associated with the higher energy levels (P 0.05). The emergence of the 1st follicles 2 mm occurred around 33 days postpartum and the maximum diameter of the pre-ovulatory follicle was 5,41mm. These results were not influenced by treatments (P> 0.05).(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o retorno da atividade ovariana puerperal de cabras leiteiras suplementadas com diferentes níveis de energia durante o período seco do semiárido pernambucano. Foram utilizados 24 animais divididos em quatro tratamentos, com seis réplicas cada: Grupo Controle , formado por cabras que tiveram acesso apenas ao pasto e receberam 4 kg de palma in natura; e três grupos com suplementação, feita com concentrados isoprotéicos, com 20% PB, variando o teor de NDT em 65%, 75% e 85%. A produção diaria de leite apresentou um comportamento de crescimento linear (P 0,05) a partir do 35 dia pós-parto, os animais exibiram retomada do ganho de peso e escore corporal por volta dos 14 e 21 dias pós-parto, respectivamente, com ligeiro ganho de peso total nos tratamentos 75% e 85%. Dentre os parametros reprodutivos, a involução uterina e o retorno ao estro, apresentaram um decrecimo do numero de dias com o aumento do nivel de energia (P0,05).(AU)

Return of postpartum ovarian activity in dairy goats supplemented with different levels of energy / Retorno da atividade ovariana pós parto em cabras leiteiras suplementadas com diferentes níveis de energia

This study aimed to evaluate the return of post partum ovarian activity in dairy goats supplemented with different levels of energy during the dry period in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco. Twenty-four animals were allocated into four treatments of six animals each: Control, consisting of goats that had access to pasture and only received 4 kg of fresh palm, and three groups with isoproteic supplementation (20% Crude Protein), ranging in TDN content of 65%, 75% and 85%. The daily milk yield showed a linear growth behavior (P 0.05) since day 35th postpartum, when the animals recovered the weight gain and body condition score after 14 and 21 days postpartum, respectively, with slight weight gain in 75% and 85% treatments. Among the reproductive parameters, uterine involution and return to estrus activity showed a decrease in the number of days associated with the higher energy levels (P 0.05). The emergence of the 1st follicles 2 mm occurred around 33 days postpartum and the maximum diameter of the pre-ovulatory follicle was 5,41mm. These results were not influenced by treatments (P> 0.05).

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o retorno da atividade ovariana puerperal de cabras leiteiras suplementadas com diferentes níveis de energia durante o período seco do semiárido pernambucano. Foram utilizados 24 animais divididos em quatro tratamentos, com seis réplicas cada: Grupo Controle , formado por cabras que tiveram acesso apenas ao pasto e receberam 4 kg de palma in natura; e três grupos com suplementação, feita com concentrados isoprotéicos, com 20% PB, variando o teor de NDT em 65%, 75% e 85%. A produção diaria de leite apresentou um comportamento de crescimento linear (P 0,05) a partir do 35 dia pós-parto, os animais exibiram retomada do ganho de peso e escore corporal por volta dos 14 e 21 dias pós-parto, respectivamente, com ligeiro ganho de peso total nos tratamentos 75% e 85%. Dentre os parametros reprodutivos, a involução uterina e o retorno ao estro, apresentaram um decrecimo do numero de dias com o aumento do nivel de energia (P0,05).