Smoking-attributable mortality in the autonomous communities of Spain, 2017.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To estimate smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) in the regions of Spain among people aged ≥ 35 years in 2017. METHODS: SAM was estimated using a prevalence dependent method based calculating the population attributable fraction. Observed mortality was derived from the National Statistics Institute. The prevalence of smoking by age and sex was based on the Spanish National Health Survey for 2011 and 2017 and the European Survey for 2014. Relative risks were reported from the follow-up of 5 North American cohorts. SAM and population attributable fraction were estimated for each region by age group, sex, and causes of death. Cause-specific and adjusted SAM rates were estimated. RESULTS: Smoking caused 53 825 deaths in the population aged ≥ 35 years (12.9% of all-cause mortality). SAM ranged from 10.8% of observed mortality in La Rioja to 15.3% in the Canary Islands. The differences remained after rates were adjusted by age. The highest adjusted SAM rates were observed in Extremadura in men and in the Canary Islands in women. Adjusted SAM rates in men were inversely correlated with those in women. The percentage of total SAM represented by cardiovascular diseases in each region ranged from 21.8% in Castile-La Mancha to 30.3% in Andalusia. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of SAM differed among regions. Conducting a detailed region-by-region analysis provides relevant information for health policies aiming to curb the impact of smoking.

Four Decades of COPD Mortality Trends: Analysis of Trends and Multiple Causes of Death.

There is little information on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality trends, age of death, or male:female ratio. This study therefore sought to analyze time trends in mortality with COPD recorded as the underlying cause of death from 1980 through 2017, and with COPD recorded other than as the underlying cause of death. We conducted an analysis of COPD deaths in Galicia (Spain) from 1980 through 2017, including those in which COPD was recorded other than as the underlying cause of death from 2015 through 2017. We calculated the crude and standardized rates, and analyzed mortality trends using joinpoint regression models. There were 43,234 COPD deaths, with a male:female ratio of 2.4. Median age of death was 82 years. A change point in the mortality trend was detected in 1996 with a significant decrease across the sexes, reflected by an annual percentage change of -3.8%. Taking deaths into account in which COPD participated or contributed without being the underlying cause led to an overall 42% increase in the mortality burden. The most frequent causes of death when COPD was not considered to be the underlying cause were bronchopulmonary neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. COPD mortality has decreased steadily across the sexes in Galicia since 1996, and age of death has also gradually increased. Multiple-cause death analysis may help prevent the underestimation of COPD mortality.

[Surveillance of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to antibiotics in Galicia: 2007-2012]. / Vigilancia de la resistencia a los antibióticos en Staphylococcus aureus en Galicia: 2007-2012.

INTRODUCTION: Since 2007 the Galician Surveillance Program on Antimicrobial Resistance has been collected data of Staphylococcus aureus susceptibility patterns. The data from 2007 to 2012 have been analyzed and are reported. METHODS: A total of 4,577 different isolates of S. aureus from cerebrospinal fluid and blood cultures were included. The Institutions involved provided the information about the susceptibility patterns, the assay methods used and the interpretative guidelines followed, and demographic data of patients. RESULTS: The rate of methicillin-resistance S. aureus (MRSA) was 22% in 2007-2010 and 26% in 2011-2012, although in some areas the percentage reached 57% (2007- 2010) or 66% (2011-2012). The higher rates of resistance were found in patients older than 75 years. Gentamycin resistance was less than 9% and for quinolones were about 25%. A strong association between methicillin and quinolone-resistance were observed (91%). The resistance against linezolid and glycopeptides were exceptional. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of MRSA has evolved slightly along the period of this study reaching no significant differences between Galicia and the global data in Spain in 2012. Nevertheless, there are significant differences among the geographic areas studied. Most MRSA isolates were recovered from hospitalized patients, but an increase in the number of MRSA among outpatients was observed, while old patients from nursing homes are included in the outpatient group, so the MRSA rate in this group could be overestimated.

Vigilancia de la resistencia a los antibióticos en Staphylococcus aureus en Galicia: 2007-2012 / Surveillance of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to antibiotics in Galicia: 2007-2012

Introducción. Desde 2007 el Programa Gallego de Vigilancia de Resistencias Antimicrobianas recogió datos de los patrones de sensibilidad de Staphylococcus aureus. Se analizaron e informaron los datos entre 2007 y 2012. Métodos. Se incluyeron 4.577 aislamientos de S. aureus procedentes de líquido cefalorraquídeo o de sangre. Los distintos centros enviaron información sobre los patrones de sensibilidad, los métodos de ensayo, los criterios de interpretación seguidos y datos demográficos de los pacientes. Resultados. El porcentaje de aislamientos S. aureus resistentes a meticillina (SARM) fue del 22% (2007-2010) y del 26% (2011-2012), aunque en determinada área el porcentaje alcanzó el 57% (2007-2010) o 66% (2011-2012). Las tasas más altas de resistencias se encontraron en los mayores de 75 años. La resistencia a gentamicina fue menor del 9% y la de quinolonas sobre el 25%. Existe fuerte asociación entre resistencias a meticilina y quinolonas (91%). La resistencia frente a linezolid y glicopéptidos fue excepcional. Conclusiones. El porcentaje de SARM a lo largo del periodo de estudio ha presentado ciertas fluctuaciones alcanzándose en 2012 una situación similar en Galicia a la del conjunto de España. No obstante, hay importantes diferencias entre las áreas geográficas estudiadas. La mayoría de los SARM fueron aislados en pacientes hospitalizados, pero se observó un incremento entre ambulatorios. Dado que los pacientes mayores institucionalizados fueron incluidos en el grupo de los ambulatorios es posible que las tasas de SARM en este grupo hayan sido sobreestimadas (AU)

Introduction. Since 2007 the Galician Surveillance Program on Antimicrobial Resistance has been collected data of Staphylococcus aureus susceptibility patterns. The data from 2007 to 2012 have been analyzed and are reported. Methods. A total of 4,577 different isolates of S. aureus from cerebrospinal fluid and blood cultures were included. The Institutions involved provided the information about the susceptibility patterns, the assay methods used and the interpretative guidelines followed, and demographic data of patients. Results. The rate of methicillin-resistance S. aureus (MRSA) was 22% in 2007-2010 and 26% in 2011-2012, although in some areas the percentage reached 57% (2007-2010) or 66% (2011-2012). The higher rates of resistance were found in patients older than 75 years. Gentamycin resistance was less than 9% and for quinolones were about 25%. A strong association between methicillin and quinolone-resistance were observed (91%). The resistance against linezolid and glycopeptides were exceptional. Conclusions. The percentage of MRSA has evolved slightly along the period of this study reaching no significant differences between Galicia and the global data in Spain in 2012. Nevertheless, there are significant differences among the geographic areas studied. Most MRSA isolates were recovered from hospitalized patients, but an increase in the number of MRSA among outpatients was observed, while old patients from nursing homes are included in the outpatient group, so the MRSA rate in this group could be overestimated (AU)