Frequency of Prenatal Care Visits: A Core Outcome Set for Prenatal Care Schedules.

Objective: The aim of this study is to develop a core outcome set for the frequency and modality of prenatal care visits. Material and Methods: A consensus development study was conducted in the United States with participants, including 31 health care professionals, 12 public policy members or public health payers, and 18 public members, representing 24 states. A modified Delphi method and modified nominal group technique were utilized. Results: Twenty-one potential core outcomes were developed by combining the outcomes reported in three systematic reviews that evaluated the frequency of prenatal care visits or modality of prenatal visit type (e.g., in person, telemedicine, or hybrids of both). Eighteen consensus outcomes were identified from the Delphi process, following which 10 maternal and 4 neonatal outcomes were agreed at the consensus development meeting. Maternal core outcomes include maternal quality of life; maternal mental health outcomes; the experience of maternity care; lost time; attendance of recommended visits; unplanned care utilization; completion of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists-recommended services; diagnosis of obstetric complications-proportion and timing; disparities in care outcomes; and severe maternal morbidity or mortality. Neonatal core outcomes include gestational age at birth, birth weight, stillbirth or perinatal death, and neonatal intensive care unit admissions. Conclusions: The core outcome set for the frequency and modality of prenatal visits should be utilized in forthcoming randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews. Such application will warrant that in future research, consistent reporting will enrich care and improve outcomes. Clinical Trial Registration number: 2021.

Use of Opioid-Sparing Protocols and Perceived Postpartum Pain in Patients with Opioid Use Disorder and Chronic Prenatal Opioid Exposure.

INTRODUCTION: Opioid-sparing protocols reduce postpartum opioid prescribing in opioid-naïve patients; however, patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) and complex pain needs who may benefit from these protocols are typically excluded from them. We assessed postpartum pain experiences of patients with OUD and chronic prenatal opioid exposure after implementation of an opioid-sparing protocol. METHODS: A phone survey assessed postpartum pain experiences for people with chronic prenatal opioid exposure who delivered between January 2020 and August 2021 at an academic hospital. Analyses included descriptive statistics, qualitative content analysis, and a joint display comparing themes. RESULTS: Of 25 patients, 18 (72%) participated; most were non-Hispanic White (100%, 18/18), publicly insured (78%, 14/18), multiparous (78%, 14/18), with OUD (100%, 18/18). No patients with a vaginal birth received an opioid prescription; half (4/8) with a cesarean birth received one at discharge. Over one-third (7/18, 39%) reported poor pain control (≥ 5/10) in the hospital and one week post-discharge; scores were higher for cesarean versus vaginal birth. Qualitative sub-analyses of open-ended responses revealed patient perceptions of postpartum pain and treatment. The most effective strategies, stratified by birth type and pain level, ranged from non-opioid medications for vaginal births and minor pain to prescription opioids for cesarean births and moderate-to-intense pain. DISCUSSION: Postpartum opioid prescribing for patients with chronic prenatal opioid use was low for vaginal and cesarean birth following implementation of an opioid-sparing protocol. Patients with OUD reported good pain management with opioid-sparing pain regimens; however, many reported poorly controlled pain immediately postpartum. Future work should assess approaches to postpartum pain management that minimize the risks of opioid medication-particularly in at-risk groups.

What is already known on this subject? Opioid-sparing protocols can reduce postpartum opioid prescribing in opioid-naïve patients; however, there are currently no clear guidelines for opioid prescribing for people with opioid use disorder (OUD) in the postpartum period.What this study adds?Postpartum opioid prescribing for patients with chronic prenatal opioid use was less than the national average and one-third of patients reported poor pain control. Opioid-sparing protocols postpartum should be expanded to patients with OUD to improve pain control and minimize risks associated with opioid medication.

Frequency of Prenatal Care Visits: Protocol to Develop a Core Outcome Set for Prenatal Care Schedules.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal care, one of the most common preventive care services in the United States, endeavors to improve pregnancy outcomes through evidence-based screenings and interventions. Despite the prevalence of prenatal care and its importance to maternal and infant health, there are several debates about the best methods of prenatal care delivery, including the most appropriate schedule frequency and content of prenatal visits. Current US national guidelines recommend that low-risk individuals receive a standard schedule of 12 to 14 in-office visits, a care delivery model that has remained unchanged for almost a century. OBJECTIVE: In early 2020, to mitigate individuals' exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, prenatal care providers implemented new paradigms that altered the schedule frequency, interval, and modality (eg, telemedicine) of how prenatal care services were offered. In this paper, we describe the development of a core outcome set (COS) that can be used to evaluate the effect of the frequency of prenatal care schedules on maternal and infant outcomes. METHODS: We will systematically review the literature to identify previously reported outcomes important to individuals who receive prenatal care and the people who care for them. Stakeholders with expertise in prenatal care delivery (ie, patients or family members, health care providers, and public health professionals and policy makers) will rate the importance of identified outcomes in a web-based survey using a 3-round Delphi process. A digital consensus meeting will be held for a group of stakeholder representatives to discuss and vote on the outcomes to include in the final COS. RESULTS: The Delphi survey was initiated in July 2022 with invited 71 stakeholders. A digital consensus conference was conducted on October 11, 2022. Data are currently under analysis with plans to submit them in a subsequent manuscript. CONCLUSIONS: More research about the optimal schedule frequency and modality for prenatal care delivery is needed. Standardizing outcomes that are measured and reported in evaluations of the recommended prenatal care schedules will assist evidence synthesis and results reported in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Overall, this COS will expand the consistency and patient-centeredness of reported outcomes for various prenatal care delivery schedules and modalities, hopefully improving the overall efficacy of recommended care delivery for pregnant people and their families. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/43962.

A Review of Prenatal Care Delivery to Inform the Michigan Plan for Appropriate Tailored Healthcare in Pregnancy Panel.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a literature review of key aspects of prenatal care delivery to inform new guidelines. DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive review of Ovid MEDLINE, Elsevier's Scopus, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: We included studies addressing components of prenatal care delivery (visit frequency, routine pregnancy assessments, and telemedicine) that assessed maternal and neonatal health outcomes, patient experience, or care utilization in pregnant individuals with and without medical conditions. Quality was assessed using the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Methodology approach. Articles were independently reviewed by at least two members of the study team for inclusion and data abstraction. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: Of the 4,105 published abstracts identified, 53 studies met inclusion criteria, totaling 140,150 participants. There were no differences in maternal and neonatal outcomes among patients without medical conditions with reduced visit frequency schedules. For patients at risk of preterm birth, increased visit frequency with enhanced prenatal services was inconsistently associated with improved outcomes. Home monitoring of blood pressure and weight was feasible, but home monitoring of fetal heart tones and fundal height were not assessed. More frequent weight measurement did not lower rates of excessive weight gain. Home monitoring of blood pressure for individuals with medical conditions was feasible, accurate, and associated with lower clinic utilization. There were no differences in health outcomes for patients without medical conditions who received telemedicine visits for routine prenatal care, and patients had decreased care utilization. Telemedicine was a successful strategy for consultations among individuals with medical conditions; resulted in improved outcomes for patients with depression, diabetes, and hypertension; and had inconsistent results for patients with obesity and those at risk of preterm birth. CONCLUSION: Existing evidence for many components of prenatal care delivery, including visit frequency, routine pregnancy assessments, and telemedicine, is limited.