Is there a target value for time in tight range for individuals with type 1 diabetes on MDI? Data from masked CGM.

OBJECTIVE: Time in Tight Range (TITR), defined as the percentage of time within the glucose range of 70 to 140 mg/dL, is anticipated to be challenging to maintain without causing hypoglycemia, especially in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). This study aimed to investigate the TITR target value in individuals with T1D on multiple daily injections (MDI). METHODS: The study included 101 individuals with T1D on MDI aged 15 to 75 who were hospitalized at Jikei University School of Medicine from September 2006 to November 2013 to conduct Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM). The cutoff values of TITR for predicting the attainment of GMI < 7.0%, and TBR < 4% were determined using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: The TITR cutoff value was calculated to be 41% (sensitivity 81%, specificity 88%) and 40% (54%,72%) for predicting GMI < 7.0% and TBR < 4%. CONCLUSIONS: In individuals with T1D on MDI without devices capable of preventing hypoglycemia, it is recommended to target TITR at 40% to address the risk of increased hypoglycemia sufficiently.

A large-scale, observational study to investigate the current status of diabetes complication and their prevention in Japan: incidence/risk factors for malignancies during follow-up-JDCP study 11 (English version).

In the large-scale, prospective, observational JDCP study, a total of 5944 people with type 2 diabetes (mean age at baseline, 61.4 years old; women, 39.9%; and duration of diabetes, 10.8 years) were followed up for incidence of malignancy. During a mean 5.38 ± 2.92 years of follow-up, malignancies occurred in 322 individuals, accounting for a crude incidence of 10.35/1000 person-years. The 3 most frequently reported malignancies included colorectal cancers (20.4%), breast cancer (16.5%) and lung cancers (13.6%) in women, and gastric cancers (18.3%), colorectal cancers (15.7%) and lung/prostate cancers (12.7%) in men. During follow-up, men had a significantly higher relative risk for malignancy than women. In contrast, women had a significantly shorter time to the first diagnosis of malignancy following a diagnosis of diabetes than men (13.79 ± 7.90 and 17.11 ± 8.50 years, respectively), although there was no marked difference in the age at the diagnosis of malignancy (67.39 ± 7.27 and 68.44 ± 6.62 years, respectively). Cox proportional hazard models revealed that increasing age, a history of drinking and a history of acute myocardial infarction were significantly associated with an increased risk of malignancy. This report may be of interest in that it provides valuable insight into which malignancies Japanese people with type 2 diabetes are likely to be at risk of developing over time.

A consensus statement from the Japan Diabetes Society (JDS): a proposed algorithm for pharmacotherapy in people with type 2 diabetes-2nd Edition (English version).

The Japan Diabetes Society (JDS) adopted a sweeping decision to release consensus statements on relevant issues in diabetes management that require updating from time to time and launched a "JDS Committee on Consensus Statement Development." In March 2020, the committee's first consensus statement on "Medical Nutrition Therapy and Dietary Counseling for People with Diabetes" was published. In September 2022, a second consensus "algorithm for pharmacotherapy in people with type 2 diabetes" was proposed. In developing an algorithm for diabetes pharmacotherapy in people with type 2 diabetes, the working concept was that priority should be given to selecting such medications as would appropriately address the diabetes pathology in each patient while simultaneously weighing the available evidence for these medications and the prescribing patterns in clinical practice in Japan. These consensus statements are intended to present the committee's take on diabetes management in Japan, based on the evidence currently available for each of the issues addressed. It is thus hoped that practicing diabetologists will not fail to consult these statements to provide the best available practice in their respective clinical settings. Given that the persistent dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide was approved in April 2023, these consensus statements have been revised1). In this revision, specifically, tirzepatide was added to the end of [likely involving insulin resistance] of "Obese patients" in Step 1: "Select medications to address the diabetes pathology involved" in Fig. 2. While the sentence, "Insulin insufficiency and resistance can be assessed by referring to the various indices listed in the JDS 'Guide to Diabetes Management.' was mentioned in the previous edition as well, "While insulin resistance is analogized based on BMI, abdominal obesity, and visceral fat accumulation, an assessment of indicators (e.g., HOMA-IR) is desirable" was added as information in order to more accurately recognize the pathology. Regarding Step 2: "Give due consideration to safety," "For renal excretion" was added to the "Rule of thumb 2: Avoid glinides in patients with renal impairment." The order of the medications in "rule of thumb 3: Avoid thiazolidinediones and biguanides in patients with heart failure (in whom they are contraindicated)." to thiazolidinediones then biguanides. In the description of the lowest part of Fig. 2, for each patient failing to achieve his/her HbA1c control goal, "while reverting to step 1" was changed to "while reverting to the opening" and "including reassessment if the patient is indicated for insulin therapy" was added. In the separate table, the column for tirzepatides was added, while the two items, "Characteristic side effects" and "Persistence of effect" were added to the area of interest. The revision also carried additional descriptions of the figure and table such as tirzepatides and "Characteristic side effects" in the statement, and while not mentioned in the proposed algorithm figure, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is covered from this revision for patients with comorbidities calling for medical attention. Moreover, detailed information was added to the relative/absolute indication for insulin therapy, the Kumamoto Declaration 2013 for glycemic targets, and glycemic targets for older people with diabetes. Again, in this revision, it is hoped that the algorithm presented here will not only contribute to improved diabetes management in Japan, but will continue to evolve into a better algorithm over time, reflecting new evidence as it becomes available.

Glycemic control of once-weekly and other administration frequencies for DPP-4 inhibitor in patients with type 2 diabetes: a real-world retrospective cohort study.

Aims: To assess the glycemic control of once-weekly (QW) and other administration frequencies for dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) in patients with type 2 diabetes in a real-world setting. Methods: A retrospective cohort study used Japanese medical claims data and medical check-up data between December 2015 and February 2020. Patients with type 2 diabetes had been newly prescribed a DPP-4i regimen of once-daily (QD), twice-daily (BID), or QW administration and had hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values from regular medical check-ups. HbA1c values and proportion of patients achieving their HbA1c target were assessed. Multivariable analyses were conducted to examine the association between DPP-4i regimen and achievement of HbA1c target. Results: Of the analysis population (N = 7229), 6098 patients were prescribed the QD regimen, 772 BID, and 359 QW. Mean HbA1c before exposure to DPP-4i was 7.31 ± 1.20% (mean ± standard deviation) for QD, 7.64 ± 1.47% for BID, and 7.06 ± 0.96% for QW, decreasing after DPP-4i exposure to 6.71 ± 0.78%, 6.77 ± 0.84%, and 6.59 ± 0.67%, respectively. HbA1c < 7% was achieved in 72.1% of patients for QD, 69.0% for BID, and 79.1% for QW. On multivariable analysis, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for HbA1c < 7.0% in patients < 65 years of age was 0.97 (0.73-1.30) for BID and 0.90 (0.57-1.42) for QW compared to QD. Similar achievement of HbA1c target was noted in each regimen for patients age ≥ 65 years and for age ≥ 65 years with multimorbidity. Conclusion: In this study under real-world conditions, glycemic control for the DPP-4i QW regimen was similar to that for QD and BID. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13340-024-00718-5.

Comparison of medication persistence and adherence in type 2 diabetes using a once-weekly regimen of DPP-4 inhibitor compared with once-daily and twice-daily regimens: a retrospective cohort study of Japanese health insurance claims data.

Aims: Assess medication persistence and adherence for dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) administered once weekly (QW), once daily (QD), and twice daily (BID) among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), and explore factors associated with discontinuation and non-adherence for DPP-4i regimens. Methods: This retrospective T2D cohort study used medical claims data for three DPP-4i regimens in patients newly prescribed DPP-4i between December 2016 and February 2019. Medication persistence rates were calculated at 3, 6, and 12 months by the Kaplan-Meier method. Adherence was measured as Proportion of Days Covered (PDC). We used Cox proportional hazards models for DPP-4i discontinuation and logistic regression models for non-adherence. Results: In the analysis population of 52,762 patients, DPP-4i prescriptions were 84.2% QD, 11.8% BID, and 4.0% QW. Medication persistence rates were similar up to 6 months for all regimens: approximately 90% at 3 and 80% at 6 months. The 12-month persistence rates for QD, BID, and QW were 74.8%, 67.5%, and 68.0%, respectively. Median PDC was 94.0% for QD, 91.8% for BID, and 93.2% for QW. Five specific factors were associated with discontinuation: BID or QW regimen, younger age, no concomitant medications, comorbid dementia, and comorbid chronic pulmonary disease. Non-adherence was associated with those factors plus male sex and treatment at clinics with 0-19 beds. Conclusions: The 12-month medication persistence rates were highest for QD, followed by QW and then BID. Adherence was similar for all three regimens. Medication persistence for DPP-4i may be improved by tailoring regimens to patient characteristics and needs. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13340-024-00714-9.

PIONEER REAL Japan: Primary results from a multicenter, prospective, real-world study of oral semaglutide in adults with type 2 diabetes in Japanese clinical practice.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: PIONEER REAL Japan was a non-interventional prospective study of oral semaglutide in adults with type 2 diabetes in Japanese clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adults naïve to injectable glucose-lowering therapies initiated oral semaglutide in routine clinical practice and were followed for 34-44 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline to end of study; the co-primary endpoint was number of adverse events (AEs). Secondary endpoints included change in bodyweight from baseline to end of study. Analyses were also carried out for subgroups aged <75 and ≥75 years. RESULTS: A total of 624 participants initiated oral semaglutide; 578 completed the study. Mean baseline HbA1c and bodyweight were 7.7% and 72.4 kg, respectively. At end of study, estimated change (95% confidence interval [CI]) in HbA1c from baseline was -0.7 percentage points (-0.77, -0.61) overall, -0.8 percentage points (-0.86, -0.67) in the <75 years subgroup and -0.5 percentage points (-0.68, -0.41) in the ≥75 years subgroup (all P < 0.0001). Estimated change (95% CI) in bodyweight was -2.8 (-3.19, -2.50) kg overall, -2.9 (-3.38, -2.49) kg in the <75 years subgroup and - 2.7 (-3.18, -2.14) kg in the ≥75 years subgroup (all P < 0.0001). AEs occurred in 161 (25.8%) participants: 99 of 423 (23.4%) and 62 of 201 (30.8%) participants in the <75 and ≥75 years subgroups, respectively. Gastrointestinal AEs were the AEs most frequently leading to oral semaglutide discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: In routine clinical practice, HbA1c and bodyweight were significantly reduced from baseline in adults initiating oral semaglutide, including those aged ≥75 years, with no new safety concerns.

A consensus statement from the Japan Diabetes Society: A proposed algorithm for pharmacotherapy in people with type 2 diabetes - 2nd edition (English version).

This algorithm was issued for the appropriate use of drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japan. The revisions include safety considerations, fatty liver disease as a comorbidity to be taken into account and the position of tirzepatide.

Guidelines for clinical evaluation of chronic kidney disease in early stages : AMED research on regulatory science of pharmaceuticals and medical devices.

BACKGROUND: For the development of pharmaceutical products in kidney field, appropriate surrogate endpoints which can predict long-term prognosis are needed as an alternative to hard endpoints, such as end-stage kidney disease. Though international workshop has proposed estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) slope reduction of 0.5-1.0 mL/min/1.73 m /year and 30% decrease in albuminuria/proteinuria as surrogate endpoints in early and advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), it was not clear whether these are applicable to Japanese patients. METHODS: We analyzed J-CKD-DB and CKD-JAC, Japanese databases/cohorts of CKD patients, and J-DREAMS, a Japanese database of patients with diabetes mellitus to investigate the applicability of eGFR slope and albuminuria/proteinuria to the Japanese population. Systematic review on those endpoints was also conducted including the results of clinical trials published after the above proposal. RESULTS: Our analysis showed an association between eGFR slope and the risk of end-stage kidney disease. A 30% decrease in albuminuria/proteinuria over 2 years corresponded to a 20% decrease in the risk of end-stage kidney disease patients with baseline UACR ≥ 30 mg/gCre or UPCR ≥ 0.15 g/gCre in the analysis of CKD-JAC, though this analysis was not performed on the other database/cohort. Those results suggested similar trends to those of the systematic review. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that eGFR slope and decreased albuminuria/proteinuria may be used as a surrogate endpoint in clinical trials for early CKD (including diabetic kidney disease) in Japanese population, though its validity and cutoff values must be carefully considered based on the latest evidence and other factors.

Deletion of podocyte Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 2 protects mice from focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) shares podocyte damage as an essential pathological finding. Several mechanisms underlying podocyte injury have been proposed, but many important questions remain. Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) is a serine/threonine kinase responsible for a wide array of cellular functions. We found that ROCK2 is activated in podocytes of adriamycin (ADR)-induced FSGS mice and cultured podocytes stimulated with ADR. Conditional knockout mice in which the ROCK2 gene was selectively disrupted in podocytes (PR2KO) were resistant to albuminuria, glomerular sclerosis, and podocyte damage induced by ADR injection. In addition, pharmacological intervention for ROCK2 significantly ameliorated podocyte loss and kidney sclerosis in a murine model of FSGS by abrogating profibrotic factors. RNA sequencing of podocytes treated with a ROCK2 inhibitor proved that ROCK2 is a cyclic nucleotide signaling pathway regulator. Our study highlights the potential utility of ROCK2 inhibition as a therapeutic option for FSGS.

Association between glycemic control and patient-reported outcomes in adults with type 1 diabetes in Japan: the SAGE study subanalysis.

Aims/introduction: Psychosocial aspects and the quality of life (QOL) of individuals with diabetes are important for achieving glycemic control and treatment goals. Here, we describe patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of Japanese adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and evaluate the association thereof with glycemic control. Materials and methods: This subanalysis of a subgroup of 528 Japanese participants in the SAGE study of adults with T1D used data on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and PRO scores [Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II (HFS-II), Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID), Insulin Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (ITSQ), and Audit of Diabetes-Dependent QOL (ADDQoL)] and summarized the score by the predefined age groups (26-44-years: n = 208, 45-64-years: n = 217, and ≥ 65-years: n = 103). The association between PROs, achieving HbA1c < 7.0%, and individualized targets was explored using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: The HFS-II and PAID scores were lower, and the ITSQ score was higher in the ≥ 65-years group than in the younger groups with a linear trend of better scores with increasing age (P for trend < 0.05). ADDQoL scores were similar across the age groups, and present QOL (ADDQoL subscale) tended to improve with age (P for trend < 0.05). Achieving HbA1c < 7.0% and individualized targets were associated with satisfaction with insulin treatment regarding glycemic control. Conclusion: In Japanese adults with T1D, the impact on psychosocial aspects and QOL varied across age groups, with a trend of improving scores with age, potentially in relation to the less stringent glycemic control targets adopted in older individuals. Glycemic control was significantly associated with treatment satisfaction. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13340-023-00668-4.

Third Report of the Japan Diabetes Society/Japanese Cancer Association Joint Committee on Diabetes and Cancer: Summary of the results of a questionnaire survey of oncologists and diabetologists-Secondary publication.

The Japan Diabetes Society and the Japan Cancer Association launched a joint committee and published their "First Joint Committee Report on Diabetes and Cancer" in 2013, compiling recommendations for physicians and health-care providers as well as for the general population. In 2016, the "Second Joint Committee Report on Diabetes and Cancer" summarized the current evidence on glycemic control and cancer risk in patients with diabetes. The current "Third Joint Committee Report on Diabetes and Cancer", for which the joint committee also enlisted the assistance of the Japanese Society of Clinical Oncology and the Japanese Society of Medical Oncology, reports on the results from the questionnaire survey, "Diabetes Management in Patients Receiving Cancer Therapy," which targeted oncologists responsible for cancer management and diabetologists in charge of glycemic control in cancer patients. The results of the current survey indicated that there is a general consensus among oncologists and diabetologists with regard to the need for guidelines on glycemic control goals, the relevance of glycemic control, and glycemic control during cancer therapy in cancer patients.

Correction: Trends in clinical characteristics and factors associated with initial prescription of SGLT2 inhibitors in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s13340-022-00577-y.].

Prevalence and characteristics of diabetic symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: The Japan Diabetes Complication and its Prevention Prospective study (JDCP study 10).

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of diabetic symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) in patients with type 2 diabetes registered in the Japan Diabetes Complication and its Prevention Prospective study. In the study, 6,338 patients with diabetes who had been treated by diabetes specialists were registered in 2007-2009. Of these, patients with type 2 diabetes who could be evaluated for DSPN were analyzed using the t-test, χ2 -test and logistic regression analyses. DSPN was diagnosed using the Simple Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetic Polyneuropathy proposed by the Diabetic Neuropathy Study Group in Japan. Of the total participants, 5,451 patients (mean age 61.4 years, duration of diabetes 10.8 years) were analyzed. Based on the criteria, 35.8% of patients were diagnosed with DSPN. The prevalence of sensory symptoms was 25.8%. The following factors increased the risk for DSPN: age (odds ratio [OR] 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42-1.73), duration of diabetes (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.21-1.43), body mass index (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.09-1.30), systolic blood pressure (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.10), hemoglobin A1c (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.09-1.22), biguanides (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.06-1.39) and insulin therapy (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.36-1.84). The following factors decreased the risk for DSPN: total cholesterol (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96-1.00) and exercise therapy (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.73-0.98). The baseline survey clarified the prevalence and characteristics of DSPN in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. The survey also showed the risk factors of DSPN.

Third Report of the Japan Diabetes Society (JDS)/Japanese Cancer Association (JCA) Joint Committee on diabetes and cancer: summary of the results of a questionnaire survey of oncologists and diabetologists-secondary publication.

The Japan Diabetes Society (JDS) and the Japan Cancer Association (JCA) launched a joint committee and published their "First Joint Committee Report on Diabetes and Cancer" in 2013, compiling recommendations for physicians and healthcare providers as well as for the general population. In 2016, the "Second Joint Committee Report on Diabetes and Cancer" summarized the current evidence on glycemic control and cancer risk in patients with diabetes. The current "Third Joint Committee Report on Diabetes and Cancer", for which the joint committee also enlisted the assistance of the Japanese Society of Clinical Oncology (JSCO) and the Japanese Society of Medical Oncology (JSMO), reports on the results from the questionnaire survey, "Diabetes Management in Patients Receiving Cancer Therapy," which targeted oncologists responsible for cancer management and diabetologists in charge of glycemic control in cancer patients. The results of the current survey demonstrated that there is a general consensus among oncologists and diabetologists with regard to the need for guidelines on glycemic control goals, the relevance of glycemic control, and glycemic control during cancer therapy in cancer patients.

Prevalence and characteristics of diabetic symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: the Japan Diabetes Complication and its Prevention Prospective study (JDCP study 10).

Aim/introduction: This study aims to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of diabetic symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) in patients with type 2 diabetes registered in the Japan Diabetes Complication and its Prevention Prospective (JDCP) study. Materials and methods: In the study, 6338 patients with diabetes who had been treated by diabetes specialists were registered in 2007-2009. Of these, patients with type 2 diabetes who could be evaluated for DSPN were analyzed using t test, chi-square test, and logistic regression analyses. DSPN was diagnosed using the Simple Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetic Polyneuropathy proposed by the Diabetic Neuropathy Study Group in Japan. Results: Of the total participants, 5451 patients (mean age 61.4 years old and duration of diabetes 10.8 years) were analyzed. Based on the criteria, 35.8% of patients were diagnosed with DSPN. The prevalence of sensory symptoms was 25.8%. The following factors increased risk for DSPN: age [odds ratio (OR) 1.57, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.42-1.73], duration of diabetes (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.21-1.43), body mass index (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.09-1.30), systolic blood pressure (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.10), hemoglobin A1c (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.09-1.22), biguanides (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.06-1.39), and insulin therapy (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.36-1.84). The following factors decreased risk for DSPN: total cholesterol (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96-1.00) and exercise therapy (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.73-0.98). Conclusions: The baseline survey clarified the prevalence and characteristics of DSPN in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. The survey also revealed the risk factors of DSPN.

Correction: A consensus statement from the Japan Diabetes Society (JDS): a proposed algorithm for pharmacotherapy in people with type 2 diabetes.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s13340-022-00605-x.].

Unexpected Acute Hyperglycemia Following Pre-Surgical Discontinuation of SGLT2 Inhibitors in a Type 1 Diabetic Patient.

BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors serve as adjuncts in managing type 1 diabetes. Preoperative guidelines suggest discontinuing SGLT2 inhibitors to avoid associated adverse events. We report an unusual case of acute hyperglycemia following the discontinuation of SGLT2 inhibitors in a patient undergoing surgery, posing substantial challenges to glycemic control. CASE REPORT A 47-year-old female with type 1 diabetes was hospitalized for benign thyroid tumor surgery. She discontinued her SGLT2 inhibitors a day after admission. Unexpectedly, her glycemic control worsened with her mean sensor glucose value spiking from 109 mg/dL on admission to 273.9 mg/dL five days post-discontinuation. Despite increasing insulin doses, glycemic control remained suboptimal. The glucose level improved to a mean sensor value of 160.4 mg/dL only after SGLT2 inhibitors were resumed three days post-surgery. CONCLUSIONS This report highlights a case of acute hyperglycemia following preoperative discontinuation of SGLT2 inhibitors in a patient with type 1 diabetes. Such changes in glucose levels were captured using intermittent continuous glucose monitoring. Given the potential for similar cases during preoperative discontinuation of SGLT2 inhibitors, it is advisable to intensify bolus insulin administration, under continuous glucose monitoring, in patients discontinuing SGLT2 inhibitors before surgery.

Changes in insulin resistance, body mass index and degree of obesity among junior high school students: A comparison before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study aimed to investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic since 2020 has affected the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), body mass index (BMI) and degree of obesity among Japanese children. HOMA-IR, BMI and degree of obesity were calculated for 378 children 14-15 years old (boys/girls, 208/170) who underwent checkups during 2015-2021. Changes in these parameters over time and correlations between parameters were assessed, and the proportions of participants with IR (HOMA-IR ≥2.5) were compared. HOMA-IR values increased significantly over the study period (p < 0.001), with a significantly large proportion of participants with IR in 2020-2021 (p < 0.001). Conversely, BMI and degree of obesity did not change significantly. HOMA-IR did not correlate with BMI or degree of obesity during 2020-2021. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic may have had an impact on the increase in the proportion of children with IR, regardless of BMI or degree of obesity.