Body composition analysis in patients with myotonic dystrophy types 1 and 2.

INTRODUCTION: To date, there are only several reports on body composition in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and there are no data for myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2). The aim was to analyze body composition of patients with DM1 and DM2, and its association with socio-demographic and clinical features of the diseases. METHODS: There were no statistical differences in sociodemographic features between 20 DM1 patients and 12 DM2 patients. Body composition was assessed by DEXA (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry). A three-compartment model was used: bone mineral content (BMC), fat mass (FM), and lean tissue mass (LTM). RESULTS: Patients with DM1 and DM2 had similar total body mass (TBM), BMC, FM, and LTM. Patients with DM1 had higher trunk-limb fat index (TLFI) in comparison to DM2 patients which indicates visceral fat deposition in DM1 (1.16 ± 0.32 for DM1 vs. 0.87 ± 0.23 for DM2, p < 0.05). Right ribs bone mineral density was lower in DM2 group (0.68 ± 0.07 g/cm2 vs. 0.61 ± 0.09 g/cm2, p < 0.05). Higher percentage of FM in legs showed correlation with lower strength of the upper leg muscles in DM1 (ρ = - 0.47, p < 0.05). Higher muscle strength in DM2 patients was in correlation with higher bone mineral density (ρ = + 0.62, p < 0.05 for upper arm muscles, ρ = + 0.87, p < 0.01 for lower arm muscles, ρ = + 0.72, p < 0.05 for lower leg muscles). CONCLUSION: DM1 patients had visceral obesity, and percentage of FM correlated with a degree of muscle weakness in upper legs. In DM2 patients, degree of muscle weakness was in correlation with higher FM index and lower bone mineral density.

Metabolic impairments in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 2.

OBJECTIVES: metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2. Aim of this study was to investigate frequency and features of MetS in a large cohort of patients with DM2. MATERIALS & METHODS: this cross-sectional study included 47 DM2 patients. Patients were matched with 94 healthy controls (HCs) for gender and age. MetS was diagnosed according to the new worldwide consensus criteria from 2009. RESULTS: mean age of DM2 patients was 52 ± 11 years, 15 (32%) were males, and mean disease duration was 15 ± 14 years. MetS was present in 53% of DM2 patients and 46% of HCs (p > 0.05). All components of the MetS appeared with the similar frequency in DM2 and HCs, respectively: hypertension 64 vs 52%, central obesity 62 vs 74%, hypertriglyceridemia 49 vs 39%, hyperglycemia 42 vs 33% and low HDL cholesterol 30 vs 42% (p > 0.05). DM2 patients were more commonly on lipid lowering therapy compared to HCs (12 vs 3%, p = 0.05). Fifteen (32%) patients with DM2 and only one (1%) subject from control group had diabetes mellitus (p < 0.01). Insulin resistance was found in thirty (65%) patients with DM2. Presence of MetS was not associated with patient's gender, age, severity nor duration of the disease (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: more than half of DM2 subjects met the criteria for the MetS. We suppose that treatment of metabolic disturbances may reduce cardiovascular complications and improve quality of life in patients with DM2, which is progressive and still incurable disorder.

The presence of dysautonomia in different subgroups of myasthenia gravis patients.

To analyze the presence of autonomic dysfunction in different subgroups of myasthenia gravis (MG) patients. Standard cardiovascular reflex tests according to Ewing, spectral and time domain analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) at rest were assessed in 27 patients with thymoma-associated acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-positive MG, 25 AChR-positive MG patients without thymoma and 23 patients with muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) MG. All patients were compared to the healthy controls, matched for sex and age. In the group of AChR-positive MG patients with thymoma, hand grip (p < 0.05), orthostasis (p < 0.05), breathing test (p < 0.05) and Valsalva maneuver (p < 0.01) were more often pathological than in the controls. Analysis of the spectral domain of HRV showed increased low-frequency (p < 0.05) and decreased high-frequency component (p < 0.05). Time domain parameters of HRV and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) at rest were significantly reduced (p < 0.01). In the patients with AChR MG without thymoma, Valsalva maneuver test was more often pathological (p < 0.05) and higher rate of supraventricular extrasystoles (p < 0.01) was registered than in the healthy controls. In the patients with MuSK-positive MG, hand grip and Valsalva maneuver tests were more often pathological than in the controls (p < 0.05). Low-frequency component of the spectral domain of HRV (p < 0.05) and the frequency of cardiac arrhythmia were increased. BRS at rest was significantly lower in patients compared to the controls (p < 0.01). We determined the presence of autonomic failure in all subgroups of MG patients. Since autonomic dysfunction can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and even sudden death, it is of major importance to be aware of this association and to properly diagnose and treat these patients.

Hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction in myotonic dystrophy type 1.

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common form of muscular dystrophy in adults. It affects many organs and systems besides muscle. Aim of this study was to assess frequency of erectile dysfunction (ED) and hypogonadism, the correlation between them and the impact of ED on quality of life (QoL) in patients with DM1. A series of 25 men (aged from 22 to 58 years) with a diagnosis of DM1 was analyzed. Muscular Impairment Rating Scale (MIRS) was used to assess severity of muscular involvement. Erectile function was assessed using the short form of the International Index of Erectile Function test (IIEF-5). Levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were assessed. All patients completed the Serbian version of the SF-36 questionnaire as a measure of health-related QoL. ED was present in 18 (72%) of patients. Seven (28%) patients were euogonadic, 16 (64%) had compensated hypogonadism and 2 (8%) had primary hypogonadism. ED was somewhat more common in patients with hypogonadism (78% vs. 57%). Mental composite score of SF-36 was lower in patients with ED (p<0.05). Our results showed that 72% of men with DM1 had ED and hypogonadism. Studies with larger number of subjects are needed to resolve cascade of events that lays behind ED in DM1. Development of therapeutic strategies may have positive impact on QoL. Substitutive therapy with androgens may be benefitial.

Prothrombogenic factors and reduced antioxidative defense in children and adolescents with pre-metabolic and metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine prothrombogenic factors and antioxidative defense in obese children and adolescents with pre-metabolic and metabolic syndrome, and to analyze insulin secretion and resistance, early glycoregulation disorders and lipid status. METHODS: Insulin sensitivity was determined using the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), while insulin secretion was determined using the homeostasis model assessment beta (HOMA-beta). Prothrombogenic factors analyzed were plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and fibrinogen. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were measured as markers of antioxidative defense. RESULTS: Patients with metabolic syndrome were characterized with increased body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and HOMA-IR and HOMA-beta levels, and all had increased blood pressure and triglyceride levels, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, increased PAI-1 levels and reduced antioxidative defense levels. Patients with pre-metabolic syndrome had higher levels of basal and mean insulinemia during an oral glucose tolerance test, higher levels of HOMA-beta and lower levels of antioxidative defense compared to patients with metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Negative correlations between antioxidative defense parameters and BMI, abdominal obesity, insulin secretion, systolic blood pressure and atherogenic lipid factors, as well as correlations between PAI-1 and insulin resistance and basal glycemia in the metabolic syndrome group contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis. Positive correlations between PAI-1 and waist circumference and BMI, and negative correlations between BMI and antioxidative defense in the pre-metabolic syndrome patients show that this early stage preceding the metabolic syndrome is also characterized by atherosclerotic complication risks and evident hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance.

Effect of tadalafil on erectile dysfunction in male patients with diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND/AIM: [corrected] During the first 10 years over 50% of diabetes patients develop erectile dysfunction (ED). It is more severe and resistant to therapy than in male patients with normal glucoregulation. The purpose of this pilot study was to estimate the tadalafil (Cialis) efficacy and safety in male patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), together with moderate to severe ED. METHODS: The study included 30 male patients with diagnozed type 1 or type 2 DM together with ED. ED was estimated through the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-6), Sexual Encounter Profile (SEP) questionnaire and prostaglandin test, at the beginning of the research and three months after the 20 mg tadalafil therapy initiation, once a week (on Fridays). Glycosylated haemoglobin in blood (HbAlc) values were also monitored. According to the ED severity (IIEF values at the beginning of the therapy) the patients were divided into 2 groups. The previous experience with sildenafil citrate (Viagra) and prostaglandin E1 intracavernous therapy was recorded. RESULTS: Tadalafil significantly improved ED (p < 0.001) for 7.40 points of the IIEF score, i.e. for 58% and 60% towards SEP2 and SEP3 questionnaire, respectively. Compared to the previous ED therapy subjectively better tadalafil experience was recorded. Each group experienced a significant improvement in IIEF score (p < 0.001), more significantly in the group 2 (8.26+/-1.49 points) compared with the medium improvement in the group 1 (6.27+/-1.35 points). After three months HbA1c values decreased for 2.26+/-1.62 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Tadalafil is an effective tool for treating ED in diabetes patients. In some situations tadalafil application could replace prostaglandin test. The sexual sphere motivation leads to the improvement of glucoregulation in DM patients.