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1.
Plants (Basel) ; 13(3)2024 Jan 29.
Article En | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38337925

Chlorophyll content reflects plants' photosynthetic capacity, growth stage, and nitrogen status and is, therefore, of significant importance in precision agriculture. This study aims to develop a spectral and color vegetation indices-based model to estimate the chlorophyll content in aquaponically grown lettuce. A completely open-source automated machine learning (AutoML) framework (EvalML) was employed to develop the prediction models. The performance of AutoML along with four other standard machine learning models (back-propagation neural network (BPNN), partial least squares regression (PLSR), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM) was compared. The most sensitive spectral (SVIs) and color vegetation indices (CVIs) for chlorophyll content were extracted and evaluated as reliable estimators of chlorophyll content. Using an ASD FieldSpec 4 Hi-Res spectroradiometer and a portable red, green, and blue (RGB) camera, 3600 hyperspectral reflectance measurements and 800 RGB images were acquired from lettuce grown across a gradient of nutrient levels. Ground measurements of leaf chlorophyll were acquired using an SPAD-502 m calibrated via laboratory chemical analyses. The results revealed a strong relationship between chlorophyll content and SPAD-502 readings, with an R2 of 0.95 and a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.975. The developed AutoML models outperformed all traditional models, yielding the highest values of the coefficient of determination in prediction (Rp2) for all vegetation indices (VIs). The combination of SVIs and CVIs achieved the best prediction accuracy with the highest Rp2 values ranging from 0.89 to 0.98, respectively. This study demonstrated the feasibility of spectral and color vegetation indices as estimators of chlorophyll content. Furthermore, the developed AutoML models can be integrated into embedded devices to control nutrient cycles in aquaponics systems.

2.
Sci Rep ; 12(1): 7502, 2022 May 07.
Article En | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35525839

Electron transmission through semiconductor superlattices is studied with transfer matrix method and resonance theory. The formation of electron band-pass transmission is ascribed to the coupling of different modes in those semiconductor superlattices with the symmetric unit cell. Upon Fabry-Pérot resonance condition, Bloch modes and two other resonant modes are identified to be related to the nature of the superlattice and its unit cell, respectively. The bands related to the unit cell and the superlattice overlap spontaneously in the tunneling region due to the shared wells, and the coupling of perfect resonances results in the band-pass tunneling. Our findings provide a promising way to study electronic systems with more complicated superlattices or even optical systems with photonic crystals.

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