High prevalence of antibiotic resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from healthy human sources in community settings.

Antibiotic resistance is a global health crisis that requires urgent action to stop its spread. To counteract the spread of antibiotic resistance, we must improve our understanding of the origin and spread of resistant bacteria in both community and healthcare settings. Unfortunately, little attention is being given to contain the spread of antibiotic resistance in community settings (i.e., locations outside of a hospital inpatient, acute care setting, or a hospital clinic setting), despite some studies have consistently reported a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the community settings. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in commensal Escherichia coli isolates from healthy humans in community settings in LMICs. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we synthesized studies conducted from 1989 to May 2020. A total of 9363 articles were obtained from the search and prevalence data were extracted from 33 articles and pooled together. This gave a pooled prevalence of antibiotic resistance (top ten antibiotics commonly prescribed in LMICs) in commensal E. coli isolates from human sources in community settings in LMICs of: ampicillin (72% of 13,531 isolates, 95% CI: 65-79), cefotaxime (27% of 6700 isolates, 95% CI: 12-44), chloramphenicol (45% of 7012 isolates, 95% CI: 35-53), ciprofloxacin (17% of 10,618 isolates, 95% CI: 11-25), co-trimoxazole (63% of 10,561 isolates, 95% CI: 52-73), nalidixic acid (30% of 9819 isolates, 95% CI: 21-40), oxytetracycline (78% of 1451 isolates, 95% CI: 65-88), streptomycin (58% of 3831 isolates, 95% CI: 44-72), tetracycline (67% of 11,847 isolates, 95% CI: 59-74), and trimethoprim (67% of 3265 isolates, 95% CI: 59-75). Here, we provided an appraisal of the evidence of the high prevalence of antibiotic resistance by commensal E. coli in community settings in LMICs. Our findings will have important ramifications for public health policy design to contain the spread of antibiotic resistance in community settings. Indeed, commensal E. coli is the main reservoir for spreading antibiotic resistance to other pathogenic enteric bacteria via mobile genetic elements.

Prevalence of multidrug-, extensive drug-, and pandrug-resistant commensal Escherichia coli isolated from healthy humans in community settings in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The majority of existing studies aimed at investigating the incidence and prevalence of multidrug-resistance by bacteria have been performed in healthcare settings. Relatively few studies have been conducted in community settings, but these have consistently shown a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). OBJECTIVES: To provide an appraisal of the evidence on the high prevalence of multidrug-, extensive drug-, and pandrug-resistance in commensal Escherichia coli isolates from human sources in community settings in LMICs. METHODS: Using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched with the search string: 'Enterobacteriaceae', OR 'E. coli', OR 'Escherichia coli', AND 'antibiotic resistance', OR 'antimicrobial resistance', OR 'drug-resistance', AND 'prevalence', OR 'incidence', OR 'morbidity', OR 'odds ratio', OR 'risk ratio', OR 'confidence interval', OR 'p-value', OR 'rate'. Data were extracted and proportional meta-analysis was performed using the Freeman-Tukey transformation random effect model. RESULTS: The prevalence of multidrug-, extensive drug- and pandrug-resistance were extracted from articles that met our inclusion criteria and pooled together after a systematic screening of 9,369 items. The prevalence of multidrug-resistance was 28% of 14,336 total cases of isolates tested, 95% CI: 23-32. Extensive drug-resistance was 24% of 8,686 total cases of isolates tested, 95% CI: 14-36. Lastly, pandrug-resistance was 5% of 5,670 total cases of isolates tested, 95% CI: 3-8. CONCLUSION: This paper provides an appraisal of the evidence on the high prevalence of multidrug-, extensive drug- and pandrug-resistance by commensal E. coli in community settings in LMICs. Our results call for greater effort to be placed at the community level in the design of new and improved public health policies to counter the global threat of antibiotic-resistant infections and bacteria.