New Insights into the Importance of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Lung Cancer: Future Clinical Approaches.

In mammals, a large part of the gene expression products come from the non-coding ribonucleotide sequences of the protein. These short and long sequences are within the range of tens to hundreds of nucleotides, encompassing more than 200 RNA molecules, and their function is known as the molecular structure of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). LncRNA molecules are unique nucleotides that have a substantial role in epigenetic regulation, transcription, and post-transcriptional modifications in different ways. According to the results of recent studies, lncRNAs have been shown to assume various roles, including tumor suppression or oncogenic functions in common types of cancer such as lung and breast cancer. These non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a pivotal role in activating transcription factors, managing the ribonucleoproteins, the framework for collecting co-proteins, intermittent processing regulations, chromatin status alterations, and maintaining the control within the cell. Cutting-edge technologies have been introduced to disclose several types of lncRNAs within the nucleus and the cytoplasm, which have accomplished important achievements that are applicable in medicine. Due to these efforts, various data centers have been created to facilitate and modify scientific information related to these molecules, including detection, classification, biological evolution, gene status, spatial structure, status, and location of these small molecules. In the present study, we attempt to present the impacts of these ncRNAs on lung cancer with an emphasis on their mechanisms and functions.

Novel Insight Into the Association Between Obesity and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Occurrence and Recurrence: High-Throughput Microarray Data Set Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes.

PURPOSE: This study aims to identify potential biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence/recurrence and obesity, along with the molecular mechanisms that involve these biomarkers. METHODS: Three microarray data sets, namely GSE18897, GSE25097, and GSE36376 (genetic suppressor elements associated with obesity, tumor, and recurrence, respectively), were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database to be investigated for their expression as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HCC and obesity. The functional and pathway enrichment analysis of these DEGs were identified by the Database for Annotation Visualization and Integrated Discovery. The protein-protein interaction network analysis was performed with STRING online tool and Cytoscape software. RESULTS: One hundred sixty common DEGs were screened. We found that these genes were associated with certain pathways such as metabolic pathways, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, and adipocytokine signaling pathway. The involvements of 10 genes, including RPS16, RPS7, CCT3, HNRNPA2B1, EIF4G1, PSMC4, NHP2, EGR1, FDPS, and MCM4, were identified in the subnetwork. HNRNPA2B1 and RPS7 in the GSE18897 data set, RPS16, RPS7, CCT3, HNRNPA2B1, PSMC4, NHP2, FDPS, and MCM4 in the GSE25097 data set, and RPS16, RPS7, CCT3, HNRNPA2B1, EIF4G1, PSMC4, NHP2, FDPS, and MCM4 in the GSE36376 data set exhibited positive fold changes. CONCLUSION: These DEGs and pathways could be of diagnostic value as potential biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of HCC, pertaining to both obesity and HCC occurrence/recurrence.

Application of nanoparticles in cancer therapy with an emphasis on cell cycle.

Owing to their unique characteristics, nanoparticles (NPs) could be incorporated into valuable therapeutic modalities for different diseases; however, there are many concerns about risk factors in human applications. NPs carry therapeutic chemicals that could improve the outcome of cancer therapies. Nowadays, NPs are being recognized as important and strategic agents in treatment of several disorders due to their unique properties in targeting malignant cells in tumor sites. Numerous investigations have shown that the majority of chemotherapeutic agents can be modified through entrapment in submicron colloidal systems. Still, there are problems and limitations in application of NPs in cancer therapy. The aim of the present study is to focus on potential NPs usage in cancer treatment with an emphasis on the cell cycle of malignant cells.

Exosomal microRNAs and exosomal long non-coding RNAs in gynecologic cancers.

Gynecologic cancer is a group of any malignancies affecting reproductive tissues and organs of women, including ovaries, uterine, cervix, vagina, vulva, and endometrium. Several types of molecular mechanisms are associated with the progression of gynecologic cancers. Among it can be referred to the most widely studied non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), specifically microRNAs (miRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs). As yet, lncRNAs are known to serve key biological roles via various mechanisms, such as splicing regulation, chromatin rearrangement, translation regulation, cell-cycle control, genetic imprinting and mRNA decay. Besides, miRNAs govern gene expression by modulation of mRNAs and lncRNAs degradation, suggestive of needing more research in this field. Generally, driving gynecological cancers pathways by miRNAs and lncRNAs lead to the current improvement in cancer-related technologies. Exosomes are extracellular microvesicles which can carry cargo molecules among cells. In recent years, more studies have been focused on exosomal non-coding RNAs (exo-ncRNAs) and exosomal microRNAs (exo-miRs) because of being natural carriers of lnc RNAs and microRNAs via programmed process. In this review we summarized recent reports concerning the function of exosomal microRNAs and exosomal long non-coding RNAs in gynecological cancers.