ADVERSE EFFECT OF MACULAR INTRARETINAL HEMORRHAGE ON THE PROGNOSIS OF SUBMACULAR HEMORRHAGE DUE TO RETINAL ARTERIAL MACROANEURYSM RUPTURE.

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical course of submacular hemorrhage associated with ruptured retinal arterial macroaneurysm using swept-source optical coherence tomography. METHODS: This study included 23 eyes of 23 consecutive patients diagnosed with submacular hemorrhage associated with ruptured retinal arterial macroaneurysm. Cases underwent displacement of submacular hemorrhage (vitrectomy + subretinal injection of tissue plasminogen activator + air tamponade) and were followed up for 6 months after surgery. Localization of the preoperative hemorrhage and its effect on preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity, central retinal thickness, and continuity of the ellipsoid zone were measured. RESULTS: Macular intraretinal hemorrhage (IRH) was observed in 17 eyes (73.9%, IRH [+] group) and was not observed in 6 eyes (26.1%, IRH [-] group). The IRH (+) group showed worse postoperative best-corrected visual acuity values compared with the IRH (-) group (0.89 ± 0.47 in logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution units, Snellen equivalent 20/155 and 0.16 ± 0.23, 20/29, respectively; P < 0.01), smaller central retinal thickness values (97.7 ± 53.5 µm, 173.0 ± 32.3 µm, respectively; P < 0.01), and a higher rate of ellipsoid zone disruption (100%, 33.3%, respectively; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Patients with preoperative macular IRH showed lower postoperative visual acuity and worse macular contour after submacular hemorrhage displacement compared with patients without macular IRH.

Foveal Structural Analysis of Amblyopic Eyes with Two Types of Fixation Behavior by Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

We used spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to compare the foveal and parafoveal structures of 19 subjects aged 16-58 years (8 men, 11 women): 6 amblyopic patients with eccentric fixation, 5 amblyopic patients with central fixation, and 8 visually normal controls. We obtained foveal horizontal line scans using SD-OCT on all of the patients and controls. The total and layer thicknesses at foveal areas were analyzed. The mean (SD) ages of individuals in the eccentric fixation, central fixation, and control groups were 43.0 (13.9), 42.2 (16.3), and 38.5 (15.5) years, respectively. We observed no significant differences in the foveal or parafoveal retinal thicknesses at 500 and 1,500 µm from the foveal center among the 3 groups or between the amblyopic and fellow eyes. No significant differences were observed in the thickness of the ganglion cell complex layer or outer retinal layer at 500 and 1,500 µm from the foveal center among the three groups or between the two eyes. Overall, our SD-OCT analyses revealed no characteristic structural change in foveal regions in amblyopic eyes irrespective of the fixation behavior.

Results of lamellar macular hole-associated epiretinal proliferation embedding technique for the treatment of degenerative lamellar macular hole.

PURPOSE: To investigate the outcomes of embedding lamellar hole-associated epiretinal proliferation (LHEP) into retinal cleavage for the surgical treatment of degenerative lamellar macular hole (LMH). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 34 consecutive eyes of degenerative LMH patients who underwent vitrectomy with LHEP embedding and who were followed up for at least 12 months. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), and macular structure preoperatively and at the final follow-up were compared. RESULTS: The mean (±SD) follow-up period was 30.0 ± 17.7 months. Twelve patients (35.3%) were men, and the mean age was 69.6 ± 10.1 years. Twenty-three eyes (67.6%) underwent simultaneous cataract surgery. BCVA was significantly improved at the final visit, from 0.31 ± 0.25 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution units to 0.10 ± 0.25 (P < 0.01). This improvement in mean BCVA at the final postoperative visit occurred regardless of whether the eyes underwent simultaneous cataract surgery, from 0.30 ± 0.26 preoperatively to 0.04 ± 0.16 (P < 0.01) in the "with cataract surgery" group and from 0.32 ± 0.26 preoperatively to 0.21 ± 0.35 (P < 0.05) in the "without cataract surgery" group. CRT was also significantly improved at the final visit, from 123.2 ± 42.6 µm preoperatively to 191.2 ± 42.6 µm (P < 0.01). External limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone defects were detected in 17 (50.0%) and 15 (44.1%) eyes, respectively, but these were resolved in 10 (58.8%) and 7 (46.7%) eyes, respectively, at the final visit. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Embedding LHEP may be an effective and safe procedure to treat degenerative LMH.

Outcomes of vitrectomy combined with subretinal tissue plasminogen activator injection for submacular hemorrhage associated with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.

PURPOSE: To examine the outcomes of vitrectomy with subretinal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) injection and postoperative intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection for submacular hemorrhage (SMH) associated with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective, consecutive case series. METHODS: Patients who underwent vitrectomy for SMH associated with PCV and who were followed up for at least 12 months were included. Surgery consisted of vitrectomy with subretinal tPA and air tamponade. Postoperative intravitreal anti-VEGF was administered pro re nata. The following were examined: best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at baseline, at 1 month, and at the final visit; the percentage of patients requiring anti-VEGF postoperatively; and the number of injections administered. RESULTS: This study included 23 eyes of 23 patients (21 men, 2 women) with a mean age of 72.5 ± 9.0 years. The mean duration from disease onset to surgery was 9.0 ± 6.6 days. The mean maximum SMH size was 5.8 ± 4.8 disc diameters. The mean follow-up period was 33 ± 14 months. The BCVA was significantly improved when compared with baseline 1 month after surgery and at the final visit. Postoperative anti-VEGF was required for 91% of the eyes. In eyes that underwent anti-VEGF therapy until the final visit, the mean injection number was 4.1/year. CONCLUSIONS: Vitrectomy with subretinal tPA and air tamponade improved visual acuity in patients with SMH associated with PCV. Postoperative intravitreal anti-VEGF injection maintained the improved BCVA throughout a mean period of 33 months.

Assessment of Lamellar Macular Hole and Macular Pseudohole With a Combination of En Face and Radial B-scan Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging.

PURPOSE: To investigate lamellar macular hole (LMH) and macular pseudohole (MPH) using a combination of en face and radial B-scan OCT. DESIGN: Retrospective observational case series. METHODS: Setting: Institutional study. PATIENT POPULATION: En face and radial B-scan OCT images of 63 eyes of 60 patients diagnosed with LMH or MPH based on an international classification were reviewed. OBSERVATION PROCEDURES: Cases were classified using en face images based on the presence/absence of epiretinal membrane (ERM), retinal folds, parafoveal epicenter of contractile ERM (PEC-ERM), and retinal cleavage. We compared the en face imaging-based classification system with the international classification system using radial B-scan images. We quantitatively evaluated visual function and macular morphology. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Characterization of multimodal OCT-based subtypes of LMH and MPH. RESULTS: All cases showed ERM and were classified into 4 groups. In the first group, which lacked retinal folds and showed significantly lower visual acuity than the other groups, 81% of eyes had degenerative LMH. In the second group, which lacked PEC-ERM and retinal cleavage and showed significantly lower retinal fold depth, all eyes had MPH. The third group, in which 95% of eyes had symmetric tractional LMH, included eyes with retinal cleavage but without PEC-ERM, and this group showed higher circularity of the foveal aperture and cleavage area than the group with both these features, in which all eyes had asymmetric tractional LMH. CONCLUSIONS: Multimodal OCT enables classification of LMH and MPH based on pathologic conditions. Retinal traction in particular may be useful for determining treatment methods.

Autologous transplantation of the internal limiting membrane for refractory macular holes.

PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of autologous transplantation of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) for refractory macular holes. DESIGN: Prospective, interventional case series. PATIENT AND METHODS: Ten eyes of 10 consecutive patients who underwent autologous transplantation of the ILM for the treatment of refractory macular holes were studied. The primary diseases in these patients were large idiopathic macular holes that had existed for more than 1 year (4 eyes), a traumatic macular hole (1 eye), myopic foveoschisis (2 eyes), foveoschisis resulting from pit-macular syndrome (2 eyes), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (1 eye). Apart from the 5 eyes with idiopathic or traumatic macular holes, macular holes developed in the other 5 eyes after initial vitrectomies with ILM removal. In all eyes, regular macular hole surgery failed to achieve closure. The main outcome measures used in this study were macular hole closure and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). RESULTS: Macular holes were closed successfully in 9 eyes (90%) after autologous transplantation of the ILM. The postoperative BCVAs were significantly better than the preoperative BCVAs (P = .007, paired t test). Postoperative BCVAs improved by more than 0.2 logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution units in 8 eyes (80%) and were unchanged in 2 eyes (20%). CONCLUSIONS: Although this is a pilot study, the results suggest that autologous transplantation of the ILM may contribute to improved anatomic and visual outcomes in the treatment of refractory macular holes and may warrant further investigation.

Evaluation of the dynamics of choroidal circulation in experimental acute hypertensionusing indocyanine green-stained leukocytes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the dynamics of choroidal circulation in experimental acute hypertension, using the indocyanine green leukocyte angiography (ILA) method, which the authors have developed for the evaluation of leukocyte dynamics in choroidal circulation. METHODS: Japan White rabbits were used in the present study. Leukocytes were collected by centrifugal separation of the autologous blood, and were stained with indocyanine green (ICG) dye. The ICG-stained leukocyte fluid was injected into an ear vein, and fundus images were obtained by infrared laser and a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Experimental acute hypertension was induced by the intravenous drip injection of angiotensin II (AII). RESULTS: The fluorescent dots rapidly moved in choroidal arteries at a decreasing velocity, passed very slowly through choroidal capillaries and drained into choroidal veins. Under normal blood pressure, the mean leukocyte velocities in arteries, capillaries and veins were 8.63+/-1.68, 0.52+/-0.07, and 6.96+/-2.20 mm/s, respectively. On the other hand, the respective mean velocities in acute hypertension induced by AII were 13.50+/-1.82, 0.81+/-0.09, and 10.54+/-3.91 mm/s. Besides flow velocity, no change in leukocyte dynamics was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Under the condition of acute hypertension induced by AII, leukocytes moved faster in the total choroidal circulation (from arteries to veins) compared to their velocity under the condition of normal blood pressure. Blood velocities might increase in the total choroidal circulation at an early stage in acute hypertension induced by AII, resulting in increased choroidal blood flow. ILA makes it possible to evaluate the changes in choroidal circulation under various pathologic conditions.

Selection for inferior limited macular translocation on the basis of distance from the fovea to the inferior edge of the subfoveal choroidal neovascularization.

PURPOSE: To assess the visual outcome of inferior limited macular translocation in eyes selected based on the distance from the fovea to the inferior edge of the subfoveal choroidal neovascularization. DESIGN: Interventional case series. METHODS: We performed inferior limited macular translocation in 12 consecutive eyes (12 patients) with age-related macular degeneration or polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, in which the choroidal neovascularization did not extend for more than half of one disk diameter inferior to the fovea. RESULTS: In all eyes, the choroidal neovascularization was moved to an extrafoveal location. In seven of the 12 eyes, postoperative vision was 20/40 or better. The visual acuity improved by 2 or more lines in 11 eyes. CONCLUSION: Selection for inferior limited macular translocation on the basis of distance from the fovea to the inferior edge of the choroidal neovascularization may be associated with a greater likelihood of visual acuity improvement.