Malocclusion and Associated Factors in Early Childhood and Knowledge Level of Mothers from Childcare Groups

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of malocclusion and associated factors in children and the level of knowledge of mothers participating in the child care group of a basic health unit. Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in children between 18 and 72 months of a childcare group in Pelotas. Children whose parents or legal guardians signed the informed consent term participated in the study. Data were collected through a questionnaire previously tested and applied to the mothers, and a clinical examination of children's occlusion were performed by examiners after training and calibration. Statistical analysis was descriptive and analytic. In the bivariate analyses, it was used the Pearson, Fisher or Linear Trend Qui-Square tests and, in the multivariate analysis, the Poisson regression. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were obtained, and a p-value <0.05 was used. Results: Forty-seven children were included and 41.3% presented malocclusion. The prevalence of malocclusion was associated with a higher number of children in the family (p<0.005) and breastfeeding for more than 12 months (p<0.05). The highest prevalence of open bite was associated with the use of a pacifier and working mothers (p<0.05). Conclusion: Most mothers reported having knowledge about the time and use of pacifiers in childhood. In this group, the prevalence of malocclusion in children was high and associated with behavioral and social factors.

SOX2 and BCL-2 Expressions in Odontogenic Keratocyst and Ameloblastoma

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this experimental study was to compare the immunohistochemical expression of SOX2 and BCL-2 in Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC) and Ameloblastoma (AB) specimens, and to identify a possible correlation in their expression.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to evaluate SOX2 and BCL-2 expression in OKC (n = 20) and AB (n = 20). The immunoexpression was analyzed by a quantitative and qualitative scoring system. The comparison between the immunoexpression of SOX 2 and BCL-2 was assessed by the Mann-Whitney U-test. Spearman's correlation coefficient evaluated the correlation between SOX2 and BCL-2 expressions.RESULTS: SOX2 and BCL-2 expression was observed in all specimens of OKC in the full thickness of the epithelium lining. SOX2 immunostaining was higher in OKC, in comparison with AB samples (P<0.05). BCL-2 immunostaining between OKC and AB was not statistically significant. There was no significant correlation between SOX2 and BCL-2 in OKC and AB specimens.CONCLUSIONS: SOX2 and BCL-2 expressions in OKC may suggest their relationship with the biological behavior of this lesion, and the higher expression of SOX2 might be an upstream influence on the Hh signaling pathway

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Avaliação da Aplicação dos Filtros de Imagem na Detecção de Fraturas Radiculares / Evaluation of Enhacement Filters in the Detection of Vertical Root Fractures

Objetivo: Avaliar a acurácia, sensibilidade e especificidade de diferentes filtros do software Cliniview™ (versão 10.1) em radiografias periapicais digitais na detecção de fraturas radiculares verticais em dentes unirradiculares. Material e Métodos: Foram utilizados 31 dentes humanos recém-extraídos divididos em dois grupos: controle (CTL) e fraturado (FTR), constituídos por 15 e 16 dentes, respectivamente. Realizou-se o tratamento endodôntico dos dentes para posterior desobturação de 2/3 da raiz e confecção dos pinos metálicos. Após cimentação dos pinos, as raízes dos dentes grupo FTR foram fraturadas na máquina de ensaio (Instron). As radiografias periapicais digitais foram obtidas em todos os dentes com sistema digital Express™. As radiografias originais e com aplicação dos filtros (inversão na escala de cinza, hot, nitidez 1, vertical e vertical + horizontal) foram salvas e avaliadas por dois especialistas. Após as análises, foram calculados os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, preditivo positivo, preditivo negativo e acurácia da radiografia periapical digital com e sem a aplicação dos filtros. Resultados: Considerando os dois examinadores, os maiores valores de acuraria, sensibilidade e especificidade para as imagens originais foram de 85,2%, 100% e 95,2% respectivamente. Para as radiografias com aplicação de filtro, os maiores valores de acurácia, sensibilidade e especificidade foram de 82,6%, 71,4% e 87,5%, respectivamente. Conclusão: O uso de filtros não aumentou os valores de acurácia, sensibilidade e especificidade das radiografias periapicais digitais para a detecção das fraturas radiculares verticais. De fato, pelo contrário, em alguns casos, o diagnóstico piorou.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of different Cliniview™ (version 10.1) software filters in digital periapical radiographs for the detection of vertical root fractures in single-rooted teeth. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one human teeth freshly extracted were divided into two groups: control (CTL) and fractured (FTR), constituted by 15 and 16 teeth respectively. The endodontic treatment of the teeth was performed and followed by desobturation of ⅔ of the root canal and the metallic posts confection. After the cementation of the posts, the fractures were made using the universal test machine (Instron) only in the FTR group. The digital periapical radiographs were performed in all the teeth using the ExpressTM digital system. The original radiographs and the ones with applied filters (gray scale, hot, sharpness 1, vertical and vertical + horizontal) were saved and evaluated by two specialists. After the analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of the digital periapical radiographs with and without the application of filters were calculated. Results: Taking into consideration the two examiners, the highest accuracy, sensitivity and specificity values for the original images were 85,2%, 100% and 95,2% respectively. For the radiographs with applied filters, the highest accuracy, sensitivity and specificity values found were of 82,6%, 71,4% and 87,5%, respectively. Conclusion: The use of filters did not increase the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity values of the digital periapical radiographs for the detection of VRF. In fact, on the contrary, for some cases, the diagnosis became worse.

Improved quality of a vitamin B12-fortified 'ready to blend' fresh-cut mix salad with chitosan.

A vitamin B12-fortified (0.25 mg L-1) chitosan (10 g L-1) coating was applied to a ready-to-blend fresh-cut salad including melon, pineapple and carrot, which was stored at 5 ℃ up to nine days. Uncoated samples were used as control while the vitamin B12 effect was compared to non-fortified chitosan-coated samples. Beverages were prepared on blending days 0, 4, 7 and 9 with subsequent storage at 5 ℃ for 0, 24 and 48 h. Physicochemical quality of fresh blended beverages was well preserved throughout storage. The chitosan coating highly reduced epiphytic microflora growth and polyphenoloxidase/peroxidase activities. No relevant variations of total phenolic contents were observed between different fresh blended beverages. However, its total antioxidant capacity reported after blending was lower as storage time of ready-to-blend samples increased. Fortified samples showed a vitamin B12 content of 8.6 µg kg-1 on processing day, ensuring 200 mL of such beverage the recommended daily intake of this vitamin. In conclusion, a ready-to-blend fruit/vegetable mix, fortified with vitamin B12, was developed with a shelf life of nine days at 5 ℃ showing the prepared beverages good quality during subsequent storage for 48 h at 5 ℃.

UV-C and hyperoxia abiotic stresses to improve healthiness of carrots: study of combined effects.

Phenolic compounds are phytochemicals with high health-promoting properties. Carrot is a vegetable highly worldwide consumed although its phenolic content is low compared to other plant products. The aim of this work was to evaluate changes in phenolic compounds in carrots caused by abiotic stresses. The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, phenolic compounds and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) changes during storage up to 72 h at 15 °C after wounding (shredding), 9 kJ UV-C m-2 pretreatment and hyperoxia (80 kPa) conditions of carrots were studied. Shredding and hyperoxia storage induced the highest phenolic compounds and TAC enhancements. Accumulation of phenolic compounds in shredded carrots could be structured in the following phases: 1st phase (<24 h): unchanged phenolic compounds levels with minimum PAL activity; 2nd phase (24-48 h): moderate phenolic increases (≈600-700 mg CAE kg-1 accumulated in 24 h) concurring with the greatest increase of PAL activity; 3nd phase (48-72 h): high phenolic increases (≈1600-2700 mg CAE kg-1, accumulated in 24 h) while a moderate increment of PAL activity was registered. Although UV-C pretreatment of shreds reduced phenolic accumulation, 600 % increments were still registered in those samples stored under hyperoxia conditions for 72 h. However, the contents of chlorogenic acid at 72 h were 1.4-fold higher in irradiated shreds under hyperoxia compared to the same samples under air conditions.

Prevalence and incidence of dengue virus and antibody placental transfer during late pregnancy in central Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Maternal dengue antibodies are considered to play a significant role in dengue pathogenesis among infants. Determining the transplacental specific antibody transfer is invaluable for establishing the optimal vaccination age among infants in endemic regions. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study among pairs of maternal and corresponding umbilical cord blood samples in public hospitals. The prevalence and incidence of dengue infection were determined in 505 pairs of pregnant women and neonates during a large outbreak (2009-2010) in central Brazil. The women were interviewed at late pregnancy to assess current or past symptoms of dengue. All parturients and their neonates were screened using Dengue IgG Indirect ELISA (Panbio) to assess previous dengue exposure. A semi-quantitative measurement of the IgG antibody expressed by the index ratio was calculated using optical density (OD) values according to the manufacturer's instructions. The studied population of parturients and their offspring was also screened for recent dengue infection by the Dengue IgM-capture ELISA (Panbio). Those participants with history of fever and two or more symptoms of dengue at least 10 days before the delivery were also tested for the dengue NS1 antigen using the Dengue Early ELISA (Panbio) and RT-PCR. RESULTS: The mean maternal age was 25.8 (SD = 6.4), and 83.6% of deliveries were between 37 and 41 weeks. Approximately half of the 505 women and neonates were IgG-seropositive, yielding 99.3% co-positive mother-child frequency of antibody transfer (Kappa = 0.96). The incidence of dengue infection was 2.8% (95% CI 1.4-4.4%) among the women considering 14 IgM-positive results and one DENV2 detected by RT-PCR. The dengue NS1 antigen was undetectable in the matched pairs. CONCLUSION: This study provides critical data on the prevalence of transplacental transferred maternal-infant anti-dengue antibodies and incidence of infection. The design of future vaccine trials should consider diverse regional epidemiological scenarios.

Avaliação da sensibilidade periférica em portadores de diabetes mellitus / Evaluation of peripheral sensitivity in patients with diabetes mellitus

Introdução: aproximadamente 40.000 amputações por ano são realizadas em pacientes diabéticos no Brasil. Ascomplicações podológicas associadas ao diabetes mellitus (DM) constituem hoje um dos maiores problemas enfrentadospelos sistemas de saúde em todo o mundo, em virtude do elevado custo social e econômico do tratamento.1 Denominamse?pé diabético? as lesões nos pés de pacientes diabéticos que ocorrem em conseqüência de neuropatia (90% dos casos),doença vascular periférica e deformidades. Essas lesões que, geralmente, ocorrem mediante trauma, são complicadas porinfecção e podem terminar em amputação quando não ministrado tratamento precoce e adequado.5

Análise comparativa da reposição volêmica com solução isotônica e solução hipertônica em ratos com sepse / A comparative analysis of isotonic versus hypertonic solution volume replacement in septic rats

OBJETIVO: Há controvérsias sobre o melhor fluído a ser utilizado na reposição volêmica no tratamento da sepse. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a reposição volêmica com solução salina isotônica à 0,9 por cento ou com solução salina hipertônica à 7,5 por cento , em ratos com sepse induzida pela ligadura e punção do ceco. MÉTODOS: Estudo experimental com 30 ratos Wistar, divididos em três grupos: controle (GC, n=10), solução isotônica (GSI, n=10) e solução hipertônica (GSH, n=10). Em todos os grupos foi realizada a ligadura e punção do ceco, sendo avaliadas, após 15 horas, a freqüência respiratória, pressão arterial média, fluxos sanguíneos hepático e renal, peso e coleta de sangue para dosagem de TNF-α. No grupo solução isotônica e grupo solução hipertônica houve reposição volêmica 60 minutos antes com solução salina a 0,9 por cento e solução salina a 7,5 por cento, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram dois óbitos na amostra total. Houve diferença significativa do peso médio dos ratos após 15 horas de sepse (p=0,018), principalmente se comparados GSI e GSH (p=0,003). O fluxo sanguíneo renal também apresentou diferenças significativas entre os grupos GC e GSH (p=0,002), e GC e GSI (p=0,008), mas sem significância entre GSI e GSH. A melhora da PAM com o uso de SSH não foi constatada (p=0,054). As demais variáveis não apresentaram significância para o estudo. CONCLUSÕES: Embora não tenham sido evidenciadas melhorias na pressão arterial média, bem como no fluxo hepático e TNF-α, ratos submetidos à sepse por ligadura e punção do ceco, após 15 horas, apresentaram aumento significativo do fluxo sanguíneo renal independente do uso de solução salina isotônica à 0,9 por cento ou hipertônica à 7,5 por cento.

PURPOSE: Sepsis severity and mortality risk require aggressive therapy which includes hemodynamic support. The best fluid for volume replacement, however, is controversial. This study aimed to compare 0.9 percent isotonic saline solution versus 7.5 percent hypertonic saline solution as volume replacement fluid in sepsis induced by cecum ligation plus puncture rats. METHODS: This experimental trial included 30 rats divided into three groups: Control group (CG, n = 10), isotonic (ISG, n = 10) and hypertonic solution (HSG, n = 10). Fifteen hours after cecum ligation and puncture, all animals underwent respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure, renal and hepatic blood flow and weight evaluation, plus blood collection for TNF-α measurement. The ISG and HSG treatment groups received volume replacement 60 minutes before the procedure with either 0.9 percent or 7.5 percent saline solution, respectively. RESULTS: Two animals died. Significant differences were found for the animals' mean weight after 15 hours (p=0.018), particularly relevant when ISG and HSG are compared (p=0.003). Renal blood flow was also significantly different for the CG versus HSG (p=0.002) and CG versus ISG (p=0.008), but not significantly different for ISG versus HSG. No mean arterial pressure improvement was found for HSG (0.054). Other variables were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Although no mean blood pressure, hepatic flow or TNF-α improvements were detected, the rats with sepsis 15 hours after cecum ligation and puncture showed significantly increased renal blood flow which was 0.9 percent isotonic saline solution or of 7.5 percent hypertonic solution use independent.

A comparative analysis of isotonic versus hypertonic solution volume replacement in septic rats. / Análise comparativa da reposição volêmica com solução isotônica e solução hipertônica em ratos com sepse.

PURPOSE: Sepsis severity and mortality risk require aggressive therapy which includes hemodynamic support. The best fluid for volume replacement, however, is controversial. This study aimed to compare 0.9% isotonic saline solution versus 7.5% hypertonic saline solution as volume replacement fluid in sepsis induced by cecum ligation plus puncture rats. METHODS: This experimental trial included 30 rats divided into three groups: Control group (CG, n = 10), isotonic (ISG, n = 10) and hypertonic solution (HSG, n = 10). Fifteen hours after cecum ligation and puncture, all animals underwent respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure, renal and hepatic blood flow and weight evaluation, plus blood collection for TNF-α measurement. The ISG and HSG treatment groups received volume replacement 60 minutes before the procedure with either 0.9% or 7.5% saline solution, respectively. RESULTS: Two animals died. Significant differences were found for the animals' mean weight after 15 hours (p=0.018), particularly relevant when ISG and HSG are compared (p=0.003). Renal blood flow was also significantly different for the CG versus HSG (p=0.002) and CG versus ISG (p=0.008), but not significantly different for ISG versus HSG. No mean arterial pressure improvement was found for HSG (0.054). Other variables were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Although no mean blood pressure, hepatic flow or TNF-α improvements were detected, the rats with sepsis 15 hours after cecum ligation and puncture showed significantly increased renal blood flow which was 0.9% isotonic saline solution or of 7.5% hypertonic solution use independent.