Vegetarian and plant-based diets associated with lower incidence of COVID-19.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of dietary patterns on the incidence and evolution of COVID-19. We hypothesised that a plant-based diet or a vegetarian diet compared with an omnivorous diet might be associated with a lower incidence of COVID-19 infection and severity in those infected. Design: In this observational study, 702 participants provided information on sociodemographic characteristics, dietary information and COVID-19 outcomes between March and July of 2022. Individuals were divided into two groups based on their dietary habits, omnivorous (n=424) and plant-based (n=278). The plant-based group was further divided into vegetarian and flexitarian subgroups. The groups were compared with respect to the incidence of COVID-19 infection, severity and duration. We used multivariable logistic regression models to evaluate the influence of dietary patterns. Results: Plant-based and vegetarian groups had a higher intake of vegetables, legumes and nuts, and lower intake of dairy and meat. After adjusting for important confounders, such as body mass index, physical activity and pre-existing medical conditions, the plant-based diet and vegetarian group had 39% (OR=0.61, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.85; p=0.003) and 39% (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.88; p=0.009) lower odds of the incidence of COVID-19 infection, respectively, compared with the omnivorous group. No association was observed between self-reported diets and COVID-19 severity or duration. Conclusion: Plant-based and mainly vegetarian diets were associated with a lower incidence of COVID-19 infection. These dietary patterns may be considered protective against COVID-19 infection. (Study protocol registered in CAAE: 54351421.4.0000.0068.).

Imiquimod-Loaded Nanosystem for Treatment Human Papillomavirus-Induced Lesions.

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. The treatment options are strongly related to increased infertility in women. Imiquimod (IQ) is an imidazoquinoline, which has proven antiviral effects against persistent HPV infection by activating immune cells via Toll-like receptors 7/8 when formulated in carriers, like nanogels, for topical use. An effective alternative to conventional therapies is the nanoparticle drug delivery system. We studied lipidic nanoparticles with IQ (Lipo IQ) and functionalized them with a DNA aptamer, AT11 (Lipo IQ AT11), to improve the selectivity for cervical cancer cells combined with the efficacy of essential oils. The formulations showed that the physicochemical properties are adequate for vaginal drug delivery and have antimicrobial activity at higher concentrations (with MIC50 starting from 0.625%). The final formulations exhibited cytotoxicity in cancer cells, enhanced by essential oils without affecting healthy cells, resulting in less than 10% cell viability in HeLa cells and over 60% in NHDF cells. Essential oils potentiate Lipo IQ's effectiveness, while AT11 increases the selectivity for cervical cancer cells. As suggested by the results of the permeation assay, the formulations were internalized by the cancer cells. Overall, the obtained results suggested that the synergistic effect of the essential oils and the nanosystem potentiate the cytotoxic effect of Lipo IQ and that Lipo IQ AT11 promotes selectivity towards cancer cells.

Adsorption of methane by modified-biochar aiming to improve the gaseous fuels storage/transport capacity: process evaluation and modeling.

The CH4 storage by adsorption on activated carbons for natural gas handling has gained interest due to the appearance of lightweight materials with large surface areas and pore volumes. Consequently, kinetic parameters estimation of the adsorptive process can play a crucial role in understanding and scaling up the system. Concerning its versatility, banana peel (BP) is a biomass with potential for obtaining different products, such as biochar, a solid residue from the biomass' thermal decomposition of difficult disposal, where through an activation process, the material porous features are taken advantage to application as adsorbent of gaseous substances. This research reported data for the CH4 adsorption kinetic modeling by biochar from BP pyrolysis. The activated biochar textural characterization showed particles with fine mesoporous structure (pore diameter ranging between 29.39 and 55.62 Å). Adsorption kinetic analysis indicated that a modified pseudo-first-order model was the most suitable to represent the experimental data, with equilibrium adsorption of 28 mg g-1 for the samples activated with 20.0% vol wt.-1 of H3PO4 and pyrolysis at 500 °C. The equilibrium constant was consistent with the Freundlich isotherm model, suggesting a physisorption mechanism, and led to a non-ideal, reversible, and not limited to monolayer CH4 adsorption.

Recovery of lithium and cobalt from lithium cobalt oxide and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide batteries using supercritical water.

This study investigates the eco-friendly extraction of metal oxides from LCO and NMC batteries using supercritical water. Experiments were conducted at 450 °C with a feed rate of 5 mL min-1 and varying battery/PVC ratios (0.0, 2.0, and 3.0). The products were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results show the presence of cobalt chloride (CoCl2) and lithium (Li) in the liquid products, achieving 100% cobalt recovery under all conditions. The gaseous products obtained hydrogen with molar compositions up to 78.3% and 82.7% for LCO:PVC and NMC:PVC batteries, respectively, after 60 min of reaction. These findings highlight the potential of this methodology for lithium-ion battery recycling.

ACTH-producing adrenocortical carcinoma: an exceedingly rare diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma is a very rare endocrinopathy that has a poor prognosis and is frequently associated with ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome. Despite having an adrenocortical carcinoma, our patient surprisingly had an ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. CASE REPORT: A 26-year-old female presented with Cushing's syndrome and an abdominal mass. Imaging studies revealed an adrenal mass consistent with a high-grade malignancy. Laboratory workup showed hypercortisolism, hyperandrogenism, and hypokalemia with normal levels of metanephrines. Unexpectedly, her ACTH levels were remarkably elevated. The pathological analysis of a tumor sample was conclusive for adrenocortical carcinoma with immunopositivity for ACTH. CONCLUSIONS: Our patient suffered from an adrenocortical carcinoma that was ectopically producing ACTH. This case emphasizes that physicians should have a broad-minded approach when evaluating cases of rare endocrine malignancies.

A Rare Cause of Septicemia After Pork Meat Ingestion.

Streptococcus suis infection in humans occurs due to consuming raw or undercooked pork meat and after contact with pigs. The highest prevalence occurs in Southeast Asian countries, which have the largest pork industry. We report the first case of a 50-year-old healthy male patient from a rural area of São Paulo, Brazil, with septicemia from undercooked pork meat ingestion. The patient was diagnosed at the emergency department with septicemia and multiple organ dysfunctions, including streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Blood cultures yielded the growth of S. suis. The patient was treated with ceftriaxone and was maintained for two weeks, according to sensitivity tests. The outcome was favorable but developed deafness as a sequela. This report aims to give importance to recognizing this disease regarding typical signs and symptoms and occupational and epidemiological history.

Ontogenetic biomechanics of tufted (Sapajus) and untufted (Cebus) capuchin mandibles.

OBJECTIVES: Cortical bone geometry is commonly used to investigate biomechanical properties of primate mandibles. However, the ontogeny of these properties is less understood. Here we investigate changes in cortical bone cross-sectional properties throughout capuchin ontogeny and compare captive versus wild, semi-provisioned groups. Tufted capuchins (Sapajus spp.) are known to consume relatively hard/tough foods, while untufted capuchins (Cebus spp.) exploit less mechanically challenging foods. Previous research indicates dietary differences are present early in development and adult Sapajus mandibles can resist higher bending/shear/torsional loads. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study utilized microCT scans of 22 Cebus and 45 Sapajus from early infancy to adulthood from three sample populations: one captive Cebus, one captive Sapajus, and one semi-provisioned, free-ranging Sapajus. Mandibular cross-sectional properties were calculated at the symphysis, P3, and M1. If the tooth had not erupted, its position within the crypt was used. A series of one-way ANOVAs were performed to assess differences between and within the sample populations. RESULTS: Mandible robusticity increases across ontogeny for all three sample populations. Sapajus were better able to withstand bending and torsional loading even early in ontogeny, but no difference in shear resistance was found. Semi-provisioned, free-ranging Sapajus tend to show increased abilities to resist bending and torsional loading but not shear loading compared to captive Sapajus. DISCUSSION: This study helps advance our understanding of the primate masticatory system development and opens the door for further studies into adaptive plasticity in shaping the masticatory apparatus of capuchins and differences in captive versus free-ranging sample populations.

The light intensity in the cultivation environment and the impact of glyphosate on plants of the Urochloa genus.

The variation in light within the environment triggers morphophysiological changes in plants and can lead to distinct responses in sun-exposed or shaded plants to glyphosate. The response of Urochloa genotypes subjected to desiccation with 2160, 1622.4, 1080, 524.4, 273.6, and 0.0 g ha-1 of glyphosate was evaluated in full sun and shade conditions. Cayana grass, mulato II grass, and sabiá grass - hybrids recently launched on the market, in addition to palisade grass and congo grass were evaluated. Under full sun, we achieved control of congo grass using 1080 g ha-1 of glyphosate, while the other grasses required 2160 g ha-1. In the low-light environment, sabiá grass was effectively controlled with 524.4 g ha-1 of glyphosate, but the other grasses needed 273.6 g ha-1. In shading, compared to full sun, the savings with glyphosate were 75 and 76% for the control of congo grass and sabiá grass, respectively, and 87% for palisade grass, mulato II grass and cayana grass. Increasing glyphosate doses leads to a decline in the quantum efficiency of photosystem II and in the electron transport rate, especially in the shade. Urochloa genotypes are more sensitive to glyphosate in the shade, which must be considered when determining the herbicide dose.

Change-inducing interventions in health education settings. / Intervenções estimuladoras de mudança em cenários de educação na saúde.

The article aims to analyze the participants' perception of the effect of interventions developed within a project nested in the Support Program for Institutional Development of the Unified Health System (PROADI-SUS). We adopted normative assessment from the perspective of a qualitative research approach. Twenty-one health professionals from five intervention projects representing the five Brazilian regions were involved in the research. The changes perceived and made tangible were identified as a result of the interventions. Among the conclusions, we underscore a convergence between perceptions and intentions of the evaluated project.

O artigo objetiva analisar a percepção de participantes sobre o efeito de intervenções desenvolvidas no âmbito de um projeto que integra o Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Institucional do Sistema Único de Saúde (PROADI-SUS). Adotou-se o desenho metodológico de avaliação normativa, na perspectiva da abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa. Na pesquisa, foram envolvidos 21 profissionais de saúde de cinco projetos de intervenção, representando as cinco regiões brasileiras. As mudanças percebidas e tangibilizadas foram constatadas como resultado das intervenções. Dentre as conclusões, destaca-se que houve convergência entre percepções e intencionalidades do projeto avaliado.

Impact of TNFRSF1B (rs3397, rs1061624 and rs1061622) and IL6 (rs1800796, rs1800797 and rs1554606) Gene Polymorphisms on Inflammatory Response in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease Undergoing Dialysis.

We aimed to study the impact of polymorphisms in the genes encoding interleukin-6 (IL6) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (TNFR2), reported to be mortality risk predictors, in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) undergoing dialysis. TNFRSF1B (rs3397, rs1061624, and rs1061622) and IL6 (rs1800796, rs1800797, and rs1554606) polymorphisms were studied in patients with ESKD and controls; the genotype and allele frequencies and the associations with inflammatory and erythropoiesis markers were determined; deaths were recorded throughout the following two years. The genotype and allele frequencies for the TNFRSF1B rs3397 polymorphism were different in these patients compared to those in the controls and the global and European populations, and patients with the C allele were less common. Patients with the CC genotype for TNFRSF1B rs3397 presented higher hemoglobin and erythrocyte counts and lower TNF-α levels, suggesting a more favorable inflammatory response that seems to be associated with erythropoiesis improvement. Patients with the GG genotype for TNFRSF1B rs1061622 showed lower serum ferritin levels. None of the TNFRSF1B (rs3397, rs1061624, and rs1061622) or IL6 (rs1800796, rs1800797, and rs1554606) polymorphisms had a significant impact on the all-cause mortality rate of Portuguese patients with ESKD.

Serotonergic neuromodulation of synaptic plasticity.

Synaptic plasticity constitutes a fundamental process in the reorganization of neural networks that underlie memory, cognition, emotional responses, and behavioral planning. At the core of this phenomenon lie Hebbian mechanisms, wherein frequent synaptic stimulation induces long-term potentiation (LTP), while less activation leads to long-term depression (LTD). The synaptic reorganization of neuronal networks is regulated by serotonin (5-HT), a neuromodulator capable of modify synaptic plasticity to appropriately respond to mental and behavioral states, such as alertness, attention, concentration, motivation, and mood. Lately, understanding the serotonergic Neuromodulation of synaptic plasticity has become imperative for unraveling its impact on cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functions. Through a comparative analysis across three main forebrain structures-the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex, this review discusses the actions of 5-HT on synaptic plasticity, offering insights into its role as a neuromodulator involved in emotional and cognitive functions. By distinguishing between plastic and metaplastic effects, we provide a comprehensive overview about the mechanisms of 5-HT neuromodulation of synaptic plasticity and associated functions across different brain regions.

Duodenal Leishmaniasis Mimicking Celiac Disease in HIV Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review.

It is known that there are several clinical forms that diseases can take when presented in patients living with HIV, especially those in the AIDS phase. Here, we present a case that demonstrates the peculiar capacity of diseases to assume the most varied forms, highlighting the limited research on neglected infectious parasitic diseases. This study aimed to underscore the ability of these diseases to mimic other pathologies, emphasizing the importance of infectious diseases as differential diagnoses in the most diverse clinical entities, as is the case of visceral leishmaniasis.

Intervenções estimuladoras de mudança em cenários de educação na saúde / Change-inducing interventions in health education settings

Resumo O artigo objetiva analisar a percepção de participantes sobre o efeito de intervenções desenvolvidas no âmbito de um projeto que integra o Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Institucional do Sistema Único de Saúde (PROADI-SUS). Adotou-se o desenho metodológico de avaliação normativa, na perspectiva da abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa. Na pesquisa, foram envolvidos 21 profissionais de saúde de cinco projetos de intervenção, representando as cinco regiões brasileiras. As mudanças percebidas e tangibilizadas foram constatadas como resultado das intervenções. Dentre as conclusões, destaca-se que houve convergência entre percepções e intencionalidades do projeto avaliado.

Abstract The article aims to analyze the participants' perception of the effect of interventions developed within a project nested in the Support Program for Institutional Development of the Unified Health System (PROADI-SUS). We adopted normative assessment from the perspective of a qualitative research approach. Twenty-one health professionals from five intervention projects representing the five Brazilian regions were involved in the research. The changes perceived and made tangible were identified as a result of the interventions. Among the conclusions, we underscore a convergence between perceptions and intentions of the evaluated project.

Prolonged HPA axis dysregulation in postpartum depression associated with adverse early life experiences: A cross-species translational study.

Childhood and adolescent stress increase the risk of postpartum depression (PPD), often providing an increased probability of treatment refractoriness. Nevertheless, the mechanisms linking childhood/adolescent stress to PPD remain unclear. Our study investigated the longitudinal effects of adolescent stress on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and postpartum behaviors in mice and humans. Adolescent social isolation prolonged glucocorticoid elevation, leading to long-lasting postpartum behavioral changes in female mice. These changes were unresponsive to current PPD treatments but improved with post-delivery glucocorticoid receptor antagonist treatment. Childhood/adolescent stress significantly impacted HPA axis dysregulation and PPD in human females. Repurposing glucocorticoid receptor antagonists for some cases of treatment-resistant PPD may be considered.

Adolescent stress accelerates postpartum novelty recognition impairment in 5xFAD mice.

Pregnancy and the postpartum period induce physiological changes that can influence women's cognitive functions. Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a higher prevalence in women and is exacerbated by early life stress. In the present study, we found that late adolescent social isolation combined with the experience of pregnancy and delivery accelerates the onset of cognitive deficits in 5xFAD dams, particularly affecting their ability to recognize novelty. These cognitive deficits manifested as early as 16 weeks, earlier than the usual timeline for these mice, and were closely associated with increased levels of corticosterone, suggesting dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Notably, the presence of ß-amyloid plaques in brain regions associated with novelty recognition did not significantly contribute to these deficits. This highlights the potential role of stress and HPA axis dysregulation in the development of cognitive impairments related to AD, and underscores the need for further investigation.

The Complexity of Tobacco Smoke-Induced Mutagenesis in Head and Neck Cancer.

Tobacco smoke, alone or combined with alcohol, is the predominant cause of head and neck cancer (HNC). Here, we further explore how tobacco exposure contributes to cancer development by mutational signature analysis of 265 whole-genome sequenced HNC from eight countries. Six tobacco-associated mutational signatures were detected, including some not previously reported. Differences in HNC incidence between countries corresponded with differences in mutation burdens of tobacco-associated signatures, consistent with the dominant role of tobacco in HNC causation. Differences were found in the burden of tobacco-associated signatures between anatomical subsites, suggesting that tissue-specific factors modulate mutagenesis. We identified an association between tobacco smoking and three additional alcohol-related signatures indicating synergism between the two exposures. Tobacco smoking was associated with differences in the mutational spectra and repertoire of driver mutations in cancer genes, and in patterns of copy number change. Together, the results demonstrate the multiple pathways by which tobacco smoke can influence the evolution of cancer cell clones.

Evaluation of type 1 diabetes' partial clinical remission after three years of heterologous adipose tissue derived stromal/stem cells transplantation associated with vitamin D supplementation.

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cell infusion and vitamin D supplementation may have immunomodulatory actions that could prolong the preservation of residual insulin secretion in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Intervention with these agents after onset of T1D could favor the development of a remission phase, with potential clinical impact. We aimed to compare the presence of clinical remission (CR), glycemic control and daily insulin requirement at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months after the diagnosis of T1D using IDAA1c in patients who received therapy with adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ASC) infusion and vitamin D supplementation and a control group. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from the medical records of patients with T1D diagnosed between 15 and 40 years. Partial CR was defined as an IDAA1c index < 9. Patients in the intervention group received an infusion of adipose tissued-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) within 3 months after diagnosis and supplementation with 2000 IU of cholecalciferol for 1 year, started on the day following the infusion. Partial CR was also determined using the ISPAD criteria, to assess its agreement with IDAA1c. RESULTS: A total of 28 patients were evaluated: 7 in the intervention group (group 1) and 21 in the control group (group 2). All patients in group 1 evolved with partial CR while only 46.7% of patients in group 2 had this outcome. Group 1 had a higher frequency of CR when evaluated with IDAA1c and ISPAD criteria. The mean duration of CR varied between the two criteria. Although HbA1c was similar between groups during follow-up, group 1 had a lower total daily insulin requirement (p < 0.005) at all time points. At 36 months, group 1 used 49% of the total daily insulin dose used by group 2 with similar glycemic control. CONCLUSION: The intervention with infusion of ASC + vitamin D supplementation was associated with partial CR at 6 months. Although there were no differences in CR established by the IDAA1c and ISPAD criteria after three years of follow-up, patients who underwent intervention had nearly the half insulin requirement of controls with conventional treatment, with similar glycemic control. TRIAL REGISTRATION: 37001514.0.0000.5257.

Double transition of young migrants in Luxembourg: vulnerable, resilient and empowering integration trajectories in the period of youth.

Migrant integration trajectories have become more complex, open, uncertain, and continuously changing, over time. For young migrants, their integration endeavour intersects with their process of transition to adulthood, a double transition that poses additional challenges. Recent theoretical perspectives such as "liquid integration" aim at focusing on the dynamic, processual, and temporal nature of migrant integration. The present article focuses on the dynamic interplay of obstacles and enablers that, over time, interact to construct complex, often non-linear, and open-ended integration and coming of age trajectories of young migrants (aged from 18 to 30 years) coming from outside the European Union (EU) to EU countries. Empirical results from the H2020 MIMY (Empowerment through liquid Integration of Migrant Youth in vulnerable conditions) research project in Luxembourg will be presented. In order to address the goal of the research, qualitative data were gathered by means of N = 38 interviews with young migrants with different migratory paths, characteristics and experiences, and specifically included: young migrants from non-EU Portuguese-speaking countries (N = 16), refugees living in reception centres (N = 15), migrants who since arriving in Luxembourg have become publicly visible (N = 7). Content analysis of the interviews allowed a twofold purpose: (1) capturing the unfolding of intersectional integration obstacles that over time play a decisive role in the building of conditions of vulnerability of the double transition under analysis; (2) capturing the multidimensional resources that interactively build up to give rise to resilient and empowering integration and coming of age experiences. The identification of decisive multidimensional obstacles and resources present in the integration endeavour during the process of coming of age allowed us to capture differentiated routes of vulnerability, on the one hand, and resilience/ empowerment on the other. Key ingredients of both vulnerable and more resilient and empowering integration and coming of age trajectories are identified as well as their relational dynamics, enabling to address key challenges for the resilience and empowerment of young migrants in the process of negotiating their transition to adulthood amidst their integration challenges in the Luxembourgish society.

The Effect of Muscle Fatigue on the Knee Proprioception: A Systematic Review.

This study aimed to systematically review and summarise the evidence about the effect of muscle fatigue on the knee proprioception of trained and non-trained individuals. A search in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and EBSCO databases and Google Scholar was conducted using the expression: "fatigue" AND ("proprioception" OR "position sense" OR "repositioning" OR "kinesthesia" OR "detection of passive motion" OR "force sense" OR "sense of resistance") AND "knee". Forty-two studies were included. Regarding joint-position sense, higher repositioning errors were reported after local and general protocols. Kinesthesia seems to be more affected when fatigue is induced locally, and force sense when assessed at higher target forces and after eccentric protocols. Muscle fatigue, both induced locally or generally, has a negative impact on the knee proprioception.

A feasible in vitro method to evaluate bacterial infiltration in three implant-abutment connection systems / Método in vitro factible para evaluar la infiltración bacteriana en tres sistemas de conexión implante-pilar

Introduction: Microorganism infiltration through the im-plant-abutment interface causes oral health problems such as periimplantitis, leading to implant loss. Materials and Methods: A feasible new method to quantify the Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) infiltration through the implant-abutment interface gap is introduced in the present work. Internal hexagon (IH; n = 10), external hexagon (EH; n = 10), Morse taper (MT; n = 10), and a control for each group (n = 1) were tested. Bacteria suspension was prepared at 1.5x108 CFU/mL (CFU: colony forming units), and the implants were individually submerged up to the connection level, allowing the bacteria to contact it. The abutment was removed, and bacteria count was performed. Results: The implant sets were tested under normal bacterial growth and early and late biofilm growth conditions. Colony-forming units per mL were obtained, and the results were compared among groups. Differences in bacterial count between the MT and EH (p<0.001) and the MT and IH (p<0.001) groups were significantly higher in the MT-type implant. There was a significant increment of bacterial infiltration in the MTs submitted to late biofilm growth conditions. EH and IH connections are more effective in preventing bacterial infiltration independent of the growth condition. Conclusions: The proposed methodology is feasible to evaluate the infiltration of microorganisms through the implant-abutment interface.

Introducción: La infiltración de microorganismos a través de la interfaz implante-pilar provoca problemas de salud bucal como la periimplantitis, que conduce a la pérdida del implante. Materiales y Métodos: En el presente trabajo se presenta un nuevo método factible para cuantificar la infiltración de Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) a través de la brecha de la interfaz implante-pilar. Se probaron el hexágono interno (IH; n = 10), el hexágono externo (EH; n = 10), el cono Morse (MT; n = 10) y un control para cada grupo (n = 1). Se preparó una suspensión de bacterias a 1,5x108 UFC/mL y los implantes se sumergieron individualmente hasta el nivel de conexión, permitiendo que las bacterias entraran en contacto con él. Resultados: Se retiró el pilar y se realizó recuento de bacterias. Los conjuntos de implantes se probaron en condiciones de crecimiento bacteriano normal y de crecimiento temprano y tardío de biopelículas. Se obtuvieron unidades formadoras de colonias por ml y los resultados se compararon entre grupos. Las diferencias en el recuento bacteriano entre los grupos MT y EH (p<0,001) y MT e IH (p<0,001) fueron significativamente mayores en el implante tipo MT. Hubo un incremento significativo de la infiltración bacteriana en los MT sometidos a condiciones tardías de crecimiento de biopelículas. Las conexiones EH e IH son más efectivas para prevenir la infiltración bacteriana independientemente de las condiciones de crecimiento. Conclusión: La metodología propuesta es factible para evaluar la infiltración de microorganismos a través de la interfaz implante-pilar.