In hospitalized COVID-19 patients, disease progression leading to acute kidney injury (AKI) may be driven by immune dysregulation. We explored the role of urinary cytokines and their relationship with kidney stress biomarkers in COVID-19 patients before and after the development of AKI. Of 51 patients, 54.9% developed AKI. The principal component analysis indicated that in subclinical AKI, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and interferon (IFN)-α were associated with a lower risk of AKI, while interleukin-12 (IL-12) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1ß were associated with a higher risk of AKI. After the manifestation of AKI, EGF and IFN-α remained associated with a lower risk of AKI, while IL-1 receptor (IL-1R), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and IL-5 were associated with a higher risk of AKI. EGF had an inverse correlation with kidney stress biomarkers. Subclinical AKI was characterized by a significant up-regulation of kidney stress biomarkers and proinflammatory cytokines. The lack of EGF regenerative effects and IFN-α antiviral activity seemed crucial for renal disease progression. AKI involved a proinflammatory urinary cytokine storm.
Acute Kidney Injury , COVID-19 , Humans , Cytokines , Epidermal Growth Factor , COVID-19/complications , Acute Kidney Injury/diagnosis , Acute Kidney Injury/etiology , Biomarkers , Disease Progression , Lipocalin-2
A high proportion of critically ill patients with COVID-19 develop acute kidney injury (AKI) and die. The early recognition of subclinical AKI could contribute to AKI prevention. Therefore, this study was aimed at exploring the role of the urinary biomarkers NGAL and [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] for the early detection of AKI in this population. This prospective, longitudinal cohort study included critically ill COVID-19 patients without AKI at study entry. Urine samples were collected on admission to critical care areas for determination of NGAL and [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] concentrations. The demographic information, comorbidities, clinical, and laboratory data were recorded. The study outcomes were the development of AKI and mortality during hospitalization. Of the 51 individuals that were studied, 25 developed AKI during hospitalization (49%). Of those, 12 had persistent AKI (23.5%). The risk factors for AKI were male gender (HR = 7.57, 95% CI: 1.28-44.8; p = 0.026) and [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] ≥ 0.2 (ng/mL)2/1000 (HR = 7.23, 95% CI: 0.99-52.4; p = 0.050). Mortality during hospitalization was significantly higher in the group with AKI than in the group without AKI (p = 0.004). Persistent AKI was a risk factor for mortality (HR = 7.42, 95% CI: 1.04-53.04; p = 0.046). AKI was frequent in critically ill COVID-19 patients. The combination of [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] together with clinical information, were useful for the identification of subclinical AKI in critically ill COVID-19 patients. The role of additional biomarkers and their possible combinations for detection of AKI in ritically ill COVID-19 patients remains to be explored in large clinical trials.
Acute Kidney Injury/diagnosis , Acute Kidney Injury/urine , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/urine , Critical Illness/mortality , Acute Kidney Injury/complications , Acute Kidney Injury/mortality , Adult , Aged , Biomarkers/urine , COVID-19/complications , COVID-19/mortality , Female , Humans , Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins/urine , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Lipocalin-2/urine , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2/urine
BACKGROUND: In animal models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2 and angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) have been shown to have vasodilatory, antiproliferative, antifibrotic and antihypertrophic properties. However, the status and role of the ACE2-Ang(1-7) axis in human PAH is incompletely understood. METHODS: We studied 85 patients with a diagnosis of PAH of distinct aetiologies. 55 healthy blood donors paired for age and sex served as controls. Blood samples were obtained from the pulmonary artery in patients with PAH during right heart catheterisation. Peripheral blood was obtained for both groups. Ang(1-7) and -II were measured using zone capillary electrophoresis. Aldosterone, Ang(1-9), AngA and ACE2 were measured using ELISA, and ACE2 activity was determined enzymatically. RESULTS: Of the 85 patients, 47 had idiopathic PAH, 25 had PAH associated with congenital heart disease and 13 had PAH associated with collagen vascular disease. Compared to controls, patients with PAH had a higher concentration of AngII (median 1.03, interquartile range 0.72-1.88â pmol·mL-1 versus 0.19, 0.10-0.37â pmol·mL-1; p<0.001) and of aldosterone (88.7, 58.7-132 ng·dL-1 versus 12.9, 9.55-19.9â ng·dL-1; p<0.001). Conversely, PAH patients had a lower concentration of Ang(1-7) than controls (0.69, 0.474-0.91â pmol·mL-1 versus 4.07, 2.82-6.73â pmol·mL-1; p<0.001), and a lower concentration of Ang(1-9) and AngA. Similarly, the ACE2 concentration was higher than in controls (8.7, 5.35-13.2â ng·mL-1 versus 4.53, 1.47-14.3 ng·mL-1; p=0.011), whereas the ACE2 activity was significantly reduced (1.88, 1.08-2.81 nmol·mL-1 versus 5.97, 3.1-17.8 nmol·mL-1; p<0.001). No significant differences were found among the three different aetiological forms of PAH. CONCLUSIONS: The AngII-ACE2-Ang(1-7) axis appears to be altered in human PAH and we propose that this imbalance, in favour of AngII, plays a role in the pathogenesis of the severe PAH. Further mechanistic studies are warranted.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 , Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension , Angiotensin I , Animals , Humans , Peptide Fragments , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A
Resumen: El riñón participa en el metabolismo y depuración de múltiples fármacos, por lo que para definir la analgesia perioperatoria en pacientes nefrópatas, se debe considerar la tasa de filtrado glomerular (TFG) y el riesgo de lesión renal aguda. Dado que en esta población el uso de AINEs y opioides se vuelve limitado, siempre se recomendará privilegiar bloqueos neuroaxiales o periféricos, el uso de analgesia multimodal y de gabapentinoides con los respectivos ajustes de dosis.
Abstract: The kidney metabolizes and clears multiple drugs from the organism. Therefore, in order to choose which medication to use in this population, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), risk of acute kidney injury and potential pharmacologic interactions must be considered. Since NSAIDs and some opioids use is limited in patients with decreased GFR, the analgesic strategy employed should prioritize neuroaxial or regional blockade, multimodal analgesia and the use of adjuvants with dose adjustments.
