RESUMEN
Countries face an increasingly complex vaccination landscape. As well as ever-changing infectious disease epidemiology, the number and diversity of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccine products, and vaccine technologies continue to increase. To ensure that vaccination decision-making is transparent, country-owned and informed by sound scientific evidence, many countries have established national immunization technical advisory groups (NITAGs) to provide independent expert advice. The past decade has seen substantial growth in NITAG numbers and functionality, and there is now a need to consolidate this progress, by further capacity building, to ensure that NITAGs are responsive to the changing face of immunization over the next decade.
Asunto(s)
Programas de Inmunización , Vacunas , Comités Consultivos , Política de Salud , VacunaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of introducing a domestic pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7-TT) into the Cuban National Immunization Program (NIP). METHODS: We compared PCV7-TT given at two, four and six months of age to a scenario without PCV7-TT, over a ten-year period (2020-2029). We calculated the cost (Cuban pesos - CUP) per Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) averted from a Government perspective. We compared results from a static cohort model and a parsimonious prediction model informed by the serotype distribution among pneumococcal carriers and cases. We ran probabilistic and deterministic uncertainty analyses. RESULTS: PCV7-TT could prevent 6897 (95% uncertainty interval, 4344-8750) hospitalizations and 189 (115-253) deaths in children <5 years of age, over the period 2020-2029. This could cost around 25 million (20-31) discounted CUP but would be offset by treatment cost savings of around 23 million (14-31). A parsimonious model predicted less favourable impact and cost-effectiveness but the cost per DALY averted was still less than 0.4 times the current GDP per capita. CONCLUSIONS: PCV7-TT is likely to be cost-effective in Cuba. The impact of the vaccine would need to be carefully monitored following its introduction into the NIP.
Asunto(s)
Programas de Inmunización/economía , Infecciones Neumocócicas/economía , Infecciones Neumocócicas/prevención & control , Vacunas Neumococicas/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Neumococicas/economía , Algoritmos , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Cuba , Femenino , Costos de la Atención en Salud , Hospitalización/economía , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Infecciones Neumocócicas/inmunología , Infecciones Neumocócicas/microbiología , Vacunas Neumococicas/inmunología , Años de Vida Ajustados por Calidad de Vida , Streptococcus pneumoniae/inmunología , Vacunas Conjugadas/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Conjugadas/economía , Vacunas Conjugadas/inmunologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To 1) describe clinical characteristics of adult patients in Chile with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) associated with influenza viruses, and 2) analyze virus subtypes identified in specimens collected from those patients, hospital resources used in clinical management, clinical evolution, and risk factors associated with a fatal outcome, using observational data from the SARI surveillance network (SARInet). METHODS: Adults hospitalized from 1 July 2011 to 31 December 2015 with influenza-associated SARI at a SARI sentinel surveillance hospital in Santiago were identified and the presence of influenza in all cases confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using respiratory samples. RESULTS: A total of 221 patients (mean age: 74.1 years) were hospitalized with influenza-associated SARI during the study period. Of this study cohort, 91.4% had risk factors for complications and 34.3% had been vaccinated during the most recent campaign. Pneumonia was the most frequent clinical manifestation, occurring in 57.0% of the cohort; other manifestations included influenza-like illness, exacerbated chronic bronchitis, decompensated heart failure, and asthmatic crisis. Cases occurred year-round, with an epidemic peak during autumn-winter. Both influenza A (H1N1pdm09 and H3N2) and B virus co-circulated. Critical care beds were required for 26.7% of the cohort, and 19.5% needed ventilatory assistance. Multivariate analysis identified four significant factors associated with in-hospital mortality: 1) being bedridden (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 22.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.0-164); 2) admission to critical care unit (aOR: 8.9; CI: 1.44-55); 3) Pa02/Fi02 ratio < 250 (aOR: 5.8; CI: 1.02-33); and 4) increased serum creatinine concentration (> 1 mg/dL) (aOR: 5.47; CI: 1.20-24). Seasonal influenza vaccine was identified as a significant protective factor (aOR: 0.14; CI: 0.021-0.90). CONCLUSIONS: Influenza-associated SARI affected mainly elderly patients with underlying conditions. Most patients evolved to respiratory failure and more than one-quarter required critical care beds. Clinical presentation was variable. Death was associated with host characteristics and disease-associated conditions, and vaccine was protective. Virus type did not influence outcome.
RESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective To 1) describe clinical characteristics of adult patients in Chile with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) associated with influenza viruses, and 2) analyze virus subtypes identified in specimens collected from those patients, hospital resources used in clinical management, clinical evolution, and risk factors associated with a fatal outcome, using observational data from the SARI surveillance network (SARInet). Methods Adults hospitalized from 1 July 2011 to 31 December 2015 with influenza-associated SARI at a SARI sentinel surveillance hospital in Santiago were identified and the presence of influenza in all cases confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using respiratory samples. Results A total of 221 patients (mean age: 74.1 years) were hospitalized with influenza-associated SARI during the study period. Of this study cohort, 91.4% had risk factors for complications and 34.3% had been vaccinated during the most recent campaign. Pneumonia was the most frequent clinical manifestation, occurring in 57.0% of the cohort; other manifestations included influenza-like illness, exacerbated chronic bronchitis, decompensated heart failure, and asthmatic crisis. Cases occurred year-round, with an epidemic peak during autumn-winter. Both influenza A (H1N1pdm09 and H3N2) and B virus co-circulated. Critical care beds were required for 26.7% of the cohort, and 19.5% needed ventilatory assistance. Multivariate analysis identified four significant factors associated with in-hospital mortality: 1) being bedridden (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 22.3; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.0-164); 2) admission to critical care unit (aOR: 8.9; CI: 1.44-55); 3) Pa02/Fi02 ratio < 250 (aOR: 5.8; CI: 1.02-33); and 4) increased serum creatinine concentration (> 1 mg/dL) (aOR: 5.47; CI: 1.20-24). Seasonal influenza vaccine was identified as a significant protective factor (aOR: 0.14; CI: 0.021-0.90). Conclusions Influenza-associated SARI affected mainly elderly patients with underlying conditions. Most patients evolved to respiratory failure and more than one-quarter required critical care beds. Clinical presentation was variable. Death was associated with host characteristics and disease-associated conditions, and vaccine was protective. Virus type did not influence outcome.
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RESUMO Objetivo Descrever as características clínicas de pacientes adultos com infecção respiratória aguda grave (SARI) associada ao vírus da influenza e analisar os subtipos virais identificados em amostras coletadas destes pacientes, os recursos hospitalares empregados no tratamento clínico, a evolução clínica e os fatores de risco clínicos associados a um desfecho fatal, a partir de dados observacionais da rede de vigilância de SARI (SARInet) no Chile. Métodos Foram identificados os adultos hospitalizados com SARI associada a influenza em um hospital-sentinela de vigilância de SARI, em Santiago, de 1o de julho de 2011 a 31 de dezembro de 2015. A ocorrência de influenza foi confirmada em amostras respiratórias em todos os casos com a reação em cadeia da polimerase via transcriptase reversa (RT-RCP). Resultados Ao todo, 221 pacientes (idade média de 74,1 anos) foram hospitalizados com SARI associada a influenza no período de estudo. Nesta coorte, 91,4% apresentavam fatores de risco para complicação e 34,3% haviam sido vacinados na última campanha de vacinação. Pneumonia foi a manifestação clínica mais frequente, ocorrendo em 57,0% da coorte. Outras manifestações foram doença gripal, bronquite crônica exacerbada, insuficiência cardíaca descompensada e crise asmática. Os casos estiveram distribuídos ao longo do ano, com pico epidêmico no outono-inverno. Houve circulação simultânea dos vírus da influenza A (H1N1pdm09 e H3N2) e B. Leitos de terapia intensiva foram necessários em 26,7% da coorte e suporte ventilatório, em 19,5%. Na análise multivariada, quatro fatores importantes associados à mortalidade hospitalar foram identificados: estar restrito ao leito (odds ratio ajustado [ORaj] 22.3; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC 95%] 3.0-164); ser admitido na unidade de terapia intensiva (ORaj 8.9, IC 95% 1.4 4-55); relação Pa02/Fi02 <250 (ORaj 5.8; IC 95% 1.02-33) e aumento da creatinina sérica (>1 mg/dl) (ORaj 5.47; IC 95% 1.20-24). A vacinação sazonal contra influenza foi identificada como importante fator de proteção (ORaj 0.14; IC 95% 0.021-0.90). Conclusões A SARI associada a influenza acometeu sobretudo pacientes idosos com doenças preexistentes. A maioria dos pacientes evoluiu com insuficiência respiratória e mais de um quarto precisou de cuidados intensivos. O quadro clínico foi variável. Morte foi associada às características do hospedeiro e problemas relacionados à doença. A vacinação teve efeito protetor e o tipo viral não influiu no desfecho.
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Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/complicaciones , Resultado Fatal , Gripe Humana/transmisión , ChileRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Maternal and neonatal immunization (MNI) is a core component of the new immunization model in the Americas, which transitioned from immunization of children to that of the entire family. Immunization during pregnancy protects the mother and the fetus by providing the neonate with maternal antibodies against disease. It has the potential to impact early childhood morbidity and mortality, and thus MNI has gained visibility and priority on the global health agenda. The Region of the Americas is a leader in MNI, as seen by its elimination of congenital rubella syndrome in 2015 and the progress made toward neonatal tetanus elimination. In the Americas, 31 countries currently target pregnant women for influenza vaccination; and 21 countries—over 90% of the Region's birth cohort—have nationwide newborn hepatitis B vaccination. This paper describes the status of MNI in the Americas and identifies gaps in the evidence, obstacles to optimal implementation, and opportunities for future improvements. Catalysts for MNI in the Region have been political commitment, endorsement by scientific societies, an established "culture of vaccination," widespread access to antenatal care, and con-text-specific communications; however, universal and equitable access for pregnant women and their newborns continues to be a formidable challenge, and additional vaccine safety and effectiveness evidence is needed. Continued efforts to integrate MNI with maternal and child health services will be critical to furthering the MNI platform as well.
RESUMEN La inmunización materna y neonatal es un componente central del nuevo modelo de inmunización en la Región de las Américas, que pasó de la inmunización infantil a la de toda la familia. La inmunización durante el embarazo protege a la madre y el feto dando al recién nacido los anticuerpos maternos contra las enfermedades. Tiene el potencial de repercutir en la morbilidad y la mortalidad en la primera infancia, por lo que la inmunización materna y neonatal ha adquirido visibilidad y prioridad en la agenda mundial de salud. La Región de las Américas ocupa una posición de liderazgo en materia de inmunización materna y neonatal, como lo demuestra la eliminación del síndrome de rubéola congénita en el 2015 y los avances logrados para la eliminación del tétanos neonatal. Actualmente en 31 países de la Región se da prioridad a las embarazadas para que reciban vacunación antigripal y en 21 países —más de 90% de la cohorte de nacimiento de la Región— se incluye la vacunación de los recién nacidos contra la hepatitis B a nivel nacional. En este documento se describe la situación de la inmunización materna y neonatal en la Región de las Américas y se señalan las lagunas en la evidencia, los obstáculos a la implementación óptima y las oportunidades para las mejoras futuras. Los catalizadores de la inmunización materna y neonatal en la Región han sido el compromiso político, el aval de las sociedades científicas, una "cultura de vacunación" establecida, el acceso generalizado a la atención prenatal y las comunicaciones específicas para cada contexto; sin embargo, el acceso universal y equitativo de las embarazadas y los recién nacidos sigue siendo un reto enorme y se necesitan más datos científicos sobre la seguridad y efectividad de las vacunas. La continuación de los esfuerzos para integrar la inmunización materna y neonatal en los servicios de salud maternoinfantil será fundamental para promover también la plataforma a favor de esta inmunización.
RESUMO A imunização materna e neonatal é peça fundamental do novo modelo de imunização nas Américas, com a transição da vacinação de crianças à vacinação de toda a família. A vacinação da gestante protege a mãe e o feto ao proporcionar ao recém-nascido anticorpos maternos contra doenças. A imunização materna e neonatal possivelmente repercute na primeira infância reduzindo a morbidade e a mortalidade e, portanto, ganhou visibilidade sendo considerada prioritária na agenda global de saúde. A Região das Américas é líder em imunização materna e neonatal, tendo alcançado a eliminação da síndrome da rubéola congênita em 2015 e avançado para a eliminação do tétano neonatal. Existem atualmente programas de vacinação contra influenza para gestantes em 31 países e programas nacionais de vacinação contra hepatite B para recém-nascidos em 21 países (com uma cobertura superior a 90% da coorte de nascidos vivos na Região). Este artigo apresenta um panorama da imunização materna e neonatal nas Américas, destaca as lacunas nas evidências científicas e os obstáculos à implementação ideal dos programas de vacinação e aponta oportunidades futuras para melhorias. Entre os fatores responsáveis pelo incentivo à imunização materna e neonatal na Região estão o compromisso político, o endosso das sociedades científicas, uma "cultura de vacinação" estabelecida, o amplo acesso à assistência pré-natal e a comunicação contextualizada. Porém, o acesso universal e equitativo das gestantes e seus recém--nascidos à vacinação é ainda um grande desafio e se fazem necessárias mais evidências sobre a segurança e a efetividade das vacinas. Além disso, é imprescindível o empenho contínuo para integrar a imunização materna e neonatal aos serviços de saúde materno-infantil e seguir promovendo a plataforma de imunização materna e neonatal.